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A&P Test 2
Test 2 Flashcards
174
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/08/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Two Parts of the Integrument
Definition

Cutaneous (skin)

 

Accessory

Term
Size of Integrument
Definition
16% of body weight and 1.5 to 2 m2 in area
Term
Outer Epidermis
Definition
Superficial Epithelium
Term
Inner Dermis
Definition
Connective Tissues
Term
Accessory Structures
Definition

Originate in the Dermis

 

-hair

-nails

-multicellular exocrine glands

Term
Connections: Circulatory System
Definition
Blood Vessels in the Dermis
Term
Connections: Nervous System
Definition
Sensory Receptors for pain, touch and temperature
Term
Subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia or hypodermis)
Definition
loose connective tissue, below the dermis, location of hypodermic injections
Term
Functions of Skin
Definition

1. Protects

2. Excretes

3. Maintains

4. Synthesizes

5. Stores

6. Detects

Term
Epidermis
Definition

-Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

-Nutrients and Oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

 

Term
Keratinocytes
Definition

-contain large amounts of keratin

-the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Term
Thick Skin
Definition

-covers the paolms of the hands and soles of the feet

-Has 5 layers of keratinocytes

Term
Thin Skin
Definition

-covers most of the body

-has 4 layers of keratinocytes

Term

Stratum Germinativum (germinativum layer)

 

Definition

-has many germinative stem cells or basal cells

-is attached to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes

-forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis

Term
Structures of Stratum Germinativum
Definition

-Epidermal Ridges (Finger Prints)

-Dermal Papillae (tiny mounds)

Term
Dermal Papillae
Definition

-increase the area of basal lamina

-strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

Term
Cells of Stratum Germinativum
Definition

-Merkel Cells

-Melanocytes

Term
Merkel Cells
Definition

-found in hairless skin

-respond to touch (trigger nervous system)

Term
Melanocytes
Definition

-contain pigment melanin

-scattered throughout stratum germinativum

Term
Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)
Definition

-produced by division of stratum germinosum

-8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

-cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)

Term
Cells of Stratum Spinosum
Definition

-Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium

-contain Langerhans Cells, active in immune system

Term
Stratum Granulosum (grainy layer)
Definition
Stops dividing, starts producing keratin and kerotohyalin
Term
Keratin
Definition

a tough, fibrous protein

-makes up hair and nails

 

Term
keratohyalin
Definition

-dense granules

-cross-link keratin fibers

Term
Cells of Stratum Granulosum
Definition

-Produce protein fibers

-dehydrate and die

-create tightly interlocked layers of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

Term
Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)
Definition

-Found only in thick skin

-covers Stratum Granulosum

Term
Cells of Stratum Lucida
Definition

-flat

-dense

-filled with keratin

Term
Stratum Corneum (horn layer)
Definition

-exposed surface of skin

-15-30 layers of keratinized cells

-water resistant

-shed and reproduced every two weeks

Term
STratum Corneum: Thick Skin
Definition
30 layers
Term
Stratum Corneum: Thick Skin
Definition
30 layers
Term
Keratinization
Definition

-the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

-occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes

 

Term
Skin Life Cycle
Definition
15-30 days for a cell to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum
Term
Perspiration
Definition
Insensible and Sensible
Term
Insensible Perspiration
Definition
-interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum
Term
Sensible Perspiration
Definition
water excreted through sweat glands
Term
Dehydration
Definition

WATER LOSS THROUGH SKIN

 

-from damage to stratum corneum (burns and blisters)

 

-from immersion in hypertonic solution (Seawater)

Term
Hydration
Definition

water gain through skin

 

-results from immersion in hypotonic colution (freshwater)

-causes stretching and wrinkly skin

Term
Skin Color Depends on
Definition
Blood circulation and the pigments, carotene and melanin
Term
Melanin
Definition

-yellow, brown or black pigment

-produce by melanocytes

-stored in transport vehicles (melanosomes)

-transferred to keratinocytes

Term
Carotene
Definition

-orange-yellow pigment

-found in orange vegetables

-accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis

-can be converted to Vitamin A

Term
Functions of Melanocytes
Definition

-Melanin protects skin from sun damage

 

-skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes

 

-Ultraviolet Radiation

Term
Ultratviolet Radiation
Definition
causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles
Term
Oxygenated red blood contributes to skin color
Definition

-blood vessels dilate from heat, skin redness

-blood flow decreases, skin pales

Term
Cyanosis
Definition

-bluish skin tint

 

