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226
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Anatomy

Physiology

Definition

(ana= up; tomy= cutting)

study of the structure of the body describing parts of the body

 

(physio=nature; logy=study of)

study of the function of the body,

understanding how the body works

Term
Form follows function
Definition
form (anatomy) is determined by function (physiology) body structures takes the form that they do in order to perform particular functions.
Term

Basic life processes

(6 important characteristics of all living organism)

Definition

metabolism

responsiveness

movement

growth

diffrentiation

reproduction

Term
Reproduction (2 definition)
Definition

-production of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement.

 

production of a new individual

Term
Differentiation
Definition
developement of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state.
Term
Growth
Definition
an increase in body size resulting from increase of size of existing cell, in the number of cells, and extracellular material of tissue.
Term
Movement
Definition
motions of the entire body, individual organs, single cells, or cellular structures.
Term
Responsiveness
Definition

ability to detect and respond to changes in the enviroment.

(internal/external enviroment)

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

(homeo=sameness;stasis= standing still)

the condition of equilibrium balance in the bodys internal enviroment.

a dynamic process,

the body seeks to maintain a constant internal enviroment despite internal and external changes.

homeostasis includes regulation of volume and composition of body fluids.

Term
Body fluids
Definition
dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside cell.
Term
Intracellular fluid
Definition

(ICF)

fluids with cells also called cytosol.

Term
Extracellular fluid
Definition

(ECF)

fluid outside of cells

interstitial fluid is the fluid between cells tissue

ECF also includes blood plasma, lymph, etc.

Term
Metabolism
Definition

(metabol=change)

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body,

includes catabolism and anabolism.

 

Term
Catabolism
Definition

(catabol=throwing down)

breaking down complex molecules into more simple molecules.

Term
Anabolism
Definition

(anabol=raising up)

synthesizing complex molecules from more simple molecules.

Term
6 level of organization in the body
Definition

chemical

cellular

tissue

organ

system

organismal

Term
Chemical level
Definition
defined by reactions among atoms and molecules.
Term
Cellular level
Definition

cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organism,

about 200 types of cell in human body.

Term
Tissue level
Definition
tissue are groups of cells and associated materials that work together to perform a particular function.
Term
Organismal level
Definition
discrete individual is an organism
Term
Organ level
Definition
organ consist of two or more tissue types and perform a specific functions.
Term
System level (aka organ system level)
Definition

system consist of related organs that work together to perform a common function.

11 major organ system in the body.

Term
4 types of tissue in the body are
Definition

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscular tissue

nervous tissue

Term
what are the 3 types of component in the feedback system
Definition

receptors

control center

effectors

Term
Receptors
Definition
monitor change in controlled condition
Term
Control center
Definition
set range of acceptable values for the contolled condtion, evaluates input from receptors, send inputs to effector.
Term
Effectors
Definition
produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.
Term
feedback system
Definition

Homeostasis is maintained via loops/ systems.

EX. of FBS

nerve endings (receptors) in the skin detect drop in external (atmosphere) and internal (body) temerature.

brain (control center) receives input from nerve endings and sends output to muscles.

skeletal muscles (effectors) shiver to generate heat and body temperature.

Term
Negative feedback system
Definition

response reverses a change in controlled condition.

slows and stop as homeostasis is restored.

used to regulate condition that remain fairly stable over long periods.

Term
Positive feedback system
Definition

response reinforce a change in controlled condition,

requires an outside event to interrupt it.

used to reinforce conditions that dont happen frequently.

 

Term
anatomical terminology
Definition
a common language with precisely defined meanings to refer to the body structures.
Term
Prone
Definition
lying face up
Term
supine
Definition
lying face down
Term
body region
Definition

head

neck

trunk

upper limb

lower limb

Term
Directional terms
Definition
used to describe the position of one body structure relative to another
Term
Superior
Definition

cranial

towards head

Term
Medial
Definition

center

middle

Term
inferior
Definition

caudal

towards tail

Term
Lateral
Definition
towards side of the body
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
same side of the body
Term
Contralateral
Definition
different sides of the body
Term
Anterior
Definition

ventral

front

Term
Posterior
Definition

dorsal

back

Term
Proximal
Definition
closer to core of the body
Term
Distal
Definition
further than core of body
Term
Superficial
Definition

