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AA Anatomy Endocrine System
Endocrine System Curless
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/02/2010

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Term
What are the major communication systems in the body? Which are most similar?
Definition
the nervous system, immune system and endocrine system. Nervous and endocrine are the most similar
Term
How are the nervous and endocrine system similar?
Definition
rely on stimulation response communication system, use chemical signals, use the same molecule to accomplish nerve cell communication and gland communication
Term
What kind of chemical signals do hormones use?
Definition
small, molecular quantities of liquids or certain gases (in the nervous system)
Term
What are signals in the nervous system called?
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
What are signals in the endocrine system called?
Definition
hormones
Term
What are the four methods of hormone release in invertebrates?
Definition
1) package hormones in secretory granules and release into blood via exocytosis, 2) make the hormone and then it diffuses or is transported out of the cell and into the blood 3) happens within a gland 4) hormone is made by one gland, send to additional glands before release
Term
Describe how a hormone is released within a gland
Definition
Cell type A makes a pro-hormone and sends it to cell type B, which finishes hormone construction and then the hormone is released
Term
What's an example of a hormone that is made by one gland and then sent to additional glands before being released?
Definition
Vitamin D and Angiotenson 2
Term
What are some ways of regulating/controlling hormones?
Definition
feedback control, neural control, temporal control/chronotropic control, ontogenic control
Term
What are the different kinds of feedback control?
Definition
positive and negative
Term
What is positive feedback control? Ex?
Definition
like a snowball down a hill. NOT COMMON. Oxytocin does this.
Term
What is negative feedback control?
Definition
influences a target organ or tissue, which sends a signal back telling the gland to turn the faucet off like a thermostat.
Term
What are some hormones that are controlled by neuro-transmitters?
Definition
GABA, acetylcholine, dopomine, adrenaline
Term
What are hormones that are under temporal control? Ex?
Definition
used only at certain times in life. Circadian cycles. Menstrual cycle.
Term
What are hormones that are under ontogentic control? What other group are they related to? Examples?
Definition
When not all the genes are decoded at once (heterochrony). Related to temporal system. Growth in children.
Term
What is a hormone?
Definition
a fluid that is made by cells, tissues and glands that affects only cells, tissues and glands that have receptors for that hormone
Term
What are four ways a hormone is delivered to a target?
Definition
endocrine route, neurocrine route, pericrine route, autocrine route
Term
Describe the endocrine route of delivering a hormone.
Definition
made by some kind of gland and dumped into the blood.
Term
Describe the neurocrine route of delivering a hormone.
Definition
nuerohormones are released into the cerebral spinal fluid and go to the target organ. Hormones are made by neurons, not glands.
Term
Describe the pericrine route of delivering a hormone.
Definition
Made by one mass of cells or tissues and sent to other right next to it
Term
Describe the autocrine route of delivering a hormone.
Definition
A cell will make a hormone and eject it. It will travel around to the backside of the cell and interact with receptors for that hormone on the same cell
Term
Why don't cells that use the autocrine route just use the hormone inside to begin with?
Definition
There are second messenger molecules dangling which are used to make something else happen in the cell but the molecules need to be kicked free like ornaments on a tree.
Term
Where are the receptor molecules of a cell?
Definition
in various places on or inside the target cells: embedded in the protein surrounding the cell or inside.
Term
What kinds of proteins around the cells a can have receptor molecules?
Definition
glycoproteins/glycolipids, G proteins that occur in little clusters
Term
Where could a receptor molecule be inside the cell? What common hormones trigger inside receptor molecules?
Definition
nucleus, ribosome or other places. Steroids and thyroid hormone
Term
Why is it easy for a steroid to get inside a cell?
Definition
fatty in origin so they can sneak through the cell membrane undetected
Term
What are the five families of organic molecules?
Definition
steroids, small peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins, amines
Term
Describe steroids: strcture. Examples. Where are the receptors? What are they made from?
Definition
4 rings of carbon (3 hexagon, 1 pentagon). progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen. Receptors inside target cells. Made from cholesterol derived from fatty acids.
Term
Describe small peptides: Another name? Structure? Where are the receptors? Examples?
