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A&P-test4
test4
86
Anatomy
Graduate
03/23/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Which of the following situations would produce respiratory acidosis?

A. Hyperventilation due to excitement
B. Hyperventilation secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Hypoventilation due to respiratory suppression by narcotic pain-killers
D. Hypoventilation secondary to diarrhea
Definition
C. Hypoventilation due to respiratory suppression by narcotic pain-killers
Term

The epiglottis prevents entry of food into the

A. pharynx
B. larynx
C. nasal cavity
D. oral cavity
E. esophagus
Definition
B. larynx
Term

Epinephrine causes ____ of bronchioles via _____ adrenergic receptors.

A. dilation /α1
B. constriction /α1
C. dilation /β1
D. constriction /β1
E. dilation /β2
Definition
E. dilation /β2
Term

Type II alveolar epithelial cells

A. phagocytize bacteria and debris that get through the filters of the conduction passageways
B. allow oxygen to diffuse in from and carbon dioxide to diffuse out into alveolar air
C. secrete surfactant
D. constrict bronchioles
E. secrete mucus
Definition
C. secrete surfactant
Term

The major contributor to increased intrathoracic volume for inhalation is contraction of

A. alveoli
B. pleural elastic fibers
C. abdominal muscles
D. internal intercostal muscles
E. the diaphragm
Definition
E. the diaphragm
Term

VC =

A. IRV + ERV + TV + RV
B. TV + IRV + ERV
C. RV + ERV + IRV
D. TV + RV + ERV
E. IRV + ERV + FRC
Definition
B. TV + IRV + ERV
Term

The typical PO2 in pulmonary arteries (in mmHg) is

A. 40
B. 46
C. 47
D. 95
E. 104
Definition
A. 40
Term

Blood that passes through the lungs without becoming fully oxygenated is said to have been

A. exchanged
B. shunted
C. ventilated
D. perfused
E. reduced
Definition
B. shunted
Term

Which of the following will cause bronchiolodilation?

A. increased discharge from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
B. increased discharge from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
C. increased alveolar PCO2
D. increased alveolar PO2
Definition
C. increased alveolar PCO2
Term

Because of the Bohr effect

A. fetal hemoglobin is better able to receive oxygen from maternal hemoglobin
B. maternal hemoglobin is better able to receive oxygen from fetal hemoglobin
C. hemoglobin is more likely to bind oxygen in actively metabolizing tissues
D. hemoglobin is more likely to release its oxygen in actively metabolizing tissues
Definition
D. hemoglobin is more likely to release its oxygen in actively metabolizing tissues
Term

Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A. O2 only
B. CO2 only
C. O2 and CO2
D. N2only
E. O2 and N2
Definition
B. CO2 only
Term

A person at high altitude and a person with emphysema are similar because arterial

A. PO2 and PCO2 are both higher than normal
B. PO2 and PCO2 are both lower than normal
C. PO2 is lower and PCO2 is higher than normal
D. PO2 is higher and PCO2 is lower than normal
Definition
C. PO2 is lower and PCO2 is higher than normal
Term

"The bends" is caused by

A. low O2 levels causing red blood cells with sickle cell hemoglobin to agglutinate
B. gasping for air at high altitudes
C. high pressure of deep sea situations crushing body tissues
D. nitrogen bubbles forming in body tissues
Definition
D. nitrogen bubbles forming in body tissues
Term

The inner lining of the inner tube of the body is derived from

A. endoderm
B. ectoderm
C. mesoderm
D. metaderm
Definition
A. endoderm
Term

The connective tissue between the intestinal epithelium and the muscularis mucosae is called the

A. submucosa
B. serosa
C. lamina propria
D. muscularis externa
E. myenteric plexus
Definition
A. submucosa
Term

Peristalsis

A. moves food forward in the GI tract
B. consists of the visceral and parietal peritoneum
C. causes pancreatic enzymes to be secreted
D. enables more water to be absorbed by intestinal haustra
Definition
A. moves food forward in the GI tract
Term

Chyme is slowly released through the pyloric sphincter into the

A. cecum
B. duodenum
C. ileum
D. esophagus
E. stomach
Definition
B. duodenum
Term

In the defecation reflex, parasympathetically mediated signals cause relaxation of the

A. external anal sphincter
B. internal anal sphincter
C. rectum
D. sigmoid colon
Definition
B. internal anal sphincter
Term

What are the two types of salivary acini?