(tissue cross section)

near the surface

Term
Deep
Definition
away from the surface
Term
name the 4 planes
Definition

sagittal plane

frontal plane

transverse plane

oblique plane

Term

Sagittal plane

(saggit=arrow)

Definition
DIVIDES BODY INTO LEFT/RIGHTS SIDES
Term
Parasagittal planes
Definition
divides body into unequal portions
Term
Midsagittal or median plane
Definition
divides body into equal portions
Term

Frontal plane

coronal plane

(corona=crown)

Definition
divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Term

Transverse plane

aka cross section plane

Definition
divides body into superior and interior portions.
Term
Oblique plane
Definition
passes through an angle between transverse plane and either sagittal or frontal plane.
Term

Body cavities

cranial cavity

vertebral cavity

 

Definition

contains brain

spinal

Term
Thoracic cavity contains
Definition

pericardial cavity (contains heart)

pleural cavity ( contains lung)

Term
Abdominal cavity contains
Definition

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

Term
what seperates thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities.
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
Chemical elements
Definition

an element is a substance composed of one type of atom,

elements cannot be split into simpler substances

fundamental components of matter,

elements are symbolized by their chemical symbols.

Term

__known chemical elements

____naturally occurs on earth

____occur in human body

_______ accounts for____% of body mass

H,C,N,O

Definition

117

92

26

4, 96%

Term
Atoms
Definition

smallest unit of matter that retain the properties and charateristics of the element.

 

Term
Atoms are composed of 3 major subatomic particles which are;
Definition

Protons + charge occurs in nucleus

neutrons no charge occurs in nucleus

electrons - charge orbits nucleus,

 

Term
atoms usually have no electrical charge (neutral)
Definition
number of p+ = e-
Term
Electron shells
Definition

shells are filled from innermost to outermost in elements (different atoms).

orbits the nucleus in regions called shells,

each shell can hold a certain number of electrons.

outermost shell is called the valence shells

Term
atomic number
Definition
equals to number of protons in that atom.
Term
Mass number
Definition

equals to the number of protons plus number of neutrons in an atom.

 

all atoms of a given element have same atomic number but the atomic mass number may vary.

Term
Isotopes
Definition
atoms of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons. they are called isotopes of the element.
Term

Atomic mass

(aka AMU- atomic mass unit)

Definition
the average mass of all its naturally occuring isotopes.
Term

mass of an atom is measured in daltons

neutron=

proton=

electron=

Definition

1.008 daltons

1.007 daltons

0.0005 daltons

typically, the atomic mass of an element is close to the mass number of the most common isotopes.

Term
Ions
Definition

an atom that has lost or gain an electron.

atoms can lose or gain electrons

has either a - charge or a + charge.

Term
Cations
Definition
positively charge ions
Term
Anions
Definition

negatively charged ions

has either + and - charge ions are attracted to one another.

Term
Molecules
Definition

when two or more atoms share electron.

atoms may be the same elements

Ex. O2

atoms may be different elements

Ex. H2O or NaCl

Term
Compounds
Definition

substance composed of two or more different types of atoms (two or more elements)

compounds are symbolized by molecular formulas which indicate...

elements involved

number of atoms in each element

Ex. H2O is the molecular formula for the compound of water.

Term
Structural formula
Definition

structural formulas indicate..

elements involved

numbers of atom in each elements

arrangement of the atoms in relation to one another.

Term
Chemical bonds
Definition

forces that hold atoms of molecule together,

form when atoms lose, gain, or share electrons.

atoms lose, gain or share electrons in particular ways in order to form stable valence shells.

Term
Valence shell
Definition

stable when they hold eight electrons.

atoms with stable valence shells dont tend to form chemical bonds.

arent chemically reactive.

unstable if they hold more or less than eight electrons.

atoms with unstable do tend to form chemical bonds.

they are chemically reactive.

Term
Octet rule
Definition

atoms react in predictable ways.

atoms with unstable valence shells will interact in such a way as to produce chemically stable arrangements of eight valence electron for each atom.

