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A&P Test 4
Test Review for Exam 4
67
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/14/2016

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Term
Contractility
Definition
Ability of a muscle to shorten with force.
Term
Excitability
Definition
Capacity of a muscle to respond to stimulus.
Term
Extensibility
Definition
Muscle can be stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree.
Term
Elasticity
Definition
Ability of a muscle to recoil to original length after stretch.
Term
External Lamina
Definition
Delicate,reticular fibers that surround sarcolemma.
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Loose C.T. With reticular fibers. Surrounds each individual muscle fiber.
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Denser C.T. Surrounding a group of muscle fibers. Each group is called a fasciculus.
Term
Epimysium
Definition
C.T That surrounds that whole muscle.
Term
Fascia
Definition
Connective Tissue sheet. Forms layer under skin, holds muscle together and separates them into functional groups, allows for free muscle movement, continuous with Ct of tendons and periosteum.
Term
Sarcolema
Definition
plasma membrane for muscle cells
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
Term
Actin (Thin)
Definition
Formed by two strands of F actin in a double helix. Can bind myosin at active site unless prohibited by tropomyosin.
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
An elongated protein that winds around the groove of the F actin double helix.
Term
Troponin
Definition
Binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium. Regulates active site interactions.
Term
Myosin (Thick)
Definition
Many elongated myosin molecules shaped like golf clubs.
Term
Myosin Head
Definition
Can bind to active site on actin to form cross bridge. Attached to the rod portion by a hinge region which bends and straightens during reactions.

-Uses ATP for energy.
Term
Z Disk
Definition
Filamentous network of protein. Serves as attachment for actin myofilaments.
Term
I Band
Definition
From Z disk to ends of thick filaments.
Term
A Bands
Definition
Length of thick filaments
Term
H Zone
Definition
Region in A Band where actin and myosin do not overlap.
Term
M Line
Definition
Middle of H Zone. Delicate filaments holding myosin in place.
Term
Titin Filaments
Definition
Elastic Chains of amino acids; make muscles extensible and elastic.
Term
Sliding Filament Model.
Definition
Actin sliding over myosin to shorten sarcomeres.

- Actin and myosin do not change length.

- Shortening of sarcomere is responsible for skeletal contraction.
Term
Action Potential - Depolarization
Definition
Inside of plasma membrane becomes less negative. If charge reaches threshold, depolarization occurs.
Term
Action Potential - Repolarization
Definition
Return of resting membrane potential. Note that during repolarization, the membrane potential drops lower than resting potential then rebounds. This is due to the added affect of Sodium and Potassium leaving the cell.
Term
Synaptic Vessicles
Definition
How do they open? What opens them? (Calcium)
What is the major NT? - Acetylcholine
How is it broken Down? Acetylcholinesterase.
How does signal Jump? It does not jump, but the NT signals another depolarization to occur on the postsynaptic membrane thus continuing the signal.
Term
All or Nothing Principal
Definition
Contraction of equal force to each action potential.
Term
Submaximal Stimulii
Definition
Few motor units reacting.
Term
Maximal Stimuli
Definition
All motor units react
Term
Supramaximal Stimuli
Definition
All motor units reacting continuously.
Term
Isometric Contraction
Definition
No change in Length, but tension increases (Postural Control)
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Change in Length but tension remains constant.
Term
Concentric
Definition
Overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shortens.
Term
Eccentric
Definition
Tension maintained but muscle lengthens.
Term
Muscle Tone
Definition
Constant tension by muscles for long periods of time.
Term
Sensory PNS
Definition
Afferent - transmits action potentials to CNS
Term
Motor PNS
Definition
Efferent - Transmits action potentials from the CNS to Muscles
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Prepares the body for physical activity
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Regulates resting function.
Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition
Plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract. Can control tract independently of CNS
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Within CNS from one neuron to another
Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition
Most neurons in CNS - Motor Neurons
Term
Bipolar Neuron
Definition
Sensory in Retina of the eye and nose
Term
Unipolar
Definition
Single process that divides into two branches
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
(CNS) Blood Brain Barrier - Most abundant and versatile glial cell. Support, brace, and anchor neurons.
Term
Ependymal
Definition
(CNS) - line central cavities of the brain and spinal cord where they form a fairly permeable barrier. Helps to Circulate Cerebrospinal Fluid.
Term
Microglia
Definition
(CNS) - Macrophages , respond to inflammation, phagocytize.
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
(CNS) Form Myelin sheaths that surround axons.
Term
Schwann CEll
Definition
(PNS) - Form Myelin Sheaths
Term
Satellite CElls
Definition
(PNS) - Surround Neuron Cell Body in ganglia, provide support and nutrients.
Term
White Matter
Definition
Myelinated Axons - Propagate action potentials within CNS
Term
Grey Matter
Definition
Unmyelinated
Term
Axoaxonic Synapses
Definition
axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal of another
Term
Presynaptic inhibition
Definition
reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal.
Term
Presynaptic Facilitation
Definition
Amount of NT released from presynaptic terminal increases.
Term
Convergent PAthway
Definition
Synthesis of Data
Term
Divergent PAthway
Definition
Translate stored data to action
Term
Oscillating Circuits
Definition
Repeat Signal automatically. Sleep/wake cycle.
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Most inferior part of brainstem. Regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, etc.
Term
Pons
Definition
Superior to Medula Oblongata - Respiratory center
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Superior to Pons and Cerebellum. - Involved in visual reflexes.
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Group of nuclei scattered throughout brainstem.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Inferior to Occipital Lobe
Term
Flocculonodular Lobe
Definition
Balance and Eye movements
Term
Vermis
Definition
posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination.
Term
LAteral Hemispheres
Definition
Major Part - plan, practice and learn complex movements.
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Consists of Thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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