A. exocrine and paracrine
B. exocrine and endocrine
C. mucous and bilious
D. serous and mucous
E. bilious and serous
Definition
D. serous and mucous
Term

In the enterogastric reflex

A. signals from the stomach stimulate the small intestine
B. signals from the stomach inhibit the small intestine
C. signals from the small intestine stimulate the stomach
D. signals from the small intestine inhibit the stomach
Definition
D. signals from the small intestine inhibit the stomach
Term

Secretin stimulates the secretion of

A. pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
B. pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions
C. HCl
D. pepsinogen
E. cholecystokinin
Definition
B. pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions
Term

Persons who have had their gall bladders removed will need to moderate their intake of

A. protein
B. carbohydrate
C. fat
D. NaCl
E. water
Definition
C. fat
Term

Hepatocytes release plasma proteins into

A. bile ductules
B. bile canaliculi
C. sinusoids
D. hepatic portal veins
E. hepatic arteries
Definition
C. sinusoids
Term

Conjugation by the liver targets a molecule for

A. metabolic degradation
B. storage as glycogen
C. secretion into bile
D. polymerization
E. incorporation in LDLs
Definition
C. secretion into bile
Term

Leptin is sent from adipose tissue to the ____ to inhibit feeding.

A. stomach
B. mouth
C. esophagus
D. hypothalamus
E. cerebral cortex
Definition
D. hypothalamus
Term

What is the main source of amylase?

A. stomach
B. salivary glands
C. duodenum
D. liver
E. pancreas
Definition
E. pancreas
Term

What is the substrate for amylase?

A. fat
B. protein
C. starch
D. triglyceride
E. oligopeptide
Definition
C. starch
Term

The "bristles" of the brush border are

A. cilia
B. flagella
C. villi
D. microvilli
E. plicae circularis
Definition
D. microvilli
Term

These brush border enzymes are converting di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides into

A. monosaccharides
B. amino acids
C. fatty acids
D. monoglycerides
Definition
A. monosaccharides
Term

If the lactase enzyme disappears, the person will become lactose intolerant, and will

need to
A. reduce protein consumption
B. stop drinking milk
C. reduce carbohydrate consumption
D. reduce fat consumption
Definition
C. reduce carbohydrate consumption
Term

The SGLT1 glucose carrier is mediating

A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. primary active transport
D. secondary active transport
Definition
D. secondary active transport
Term

In contrast, the GLUT 5 fructose carrier is mediating

A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. primary active transport

D. secondary active transport

Definition
B. facilitated diffusion
Term
Most of the lungs’ elastic recoil is due to
Definition
surfactant
Term
Goblet cells secrete
Definition
mucus
Term
What type of tissue keeps the larynx, trachea and bronchi open?
Definition
cartilage
Term
Name a class of drugs that is likely to be prescribed to someone with reflux esophagitis.
Definition

1-muscarinic cholinergic antagonist

2-anti-histamine

2-proton pump inhibitors

Term
The full name of the ENS (affectionately known as the gut brain) is the
Definition
enteric nervous
Term

ACETYLCHOLINE causes _____ of bronchioles via _____ receptors.

   A.           Dilation; Beta 2

   B.            Dilation; Muscarinic cholinergic

   C.            Constriction; Beta 2

   D.           Constriction; Muscarinic cholinergic

Definition
   D.           Constriction; Muscarinic cholinergic
Term

Which structure is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems?

   A.           Trachea

   B.            Pharynx

   C.            Larynx

   D.           Nasal cavity

Definition
B.            Pharynx
Term

The air conduction pathways

   A.           Warm and humidify air

   B.            Increase air pressure

   C.            Decrease air pressure

   D.           Participate in gas exchange

Definition
A.           Warm and humidify air
Term

Gas exchange between air and blood occurs in

   A.           Alveoli

   B.            Body tissues

   C.            Bronchi

   D.           Trachea

Definition
A.           Alveoli
Term

Albuterol, an asthma medication, dilates bronchioles by mimicking the effects of epinephrine on _____ receptors in smooth muscle.