 

Term
some exceptions to octet rule
Definition
hydrogen and helium only have one electron shell, and their valence shell is stable with two electrons.
Term
what are the types 3 of chemical bonds
Definition

ionic bond

covalent bond

hydrogen bond

Term
Ionic bond
Definition

formed when one atom loses one or more electrons to another atom (vice versa) in order for both atoms to have valence shells (octet rule).

 

positively charged and negatively charged ions are attracted to each other one another.

Term
Covalent bond
Definition

formed when atoms share one, two, or three pairs of electrons in order for both to have filled valence shell (octet rule)

bond stength increases with number of electron shared

single covalent bond-H2 or CH4

double covalent bond-O2

triple covalent bond- N2

Term
Non polar covalent bond
Definition
when two atoms share electrons equally this is formed.
Term
Polar covalent bonds
Definition
when one atoms attracts electrons more strongly than the other atom (sharing is unequal).
Term

atoms that attracts electrons more strongly is said to be?

 

a molecule with a polar covalent bond will have a slight - charge in one region and a slight + charge in another region.

Definition
electronegative
Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition

formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial + charge attracts an atom with a partial - charge.

 

depends on the attraction between polar molecules.

not on sharing electrons

weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.

Term
Electrolytes
Definition

an ionic compound that dissociates in water to form an anion and a cation is called an _____________ because the solution can conduct an electrical current.

most ions in the body are dissociated in body fluids as electrolytes.

Term
Cohesion
Definition
hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the cohesion of water ( tendency of like particles to stay together.)
Term
Chemical reactions
Definition

chemical reactions are interactions between atoms.

chemical reactions occur when new chemical bonds form or old chemical bonds break between atoms.

 

 

Term

 

during a chemical reactions, matter is converted from one form to another but is not created or destroyed is

Definition

(law of conservation of mass or matter)

characterized by its..

starting substance (reactants)

ending substance (products)

A+B---AB

Na+Cl-----NaCl

Term

Forms of energy

chemical reactions involve energy changes.

energy (en=____;ergy=____)

Definition

=in

=work

Term
name 3 forms of energy;
Definition

potential energy

kinetic energy

chemical energy

Term
Potential energy
Definition
energy stored in matter due to its position.
Term
Kinetic energy
Definition
energy of matter in motion.
Term
Chemical energy
Definition
type of potential energy stored in chemical bonds of molecules.
Term

during a chemical reaction...

energy is converted from one form to another.

but not created or destroyed this is called:

Definition
law of conservation of energy
Term
energy transfer during a chemical reaction potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.
Definition
when a chemical reaction occurs ( and chemical bonds are form or broken) energy is either absorbed or released.
Term

Exergonic

ex=_____

Definition

=out

reactions release more energy than they absorb.

generally associated with catabolism (breaking chemical bonds).

Term

Endergonic

end=_____

Definition

=in

reactions absorb more energy than they release.

generally associated with anabolism ( forming chemical bonds).

 

 

Term
Activation energy
Definition

particles of matter (atoms, ions, and molecules) have kinetic energy and are constantly in motion.

 

two or more  particles must collide with sufficient force for the chemical reaction to occur.

 

the collision of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is called the activation energy.

 

an initial input of energy is required to initiate any chemical reaction ( even an exergonic reaction).

the chance that a collision will occur with sufficient force to initiate a chemical reaction depends upon...

concentration of the reactants

temperature

Term
Catalysts
Definition

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to initiate the reactions.

catalyst arent changed by the chemical reaction, so they catalyze many reactions.

 

typically, catalysts work by properly orientating colliding particles ( proper orientating is especially important for large molecules.)

Term
Biological catalysts
Definition
body temperature and the concetration of molecules in body fluids are too low for most chemical reactions to occur rapidly enough to maintain life.
Term
name the 4 types of chemical reactions
Definition

synthesis reactions

decompostion reactions

exchange reactions

reversible reactions

Term
Synthesis reaction
Definition

(anabolism)

synthesis of complex product from more simple reactants.

typically endergonic (absorb more energy than they release)

Ex. A+B----AB

Term
Decompostion reactions
Definition

(Catabolism)

decompostion of complex reactants onto more simple product, typically exergonic.