-caused by severed reductino in blood flow or oxygenation

 

Term
Jaundice
Definition

buildup of bile produced by liver

-yellow color

Term
Addison's disease
Definition

-disease of pituitary gland

- skin darkening

Term
Vitiligo
Definition

-loss of melanocytes

-loss of color

Term
Skin Markings
Definition

Nevus (Mole)

Freckles

Hermangioma

Term
Hermangioma
Definition
capillary malformation (buildup)
Term
Hermangioma-Angel Kiss
Definition
located on the forehead and eyelids, usually disappear by age 2
Term
Hermangioma-Stork Bite
Definition
marks on the back of the neck, which may last into adulthood
Term
Infantile Hermangioma
Definition

most common birthmark

-become visible within the first two weeks of life, continue to grow til 6-9 months. Then, gradually lose red color.

 

E.G. Strawberry Hermangioma

Term
Capillary Malformation
Definition

"Port Wine Stain" or "Nevus Fammeus"

-flat, pink, red, or purple mark that appears at birth, face, arm or leg, continues to grow as child grows

Term
Friction Ridges
Definition

-fingers, toes, palms, soles

-Helps grasp objects

-increase friction

-leave noticable prints

-ease has individual pattern

-valuable tool in law enforcement and identification

 

Term
Dermal Papillae and Epidermal Ridges
Definition
Friction Ridges
Term
Epidermal Cells Produce
Definition

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

-the presence of UV radiation

Term
Calcitriol
Definition
Liver and Kidneys convert vitamin D into calcitriol to aid absorbtion of calcium and phosphorous
Term
Rickets
Definition
Caused by insufficient Vitamin D supply
Term
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Definition

-powerful peptide growth factor

-produced by glands (salivary and duodenum)

-used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

 

Term
EFG functions
Definition

-promote division of germinative cells

-accelerates keratin production

-stimulates epidermal repair

-stimulates glandular secretion

Term
The Dermis
Definition

-located between the epidermis and subcutaneous layer

-anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles and sweat glands)

Term
2 Components of the Dermis
Definition

outer papillary layer

 

deep reticular layer

Term
Reticular Layer
Definition

-Consists of dense irregular connective tissue

-contains larger blood vessels, lympth vessels and nerve fibers

-contains collagen and elastic fibers

-contains connective tissue proper

Term
Papillary Layer
Definition

-consists of aerolar tissue

-contains smallaer capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons

-has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

Term
Dermatitis
Definition

-An inflammation of the papilary layer

 

-caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals

 

-characterized by itch or pain

-strong, due to collagen fibers

-elsastic due to elastic fibers

-flexible (skin turgor)

Term
Sagging and Wrinkles (reduced skin elasticity)
Definition

-dehydration

-age

-hormonal changes

-UV exposure

Term
Stretch Marks
Definition

-Thickened Tissue resulting from:

-excessive stretching of skin from pregnancy or weigh gain

Term
Collagen and Elastic Fibers in the Dermis
Definition
-Are arranged in parallel bundles-resist force in specific directions
Term
Lines of Cleavage
Definition

establish important patterns

-a parallel cut remains shut, heals well

-a cut across pulls open scars

Term
Two Types of Arteries
Definition
Cutaneous Plexus and Papillary Plexus
Term
Cutaneous Plexus
Definition
a network of arteries along the reticular layer
Term
Papillary Plexus
Definition
capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer
Term
Two Types of Veins
Definition
Venous Plexus and Contusion
Term
Venous Plexus
Definition
Capillary return deep to the papillary plexus
Term
Contusion
Definition
damage to blood vessels resulting in black and blue bruising
Term
Hypodermis
Definition

-lies below the integument layer or hypodermis

-stabilizes the skin

-allows seperate movement

-made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues

-connected to the reticular layer or integument by connective tissue fibers

-has few capilaries and no vital organs

is the site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
Deposits of subcutaneous fat
Term
Adipose Tissue is characterized by...
Definition

distribution patters determine by hormones

 

-can be reduced by liposuction

Term
Function of Hair
Definition
protects and insulates
Term
Hair Follicles
Definition

-located deep in the dermis

-produces nonliving hairs

-is wrapped in a dense connective-tissue sheath

 

Term
Root Hair Plexus
Definition
-Hair Follicle base is surrounded by sensory nerve
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition

-involuntary smooth muscle

 