   A.           Nicotinic cholinergic

   B.            Muscarinic cholinergic

   C.            alpha1 adrenergic

   D.           beta2 adrenergic

Definition
D.           beta2 adrenergic
Term

When the diaphragm contracts, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases relative to atmospheric pressure, resulting in _____.

   A.           Inspiration

   B.            Expiration

   C.            Forced Expiration

Definition
   A.           Inspiration
Term

In quiet breathing (at rest), Inspiration is mediated by _____.  Expiration is mediated by _____.

   A.           Recoil; Muscle contraction

   B.            Muscle relaxation; Muscle contraction

   C.           Muscle contraction; Recoil

   D.           Recoil; Muscle relaxation

Definition
   C.           Muscle contraction; Recoil
Term

When inflated, alveoli have relatively______, which aids in expiration.

   A.           High surface tension

   B.            Low surface tension

   C.            High pressure

   D.           Low elasticity

Definition
A.           High surface tension
Term

At rest (quiet breathing), The tidal volume minus the anatomical dead space is

   A.           150 mL

  B.            350 mL

   C.            500 mL

   D.           6000 mL

Definition
B.            350 mL
Term

A ventilation/perfusion ratio of 0.8 means that

   A.           Airflow and blood flow at the alveoli occur at the same rate

   B.            Airflow and blood flow at the alveoli are balanced

   C.            Airflow at the alveoli is deficient compared to blood flow at the alveoli

   D.           Airflow at the alveoli is excessive compared to blood flow at the alveoli

Definition
  B.            Airflow and blood flow at the alveoli are balanced
Term

In pulmonary edema, the build-up of fluid in the interstitium of the lungs inhibits gas diffusion because

   A.           The distance is increased

   B.            The distance is decreased

   C.            The alveoli break down

   D.           The lungs explode

Definition
A.           The distance is increased
Term

Gas exchange between blood and tissues occurs by what process?

   A.           Simple diffusion

   B.            Facilitated diffusion

   C.            Active transport

   D.           Endocytosis

Definition
A.           Simple diffusion
Term

What happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve as blood passes through tissues with a very low metabolic rate?

   A.           Shift to the right - increased affinity for oxygen

   B.            Shift to the right - decreased affinity for oxygen

   C.           Shift to the left - increased affinity for oxygen

   D.           Shift to the left - decreased affinity for oxygen

Definition
C.           Shift to the left - increased affinity for oxygen
Term

Of the following, what is the most likely Arterial blood oxygen concentration of someone with emphysema?

  A.           60 mm Hg

   B.            100 mm Hg

   C.            160 mm Hg

   D.           760 mm Hg

Definition
A.           60 mm Hg
Term

The "Fight or Flight mode" is associated with

   A.           Decreased intestinal motility

   B.            Increased intestinal motility

   C.            Increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes

   D.           Elevated levels of stomach acid production

Definition
   A.           Decreased intestinal motility
Term

Peripheral chemoreceptors

   A.           Are responsive to both O2 and CO2

   B.            Are located in the aortic and carotid arch

   C.            Provide sensory input to the medulla to activate/inhibit the sympathetic nervous system

   D.           All of the above

Definition

   D.           All of the above

Term

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the _____ functions to _____.

   A.           Pons; Generate the respiratory rhythm

   B.            Medulla; Terminate the respiratory rhythm

   C.            Pons; Terminate the respiratory rhythm

   D.           Medulla; Generate the respiratory rhythm

Definition
   D.           Medulla; Generate the respiratory rhythm
Term

Respiratory alkalosis may be caused by

   A.           Hyperventilation

   B.            Chronic vomiting

   C.            Emphysema

   D.           Diet

Definition
  A.           Hyperventilation
Term

The muscularis externa is essential for

   A.           Secretion

   B.            Digestion

   C.            Mastication

   D.           Peristalsis

Definition
D.           Peristalsis
Term

An intrapertitoneal (IP) injection pierces through which structure(s)?