Ex. AB------A+B

Term
Exchange reactions
Definition

AB+CD-------AD+BC

HCl+NaHCO3----H2CO3 + NaCl

hydrochloric acid+sodium bicarbonate----carbonic acid+ sodium chloride

Term
reversible reactions
Definition

product can revert to the original reactants indicated by double-ended arrow sometimes under specific conditions

 

Ex. A+B---AB

Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition

usually lack carbon

may have ionic or covalent bonds

usually structually simple

Term
Organic compounds
Definition

always have carbon

usually contain hydrogen

always have covalent bonds

often structually complex

Term
Water
Definition

most important and abundant inorganic compound in the human body.

has several properties that make it important for metabolic processes.

 

Term
Water 2
Definition

a solvent

invovled in many important chemical reactions.

has a high heat capacity

Term
Water as a solvent
Definition

water=common solvent

in a solution, one substance (solute) is dissolved in a second substance (solvent).

many biologically important solutes will dissolve in water.

mainly because water is a polar molecule.

Term
Water in chemical reactions
Definition

decomposition reactions often break down complex molecules by the addition of water (hydrolysis reactions).

 

synthesis reactions often produce water as a byproduct of the formation of complex molecules

(dehydration reactions)

Term
Thermal properties of water
Definition

has a high heat capacity.

can absorb large amount of heat with only a small change in its temperature.

because the energy of heat is used to break hydrogen bonds between molecules.

this properly lessens the effect of temperature change in the body.

Term
Inorganic acids
Definition

an acid dissociates (dissolve in water) into hydrogen ion (H+) and one or more anions.

an acid is a proton donor.

because a hydrogen  ion (H+) = a proton

Term
Inorganic bases
Definition

a base dissociates into hydroxide ion (OH) and one or more cations.

a base is a proton acceptor.

Term
Inorganic salts
Definition

a salt dissociates into a cation and an anion )neither of which is H+ or OH-).

acids and bases react with one another to form salts.

Term
pH
Definition

balance between acids (concentration of H+) and bases (concetration of OH-) in a solution is expressed in the pH scale.

the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14

at midpoint (pH 7) the H+ and OH- are equal.

solutions of pH less then 7 are more acidic.

solution of pH greater than 7 are more basic.

Term
Buffer system
Definition

metabolic processes function best within a narrow range of pH.

homeostasis includes maintaining a fairly constant pH in body fluids.

buffer system assist with maintaining a constant pH.

buffer system convert strong acids and bases into weak ones ( which have less pH).

Term
Carbonic acid
Definition

(bicarbonate buffer system)

H2CO3-----H+ HCO3

if pH is to high (H+ concetration to low)

 

Term
the role of carbon in organic molecules
Definition

carbon atoms easily form covalent bonds with one another to form long chains (straight or branched) or rings.

 

Term
carbon skeleton
Definition
the chain of carbon atoms in organic molecules.
Term
the carbon atoms are often bonded to hydrogen atoms, yielding a
Definition
hydrocarbon
Term
organic molecules often contain functional groups attached to the:
Definition
hydrocarbon skeleton
Term
the major functional group
Definition

hydroxol group (-OH) alcohols

suflhydroxyl group (-SH) thiols

carbonyl group (-C=O) ketones and aldehydes

carboxyl group (-COOH) carboxylic acids

ester group (-COOK) esters

phosphate group (-PO42-) phosphate

amino group (-NH2) amines

Term
Organic macromolecules
Definition

small organic molecules combine to form macromolecules (macro=large)

macromolecules often take the form of polymers (poly=many; mer=part)

 

Term
Polymers
Definition
consist of many repeated, identical subunits called monomers (mono=same)
Term
Isomers
Definition
molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Term
the four major groups of organic compounds carbohydrates
Definition

includes sugar, glycogen, starches, and cellulose.

contain C, H, O

Term
Carbohydrates
Definition

mainly used in human body as source of chemical energy.

to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

takes the form of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Term
monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as
Definition
simple sugar
Term

monosaccharides

mono=______

sacchar=_____

Definition

=one

=sugar

are the monomers of carbohydrates

Ex. glucose and fructose

Term

Dissaccharides

di=____

Definition

=two

two monosaccharides can form a chemical bond to produce it

Ex. sucrose(table sugar)

Term
Polysaccharides
Definition

consists of 10 to 100 of monosaccharides,

includes glycogen, starches, and cellulose.

glycogen is stored in liver and skeletal muscle as an energy reserve.

starches ( digestable by human)

and cellulose (indigestable) are produce by plants.