-causes hairs to stand up

 

-produces "goose bumps"

Term
Subaceous Glands
Definition

-lubricate the hair

 

-control bacteria

Term

Hair Root

 

Definition

-LOWER part of the hair

-attached to INGRUMENT

Term
Hair Shaft
Definition

-UPPER part of the hair

 

-NOT ATTACHED to the integument

Term
Where does hair grow from?
Definition
Deep in the dermis
Term
Hair Papilla
Definition
contains capillaries and nerves
Term
Hair Bulb
Definition
produces hair MATRIX
Term
Hair Matrix
Definition

-a layer of dividing basal cells

 

-produce hair structure

 

-push hair up and out of skin

Term
Medulla
Definition
central core layer of hair
Term
Cortex
Definition
the middle layer of hair
Term
Cuticle
Definition
the surface layer of hair
Term
Growing Hair
Definition
is firmly attached to matrix
Term
Club Hair
Definition

is not growing

 

-attached to innactive follicle

Term
Internal Root Sheath
Definition

-inner layer

 

-contacts the cuticle in lower hair root

Term
External Root Sheath
Definition
-extends from skin surface to hair matrix
Term
Glassy Membrane
Definition

-a dense connective-tissue sheath

 

-contacts connective tissues of dermis

Term
Soft Karatin
Definition
Medulla contains
Term
Hard Keratin
Definition
Cortex and Cuticle contain
Term
Lanugo
Definition
Fetal hair follicles
Term
Vellus Hairs
Definition
-soft, fine and covers body surface
Term
Terminal Hairs
Definition

-Heavily pigmented

 

-on head, eyebrows, and genitalia after puberty

Term
Hair color is determined by...
Definition

-production of melanocytes at the hair papilla moved into the hair matrix

 

-determined by genes

 

Term
Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)
Definition

Contain:

-simple branched alveolar glands

 

-sebaceous follicles

 

-holocrine glands

 

-secrete sebum

Term
Simple branched alveolar glands
Definition
associated with hair follicles
Term
Sebaceous Follicles
Definition
Discharge directly onto skin surface
Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition
Exploding Cells
Term
Sebum
Definition

-contains lipids and other ingredients

 

-lubricates and protects epidermis

 

-inhibits bacteria

Term
Sweat Glands
Definition
Apocine and Merocine
Term
Apocrine
Definition

(body odor)

 

-found in armpits, around nipples and groin

 

-associated with hair follicles

 

-produce sticky, cloudy secretions

 

-brak down and cause odors

Term
Merocrine Glands
Definition

-widely distributed on body surface especialy on palms and soles

 

-cools skin, flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
produce milk
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition

-protect the eardrum

 

-produce cerumen (earwax)

Term
Nails basics:
Definition

-made of dead cells packed with keratin

 

-metabolic disorders can change nail structure

 

-produced nail bed

Term
Nail bed
Definition

Deep epidermal fold near the bone

 

Term
Nail Body
Definition

-visible portion of the nail

 

-covers the nail bed

Term
Lunula
Definition

-keratin hardening

 

-the pale crescent at the base of the nail

Term
Burns
Definition
-damage due to heat, electricity, radiation or chemicals
Term
Catastrophic loss of body fluids can result in
Definition

-dehydration

 

-electrolyte imbalance

Term
1st degree burn
Definition
epidermis is damaged
Term
2nd degree burns
Definition
epidermis and under dermis
Term
3rd degree
Definition
entire thickness of skin
Term
Locomotion
Definition
skeletal and muscular systems
Term
Movement
Definition
 is based on muscles acting on a rigid skeleton
Term
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Definition

(jelly fish)

 

-fluid filled cavity encircled by muscle fibers

 

-soft-bodied invertebrates

Term
Exoskeleton Skeleton
Definition

(cockroaches)

 

-body encased in hard shell chitin

 

-must be shed for growth

 

-limits body size as exoskeleton has to grow increasingly thicker and heavier

 

Term
Endoskeleton Skeleton
Definition

(People)

 

-rigid internal skeleton of bone to which muscles are attached

Term
axial skeleton
Definition
forms axis of body and supports organs of the head, neck and chest
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
-includes bones of the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
Term
Functions of Skeleton System
Definition

- SUPPORT

 

-STORAGE OF MINERALS

 

-STOREAGE OF LIPIDS

 

-BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

 

-LEVERAGE

Term
Bones are identified by:
Definition

-shape

 

-internal tissues

 