   A.           Visceral peritoneum only

  B.            Parietal peritoneum only

   C.            Visceral and parietal peritoneum

   D.           Diaphragm, and visceral and parietal peritoneum

Definition
B.            Parietal peritoneum only
Term

In the enteric nervous system, short (myenteric) reflexes are integrated in the _______.

   A.           Brain

   B.            Spinal cord

   C.           Gut wall

   D.           Hypothalamus

Definition

   C.           Gut wall

Term

Stretch of food in the gut activates short reflexes and long _____ reflexes.

   A.           Vasovagal/Parasympathetic

   B.            Submucosal

   C.            Myenteric

   D.           Sympathetic

Definition
   A.           Vasovagal/Parasympathetic
Term

Omeprazole (Prilosec) decreases acid secretion from parietal cells by

  A.           Blocking the proton pump

   B.            Blocking gastrin secretion

   C.            Stimulating bicarbonate release to neutralize acid

   D.           Blocking parasympathetic innervation

Definition
A.           Blocking the proton pump
Term

The parasympathetic nervous system _____ digestion by _____ motility and secretion.

   A.           Inhibits; Increasing

   B.            Inhibits; Decreasing

   C.           Stimulates; Increasing

   D.           Stimulates; Decreasing

Definition
C.           Stimulates; Increasing
Term

Secretin is a hormone that stimulates

   A.           Peristalsis

   B.            Secretion of HCl in the stomach

   C.           Secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum

   D.           Contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile into the duodenum

Definition
C.           Secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum
Term

The myenteric and submucosal plexuses are part of the

   A.           Central nervous system

   B.            Enteric nervous system

   C.            Somatic motor system

   D.           Autonomic nervous system

Definition
  B.            Enteric nervous system
Term

Which of the following is a side effect of anti-cholinergic drugs?

   A.           Drooling

   B.            Incontinence

   C.            Diarrhea

   D.           Difficulty in defecation

Definition
D.           Difficulty in defecation
Term

The main function of the large intestine is to

   A.           Absorb sodium and water from the feces

   B.            Secrete normal saline into the GI lumen

   C.            Complete the digestion of fats

   D.           Complete the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

Definition
A.           Absorb sodium and water from the feces
Term

Protein digestion begins in the _____ and is completed in the _____.

   A.           Mouth; Stomach

   B.            Mouth; Small intestine

   C.           Stomach; Small intestine

   D.           Small intestine; Large intestine

Definition
C.           Stomach; Small intestine
Term

The primary site of absorption in the digestion system is the

   A.           Stomach

  B.            Small intestine

   C.            Large intestine

   D.           Colon

Definition
B.            Small intestine
Term

Cholescystokinin aids in lipid digestion by

   A.           Causing contracting the gall bladder to release bile

   B.            Producing bile and emulsion droplets

   C.            Synthesizing pancreatic lipase

   D.           Stimulating triglyceride synthesis

Definition
A.           Causing contracting the gall bladder to release bile
Term

The single most important protein for the absorption/reabsorption of water, salts and nutrients from the intestinal lumen into the body is

   A.           The proton pump

   B.            The Ca++/Mg++ ATPase

   C.           The Na+/K+ ATPase

   D.           The Na+/glucose symporter

Definition
  C.           The Na+/K+ ATPase
Term

The feeding and satiety centers are located in the

   A.           Small intestine

   B.            Stomach

   C.           Hypothalamus

   D.           Medulla oblongata

Definition
C.           Hypothalamus
Term

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____ and is completed in the _____.

   A.           Liver; Stomach

   B.            Mouth; Stomach

   C.           Mouth; Small intestine

   D.           Stomach; Small intestine

Definition

   C.           Mouth; Small intestine

Term

Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal capillaries and transported to directly to

   A.           The brain

   B.            Systemic circulation

  C.           The liver

   D.           The heart

Definition
C.           The liver
Term

The structures that contain blood vessels (capillary network) and a lymphatic vessel in the small intestine are called

   A.           Microvilli

   B.            Cilium

   C.            Segment of the colon

   D.           Villi

Definition

   D.           Villi

Term

What is the name of the process by which hepatocytes add glycine or glucuronic acid to a substance in order to mark it for secretion into the bile?