Term

Lipids

lip=____

Definition

=fat

includes triglycerides (fats and oil), phospholipids, steroids, and fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K).

contains C,H,O

typically insoluble in water (hydrophobic).

lipids are polymers composed of fatty acids.

Term
Fatty acids
Definition

most simple lipids

consist of hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group.

carbon atoms of hydrocarbon chain link by single covalent bonds only (saturated fatty acids).

one or more double covalent bond in addition to single covalent bonds (unsaturated fatty acids).

Term

Triglycerides

tri=____

Definition

=three

composed of 1 glycerol molecule

3 fatty acid molecules

at room temp, triglycerides can be

solids (fats)

liquids (oil)

stored in adipose (fat) tissue as an energy reserve.

Term
Phospholipids
Definition

composed of 1 glycerol molecule

2 fatty acids (nonpolar)

1 phosphate (PO43-) group (polar)

cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer.

Term

phospholipids

amphipathic molecules

amphi=____; pathic=____

composed of polar____ and nonpolar_______parts

Definition

=both

=feeling

=

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

Term
Steroids
Definition

composed of..

4 carbon rings

often contain a hydroxyl group (-OH)

structural and functional role

Ex. hormones

Term
Proteins
Definition

includes a wide variety of molecules

contains C,H,O and N (sometimes S)

more complex structure than carbohydrates or lipids.

structional and functional roles

Ex. enzymes (biological catalysts)

 

Term
Amino acids
Definition

proteins are polymers composed of amino acids.

only 20 different amino acids.

 each amino acids inlcudes..

an amino group(-NH2)

a carboxyl group (-COOH)

a side chain(different in each amino acids)

at normal body pH, both amino and carboxyl groups are ionized.

Term
Polypeptides
Definition

amino acid can joined via a peptide bond.

a peptide bond is a covalent bond betweent..

the carbon atom of the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acids.

the nitrogen atom of the amino (-NH2) group of the other amino acid.

many amino acid can be joined in a polypeptide.

a protein can have one or more polypeptide chains.

Term

protein structure

(primary structure)

Definition
the sequence of amino acids monomers
Term

protein structure

(secondary structure)

Definition

twisting or folding of polypeptide chains ( stabilized by hydrogen bonds between ionized functional groups)

including alpha helics and pleated sheets.

Term

protein structure

(tertiary structure)

Definition

3D shpe of protein (stabilized by several types of bonds).

hydrophobic portions of protein often get folded inside (away from watery enviroment of body fluids).

Term

protein structure

(quaternary structure)

Definition

structural relationship between polypeptide chains  (stabilized by several types of bonds).

structure of protein determines its function.

Ex.the structure of an enzyme allows it to bind to a substrate.

Term
denaturalization
Definition

when exposed to extreme of pH or temperature, protein can lose their 3d shape.

interupts the proper functioning of the protein.

Term
Enzyme
Definition

most biological catalystes are enzymes,

all enzymes are protein,

names of enzymes ends with suffix-ase.

Term
enzyme functions
Definition

each enzymes catalyzes  a specific reactions,

it binds to a specific substrate,(reactant).

specifically is due to 3D structure of protein  enzymes.

Term

enzyme function

(active site)

Definition
the portion of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.
Term
Enzyme function 2
Definition

enzymes are very efficient.

catalyze reactions millions or billions of times faster than if they were absent.

enzymes are highly regulated by cellular controls.

Term
Nucleic acids
Definition

polymers composed of nucleotides.

contain C,H,O,N,P

includes DNA and RNA

Term
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition

double stranded

found in one cell nucleus

the inherited genetic material inside cells.

Term
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition

single stranded

different types of RNA found in nucleus of in cytoplasma of cell.

relays info between DNA and cellular machinery of protein synthesis.

Term
Nucleotides of DNA contains
Definition

a pentose sugar (deoxyribose)

a phosphate group (PO43-) group.

one of 4 different nitrogenous bases.

Term

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

what are the 4 types?