-bone markings

 

 

Term
Long bones
Definition

-long and thin

 

-found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers and toes

Term
Flat Bones
Definition

-thin with parallel surface

 

-found in skull, sternum, ribs and scapula

Term
Sutural Bones
Definition

-small irregular bones

 

-found between flat bones of the skull

Term
How many major bones in adult skeleton?
Definition
206
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition

-Have complex Shapes

 

-ex. small vertebrae and pelvic bones

Term
Short Bones
Definition

-small and thick

 

-ex. ankle and wrist bones

Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition

-small and flat

 

-exists in a tendon

 

-develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands and feet

Term
Bone Markings
Definition

-depression of grooves along bone surface

 

-projections where tendons and ligaments attach and at articulations with other bones

 

-tunnels where blood and nerve enter bone

Term
Diaphysis
Definition

-the shaft

 

-a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone

 

-a central space called marrow cavity

Term
Epiphysis
Definition

-wide part at each end and articulation with other bones

 

-mostly spongy bone

 

-covered with compact bone

Term
Metaphysis
Definition
-where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Term
Parietal Bones
Definition

-resembles a sandwich of spongy bone

 

-between two layers of compact bone

Term
Osteocytes
Definition

-no longer divide

 

-maintain bone matrix

 

-live in lacunae

 

-are between layers (lamellae) of matrix

 

-connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi in lamelle

Term
Functions of Osteocytes
Definition

-maintain protein and mineral conent of matrix

 

-helps repair damaged bone

Term
Osteoblasts
Definition

-Immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds

 

-surrounded by bone become osteocytes

Term
Osteogeneis
Definition
immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
tubes of communication
Term
Osteoid
Definition

(goo)

 

-matrix produced by osteoblasts, but no yet calcified to form bone

Term
Osteoclasts
Definition

-secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes

 

-giant, multinucleate cells

 

-perform Ostolysis (BREAKING DOWN OF SKELETON)

 

-derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

Term
Osteolysis
Definition

Dissolve bone matrix and release store minerals

 

-(BREAKING DOWN OF SKELETON)

Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Definition

-mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

 

-are located in endosteum

 

-ASSIST IN FRACTURE REPAIR

Term
Matrix
Definition

-dense matrix, containing deposits of calcium salts and bone cells with lacunae organized around blood vessels

 

-matrix is very hard but brittle and inflexible

 

-good for compression but not bleeding

Term
Compact Bone
Definition

Osteon is the basic unit of mature compact bone

 

-osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae

 

-around a central canal containing blood vessels

Term
Perforating Canals
Definition

-bring blood into bone

 

-perpendicular to the central canal

 

-carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

Term
Circumferential Lamellae
Definition

(rubber bands) (circumfrence of bones)

 

-lamellae wrapped around the long bone

 

-brings osteons together

Term
Periosteum
Definition
outside
Term
Endosteum
Definition
INSIDE
Term
Periostium Functions
Definition

-covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules

 

-made up of an outer, fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer

Term

Functions of Periosteum

 

 

Definition

1. Isolate bone from surrounding tissues

 

2. Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply

 

3. Participate in bone growth and repair

Term
Enodsteum
Definition

1. an incomplete cellular layer:

 

-lines the marrow cavity

 

-covers trabeculae of spongy bones

 

-lines central canals

 

2. contains osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts

 

3. is active in bone growth and repair

Term
Spongy Bone
Definition

-no osteons

 

-matrix forms an open network of trabeculae

Term
Trabeculae
Definition
-no blood vessels
Term
Osteogenesis
Definition
bone formation
Term
Ossification
Definition
-process of replaceing other tissues with bone
Term
Calcification
Definition
process of depositing calcium salts and occurs during ossification
Term
2 Main forms of Calcification
Definition

Intramembranous Ossification (dermal ossification

 

Endochonral Ossification

Term
Intramembranous Ossification or Dermal Ossification
Definition
occurs in the dermis and produces dermal bones such as mandible and clavicle
Term
Endochonral Ossification
Definition
bone over a hyaline cartilage models-limbs
Term
Step 1 of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate differentiate into osteoblasts, begin ossification at ossification center, develp speicules
Term
Step 2 of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
2. Blood Vessels grow into the area to supply the oseoblasts and spicules connect, trapping bood vessels inside bone
Term
Step 3 of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
3. Spongy Bone develps and is remodeled into osteons of compact bone
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