Definition
oligopeptides. 3-10 amino acids. recptors in the cell membrane. oxytocin and angiotensin.
Term
Describe polypeptides: structure? where are the receptors? examples?
Definition
14+ amino acids. receptors in the cell membrane. ANP, calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, prolactin.
Term
Describe glycoproteins: examples. Why aren't they true sex hormones?
Definition
Gonadotropins (FSH, LH). Not made by the gonads.
Term
Describe amines: structure? what decides if primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary? Examples?
Definition
Any organic molecule attached to nitrogen. depends on how many nitrogens are attached. Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, T3, T4
Term
What organ sends signals to inhibit or excite?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What is another name for the pituitary gland? And the anterior pituitary? posterior?
Definition
hypophysis. adenohypophysis. neurophysis.
Term
Where did the pineal body develop from? What's made there? What is it involved in?
Definition
third eye spot. melatonin. Light sensitivity.
Term
What endocrine organs are big at birth and shrink throughout life?
Definition
thymus and pineal body
Term
How are the lungs related to the endocrine system?
Definition
they process angiotenson
Term
What does your pancreas make?
Definition
insulin and glucogon
Term
What families of hormones do your adrenal glands make?
Definition
steroids and amines
Term
What connects the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Definition
Infundibulum
Term
What system do the hormones made in the pituitary gland go into?
Definition
hypothalamo-adenohypotheal portal system
Term
Which hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
Definition
ADH and oxytocin
Term
What does ADH do?
Definition
promotes water retention and conservation. Inhibited by alcohol.
Term
What does oxytocin do?
Definition
promotes contractions during birth. Responsible for milk letdown. Possibly associated with sexual excitement and orgasm.
Term
What types of hormones does the hypothalamus release besides ADH and oxytocin?
Definition
releasers and inhibitors
Term
What do releasers do? What are examples?
Definition
OK signal to the anterior pituitary to start making hormones. GrnH (for FSH and LH) and Groth Hormone Releasing Hormone (affects all tissues), Prolactin-releasing hormones, CRH (for ACTH in the pituitary which goes to adrenal glands)
Term
What do inhibitors do? Examples?
Definition
Tell anterior pituitary to stop. GHIH. Somatostatin. Prolactin inhibitors.
Term
What is made in the pituitary gland?
Definition
TSH, GH, FSH, LH, prolactin, ACTH
Term
What is TSH? Where is it made? Where does it go?
Definition
thyroid stimulating hormone. travels from pituitary to thyroid to stimulate prodution of thyroid hormone.
Term
What kind of hormones are FSH and LH?
Definition
gonadotropins.
Term
What does the pineal body make? What do they affect?
Definition
melatonin and serotonin. Affect mood.
Term
What does the thymus make and what does it do?
Definition
thymosin. Helps immune system stay healthy.
Term
What does the thyroid make?
Definition
calcitonin, T3, T4
Term
What does calcitonin do?
Definition
calcium regulator that promotes deposition of blood into the skeleton and osteoblast activity
Term
Where do T3 and T4 get their names from? What do they do?
Definition
based on the number of iodine atoms in their structure. They regulate energy metabolism.
Term
What is a goiter?
Definition
swelling of the thyroid from lack of iodine.
Term
What does the parathyroid make? What does it do?
Definition
PTH. opposite of calcitonin: promotes movement of calcium from worn out cells back into the plasma.
Term
What does the pancreas make? What does it do?
Definition
insulin (regulates sugar metabolism) and glucogon (puts more sugar in the blood when you're running low)
Term
What kind of hormones do the kidneys make?
Definition
erythropoietin (red blood cell production) and calcitriol (movement of calcium from the small intestine and into the blood)
Term
What hormone does the heart make and what does it do?
Definition
ANP. Regulates blood pressure.
Term
What hormones do the ovaries make?
Definition
estrogen, estrogiol and progesterone
Term
What are the two patterns of development?
Definition
direct and indirect
Term
Describe direct development
Definition
by-passing larva stage (us)
Term
Describe indirect development
Definition
will pass through one or more larval stages that will not look at all like the adult
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