Definition

purines (large,double ridge)

adenine (A)

guanine (G)

 

pyridimines (small, single ridge)

thymine (T)

cytosine (C)

Term
DNA structure
Definition

two chains of nucleotide coil around one another (double helix).

linked by bonds between nitrogenous bases (base pairs).

phosphate groups of pentose sugar alternate to form backbone of each nucleotide chain.

base pair sit between the backbones of two nucleotide chains.

like rungs on a ladder.

Term

base pairs always combine in a specific fashion:

(DNA tructure)

Definition

A always pair with T

C always pair with G

a big purine with a small pyridine.

Term
RNA structure
Definition

single stranded (in humans)

pentose sugar in ribose (not deoxyribose)

Uracil (U) replaces thymines (T)

Term
cells contain 3 types of RNA
Definition

messenger RNA (mRNA)

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

transfer RNA (rRNA)

Term
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition

another important organic compound

energy ''currency'' of cells

 

Term

ATP

composed of :

Definition

adenosine

adenine ( a nitrogenous base)

ribose sugar

3 phosphate (PO43) groups.

''energy currency'' used to link exergonic catabolism and endergonic anabolism in living organism.

Term
the cell
Definition

the base structural and functional unit of living organisms.

about 200 different types of cells (specialized) in the human body.

average adult human body composed of 100 trillion cells.

Term
Parts of the cell
Definition

Plasma membrane (flexible outer membrane)

cytoplasm (cyto=cell;plasm=formed or molded)

cytosol (liquid portion of cell)

organelles (solid portion of the cell)

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi complex

mitochondria

etc.

nucleus ( special organelle that contains genetic info in form of DNA).

Term
Plasma membrane
Definition

flexible, selectively permeable-regulates movement of substances into and out of cell.

composed of a phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded, a fluid mosaic.

Term

Phospholipid bilayer

in plasma membrane

Definition

forms because of amphipathethic nature of phospholipid molecules.

polar (hydrophilic) phosphate group ''heads'' face watery enviroment on inside and outside of cell.

nonpolar (hydrophobic) fatty acids ''tails'' face away from watery enviroment.

Term

arrangement of membrane protein

(intergral proteins)

Definition

extend into phospholipid bilayer.

some intergral membranes extend all the way across and protrude on each side of the bilayer (transmembrane proteins).

Term

arrangement of membrane proteins

(peripheral proteins)

Definition
occurs on inner or outer surface of phospholipid bilayer.
Term

membrane protein function

(Ions channel)

Definition
form pores through which ions can pass across plasma membrane.
Term

membrane protein functions

(Transporters)

Definition
move molecules (not just ions) across plasma membrane by changing shape.
Term

membrane protein function

(enzymes)

Definition
catalyze specific reaction inside or outside cell.
Term

membrane protein functions

(receptors)

Definition

bind to specific molecules used to signal cell.

a molecule that binds to a receptor is a ligand.

Term

membrane protein function

(linkers)

Definition
anchor membrane proteins of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside or outside cells.
Term

membrane serves as many function

(cell identity markers)

Definition
identify the cell as belonging to the body.
Term
some properties of plasma membrane
Definition

membrane fluidity

selective permeability

gradients

Term
Membrane fluidity
Definition

phospholipids are in constant motion.

old bonds in fatty acid tails introduce ''kinks''.

which prevent phospholipids from packing together densely.

allowing for movement.

therefore, the plasma membrane and its components can move,

allowing for cell growth, maintenance and repair.

Term
Membrane selectivity
Definition

some molecules can cross plasma membrane and others cant.

permeable to small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules.

Term
Gradients across the plasma membrane
Definition

dependent on selective permeability.

molecules may differ in concentration across membrane (concentration gradient).

ions may differ in concentration across membrane (electrical gradient or membrane potential).

Term

transport across the plasma membrane

(passive transport)

Definition

a substance move down to concentration or electrical gradient.

requires no energy input from cell.

Term

transport across plasma membrane

(active transport)

 

Definition

a substance in driven against its concetration or electrical gradient,

requires energy input from cell.

Term

mechanism of transport across plasma membrane

(passive mechanism)

Definition

diffusion

osmosis

facilitated diffusion

channel mediated facilitated diffusion

carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

Term

mechanism of transport across plasma membrane

(active mechanism)

Definition

active transport

primary active transport

secondary active transporttransport in vesicles

Term
Diffusion
Definition

passive process

molecules are in constant motion

molecules always tend to move from high concentration to area of low concentration.

