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AA Anatomy Urinary System
Urinary System Curless
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/02/2010

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Cards

Term
What are the parts of the excretory system in humans?
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Term
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Definition
filtration, secretion, reabsorption, urea formation, water balance, ion balance/regulation, detoxification
Term
What sugar process does the excretory system take part in?
Definition
gluconeogensis?
Term
What ions does the excretory system maintain the balance of?
Definition
sodium and potassium
Term
What hormones are released by the excretory system?
Definition
renin, erthropoietin and calcitrol
Term
What hormones are involved in regulating blood volume and pressurE?
Definition
erythropoietin and renin
Term
When do the kidneys become important in gluconeogenesis?
Definition
during starvation because they deaminate amino acids so others can metabolize them down
Term
What parts of the brain influence the kidneys?
Definition
hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
Term
Where are the kidneys?
Definition
in retroparatineal position
Term
Which kidney is more anterior?
Definition
the left one
Term
What do a fish's kidneys look like?
Definition
two streaks of dark bloody tissue near the backbone
Term
Name the different stages of development of the kidney
Definition
protonephro, mesonphero, metanephro
Term
Where is the protonephro kidney located?
Definition
anteriorly
Term
What kind of kidney do most animals end up with?
Definition
metanephro
Term
What kind of kidney do fish and amphibians have?
Definition
opisonephro
Term
What is one thing that all kidneys regulate?
Definition
nitrogen
Term
What are the four common nitrogen products that are excreted by animals?
Definition
ammonia, uric acid, creatinine, urea
Term
What kind of animals excrete ammonia?
Definition
Fish
Term
What is the structure of ammonia?
Definition
a nitrogen surrounded by 3 hydrogens
Term
How is uric acid different from ammonia? What animals secrete it?
Definition
more concentrated. Not water soluble. Not as toxic to touch. Secreted by birds and reptiles.
Term
What is the structure of urea? What animals secrete it?
Definition
two amine (-NH2) residues joined by a carbonyl (-CO-) functional group. Most mammals secrete it.
Term
What is gout?
Definition
joint pain caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.
Term
What are the parts of the kidney?
Definition
the medulla, the cortex, the major and minor calyxes
Term
What is the medulla made from?
Definition
renal pyramids with nephrons inside them
Term
What kind of blood is leaving the kidneys?
Definition
venous
Term
What kind of blood enters the kidneys?
Definition
aterial
Term
Describe the arterial blood flow through the kidney
Definition
renal artery -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> cortical radiate arteries -> afferente arterioles
Term
Describe the path of the blood out of the kidneys
Definition
cortical radiate veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein
Term
What are the different kinds of nephrons?
Definition
cortical and juxtamedullary
Term
Where is the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Inside the bowman's capsule
Term
What are podocytes?
Definition
foot-shaped cells that are involved in filtering.
Term
Describe the flow through a nephron
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule -> descending tubule -> loop of henle -> ascending tubule -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duscts -> calyces
Term
Where does filtrate production happen?
Definition
the golumerulus
Term
Where does active and passive reabsorption happen?
Definition
the proximal convoluted tubule
Term
Where does water and salt conservation happen?
Definition
the nephron loop
Term
Where does variable reabsorption and active secretion happen?
Definition
distal convoluted tubule
Term
What happens in the vasa recta?
Definition
redistribution of water an solutes reabsorbed in the medulla and stabilization of the concentration gradient of the medulla
Term
Where do most hormones enter the nephron?
Definition
the distal convoluted tubule
Term
What part of the kidney does ADH affect?
Definition
the collecting ducts
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