   A.           Conjugation

   B.            Integration

   C.            Fusion

   D.           Polymerization

Definition
   A.           Conjugation
Term

Mr. Migraine takes an oral dose of painkillers containing 1000 mg of ibuprophen.  However, only 600 mg of ibuprophen enters systemic circulation.  This is an example of

   A.           Poor digestion

   B.           First-pass effect

   C.            Bad circulation

   D.           Drug toxicity

Definition
B.           First-pass effect
Term

Leptin _____.  Ghrelin _____.

   A.           Promotes satiety; Promotes satiety

   B.            Promotes hunger; Promotes hunger

   C.           Promotes satiety; Promotes hunger

   D.           Promotes hunger; Promotes satiety

Definition
C.           Promotes satiety; Promotes hunger
Term

Muscarinic cholinergic agonists _______ ventilation by _____ the bronchioles.

           A.    Decrease; Dilating

 B.    Increase; Dilating

           C.   Decrease; Constricting

 D.   Increase; Constricting

Definition
C.   Decrease; Constricting
Term

.  A chronic arterial blood O2 of 100 mmHg and pCO2 of 40 mmHg is indicative of

            A.        COPD

            B.        Normal respiratory function

C.        Respiratory failure or hypoventilation

D.        Hyperventilation

Definition
B.        Normal respiratory function
Term

At a high altitude, where air pressure < 760 mmHg

           A.    Inspiration is more difficult because there is less air

          B.    Inspiration is relatively easy because there is less air pressure        

           C.   Inspiration is more difficult because intrapulmonary pressure must drop lower than normal to get air in

          D.   Inspiration is more difficult because intrapulmonary pressure must increase higher than normal to get air in

Definition
C.   Inspiration is more difficult because intrapulmonary pressure must drop lower than normal to get air in
Term

Of an average tidal volume at rest, what % of the volume is involved in gas exchange?

   A.           100%

   B.           70%

   C.           30%

   D.           0%

Definition
   B.           70%
Term

Voluntary control of respiration is provided by the _____.  Involuntary control of respiration is provided by the _____.

   A.           Brainstem; Brainstem

   B.           Brainstem; Frontal lobe

   C.           Pons; Medulla oblongata

   D.           Frontal lobe; Brainstem

Definition
D.           Frontal lobe; Brainstem
Term

At rest, Alveolar Ventilation rate (VA) = ____________ = 4L/min

   A.           Tidal volume (L) x Breaths/min

   B.           Tidal Volume (L) / Breaths/min

   C.           (Tidal Volume-Dead space volume) x Breaths/min

   D.           (Tidal Volume-Dead space volume) / Breaths/min

Definition
C.           (Tidal Volume-Dead space volume) x Breaths/min
Term

To inspire air, the thoracic cavity _____ so that the pressure in the chest _____ atmospheric pressure.

   A.           Expands; Rises above

   B.           Compresses; Rises above

   C.           Expands; Falls below

         D.           Compresses; Falls below

Definition
   C.           Expands; Falls below
Term

Hypoventilation _____ blood pH by _____.

A.           increases; increasing blood pCO2

B.           decreases; increasing blood pCO2

C.           increases; decreasing blood pCO2

D.           decreases; decreasing blood pCO2

 

Definition

B.           decreases; increasing blood pCO2

Term

 Chose the 2 statements below that answer the following question:

A left shift of an oxygen dissociation curves indicates

A.   Higher affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

B.   Less oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

C.   Decreased affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

D.   More oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

Definition

A.   Higher affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

B.   Less oxygen is liberated for exchange with the tissues

Term

 Which statement concerning Surfactant is false?

            A.        Surfactant makes the surface tension of alveoli determined by the radius

            B.        Surfactant is diluted in inflated lungs, resulting in increased surface tension

            C.        Surfactant is concentrated in deflated lungs, resulting in decreased surface tension

            D.        Surfactant makes surface tension of alveoli determined by atmospheric pressure

Definition
D.        Surfactant makes surface tension of alveoli determined by atmospheric pressure
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