Term
factors affecting diffusion rates
Definition

steepness of concentration gradient

temperature

mass of diffusing molecules

surface area

diffusion distance.

Term
Simple diffusion across the plasma membrane
Definition

passive process

small, uncharged, non polar molecules (O2,CO2) can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer.

as can small, uncharged, polar molecules (H2O).

Term
Facilitated  diffusion across plasma membrane
Definition

passive process

so molecules can only move down their concentration or electrical gradients.

movement across membrane is facilitated by transporters (transmembrane proteins).

Term
allows for movement of molecules that cannot cross membrane by simple diffusion because they are..
Definition

too polar

too highly charged

too large

Term
Osmosis
Definition

passive process

diffusion of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane.

I.e diffusion of water in biological systems.

water moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Ex. water moves from areas of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration.

but only if membrane is impermeable to the solute.

Term
Tonicity
Definition

the ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell by osmosis.

isotonic solution

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

Term

Isotonic

iso=

Definition

=same

same concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.

no net movement

cell does not change volume

Term

Hypotonic solution

hypo=

Definition

=less than

solutions has fewer solutes outside of the cell than the cytosol.

water enters faster then cells leaves.

cell swell and may burst (lyse)

Term

Hypertonic solution

hyper=

Definition

=more than

solution has more solutes than in the cytosol

water leaves the cell faster than it enters

cell shrink (crenation)

Term
Active transport
Definition

active process

by expending energy, cells can move molecules agaisnt their concentration or electrical gradients.

Term
two forms of active transport
Definition

primary active transport

secondary active transport

Term
Primary active transport
Definition

energy derived from ATP

energy used to change, shape of transporter (carrier protein), ''pumping'' a molecule across membrane against its concentration gradient.

 

Ex. sodium potassium pump

Na out of cell

K into cell

Term
Secondary active transport
Definition
energy derived from an ion concentration gradient(Na+ or H+)
Term

two types of transport protein involved in secondary active transport

 

Definition

symporter (sym=same)

move two substance in same direction

antiporter (anti=against)

move two substance in opposite dirrection

Term

Transport in vesicles

 

 

Definition

active process

vesicles (little bladder)

small spherical sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane.

 

large molecules of large amounts of substance can move across membrane, ''packaged'' within vesicles.

Term

types of transport in vesicles

(endocytosis)

endo=

Definition

=into

movement of substance into cell

Term

types of transport in vesicles

(exocytosis)

exo=

Definition

=out

movement of substance out of cell

Term

types of transport in vesicles

(transcytosis)

trans=

Definition

=across

movement across cell (endocytosis one side; exo the other)

Term
3types of endocytosis
Definition

receptor mediated

phagocytosis

pinocytosis (bulk phase endocytosis)

Term
receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition

cell takes select molecules (ligands)

molecules bind to receptor protein on plasma membrane

plasma membrane folds inward and around bound molecules,

folds fuse to create vesicle in cytoplasm

vesicles fuses w/ endosome

molecules seperated from their receptors and are released into cytoplasm.

seen in most body cells.

Term

Phagocytosis

phago=

Definition

=to eat

cell engulfs large solid particles

molecules bind to receptor protein on plasma membrane

pseudopods (extension of plasma membrane) fuse to create vesicle (phagosomes) in cytoplasm

seen only in a few types of body cells

E.g macrophages

Term

Pinocytosis

pino=

Definition

=to drink

cells engulfs fluid ( and dissovled solutes)

plasma membrane folds inward

no receptor proteins are involved

folds fuse to create vesicles in cytoplasm

seen in most body cells,

esp. absorptive cells such as those of the intestinal lining exocytosis.

used by cell to relase substance to outside envelope

vesicle formed inside cell and fused w/ plasma membrane to release contents

common in nerve cells (released neurotransmitters) and secretary cells ( relased digestive enzymes, hormones mucus.)

Term
Parts of the cell
Definition

plasma membrane (flexible outer surface)

cytoplasm (cyto=cell; plasm=form or molded)

cytosol (liquid portion of cell)

organells (solids portion of cell)

nucleus special organelle that contains genetic info, in form of DNA

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition

all cellular components within plasma membrane, excluding nucleus.

cytosol (intracellular fluid)

55% of cell volume

75-90% water

some metabolic reactions occur in the cytosol

organelles (spec. structures w/ specific functions)

many metabolic reactions ( and enzymes that catalyze them) are confined to specific organelle.

Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition

network of protein filaments extending throughout cytosol

composed of

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules

Term
Exocytosis
Definition

used by cell to release substance to outside envioment

vesicles formed inside cell and fuses with plasma membrane to release contents

common in:

nerve cells (release neurotransmitters)

secretory cells ( release digestive enzymes, hormone, mucous, etc)

Term
Microfilaments
Definition

smallest components of cytoskeleton

composed of the protein (actin)

provides structural support for cell

stabilized pos. of nucleus and other organelles within cell

Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition

midsized component of cytoskeleton

composed of several different proteins

provide structural support for cell

stabilized pos. of nucleus and other organelles within the cell

Term
Microtubules
Definition

largest component of cytoskeleton

composed of protien called (tublin)

tublin molecules arranged to form hollow tubes

determined shape of cell

involved in movements of organelles, chromosomes (during mitosis,cillia, and flagella)

Term
Centrosome
Definition

located near the nucleaus

includes two centrioles

aligned at right angles to each other

each centriole composed of

nine cluster of three microtubules  arranged in a circle

organization center for mitotic spindle

mitotic spindle forms during cell division and directs movement of chromosomes pairs during mitosis and meiosis.

Term
Cilia and flagella
Definition

composed of microtubules

project from surface of some types of cells

involved in movement of extracellular fluid (cilia) of entire cells (flagella)

cilia/cilium (eyelash)

numerous and short

beat in org. manner

flagella/flagellum (whip)

singular and long

E.g sperm cell

Term

Ribosomes

some=

Definition

=body

contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

composed of two proteins subunits

large subunit

small subunit

ribosomes found

attached to nuclear membrane or endoplasmic reticulum

free in cytoplasm

in mitochondria

site of protein synthesis

Term
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition

reticulum=network

network of membranes extend throughtout cell

forming flattened sacs or tubules

one end connected to nuclear envelope; other end connected to plasma membrane

two types of ER

rough ER

smooth ER

Term
Rough ER
Definition

folded into series of flattend sacs

ribosomes attached to outer surface

protein synthesis by ribosomes are modified inside sacs formed by ER

Term
Smooth ER
Definition

lack ribosomes

site of synthesis of fatty acids and steroids

and other metabolic functions

detoxifying drugs in liver

relasing CA+2 in muscles to trigger muscle contraction

sarcoplasmic reticulum is form of smooth ER

Term
Golgi complex
Definition

transport protein throughout cell out to cell surface for secretion

series of flattened membranous sacs (cisternal; cistern=cavities)

collectively in a form of a cup

young cisternae at convex surface formed by transport vesicles from rough ER ( containing proteins synthesized at rough ER)

mature cisternae at concave surface release proteins to cytoplasm or plasma membranes via vesicles

route of a protein from orgin to destination:

synthesizing by ribosome

modified in rough ER

packaged and transported by golgi complex

Term

Lysosomes

lyso=

some=

Definition

=dissolving

=body

membrane bound vesicle that form from the golgi complex

contain many diff. digestive enzymes that degrade other molecules.

allows cells to digest nutrients and recycle worn-out proteins and cell structures.

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

membrane bound organelle

''power house'' of the cell

site of most ATP production

via aerobic respiration

Term
anatomy of the mitochondrion
Definition

outer mitochondrial membrane

fluid filled space between inner and outer membranes

inner mitochondrial membrane

folded into a number of ridges called cristae

providing a large surface area for chemical reactions of aerobic respiration,

a second fluid-filled space within the inner membrane called the matrix

Term
Nucleus
Definition

control center of the cell

most cell have a single nucleus

surrounded by a nulcear envelope

a double membrane composed of two phospholipid bilayers.

nuclear pores allow substance to cross the nuclear envelop (passive or active transport)

contains nucleolus/nucleoli

sites of ribosomes formation

contains genetic information for cell structure and function

encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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