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A&P Test 1
Test 1 Flashcards
250
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/19/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Catabolism
Definition
breaking down
Term
Anabolism
Definition
building up
Term
Intristic Regulation (Autoregulation)
Definition
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
Term
Extrinsic Regulation
Definition
Response controlled by nervous and endocrine system
Term
Receptor
Definition
Receives the stimulus (Thermometer)
Term
Control Center
Definition
Processes the signal and send instructions
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition

response to the effector negates the stimulus

(less dramatic response for less dramatic situations)

Term
Positive Feedback
Definition

response of the effector reinforces the stimulus

(ex. labor contractions)

Term
Protons
Definition
Positive Atoms
Term
Neutron
Definition

Neutral

-found in the nucleus

Term
Electron
Definition
Negative Atom
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of Protons
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Sum of the masses of Protons and Nuetrons
Term
Mass
Definition
amount of a substance
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Atomos of an element that possess a different number of nuetrons. Have the same atomic number because number of protons stays the same
Term
Orbital
Definition
refers to the area around the nucleus where an electron is most likely found
Term
Ions
Definition
Atoms in which the number of protons and electrons differ
Term
Cation
Definition
Contains more protons than electrons and carries a positive charge
Term
Anion
Definition
Contains fewer protons than electons and carries a negative charge
Term
Oxidation
Definition
loss of an electron
Term
Reduction
Definition
gain of an electron
Term
Compound
Definition
composed of two or more different types of atoms bound together
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
chemical bond formed because ions of opposite charge attract one another
Term
covalent bonds
Definition

chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share pairs of valence electons

-single bond, double bond, triple bond

Term
Hydrogen boning
Definition
in a water molecule, both the oxygen and hydrogen atoms attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond
Term
energy
Definition
the power to do work
Term
work
Definition
a change in mass or direction
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
Gets a reaction started
Term
Reactants
Definition
materials going into a reaction
Term
Products
Definition
materials coming out of a reaction
Term
enzymes
Definition
proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction
Term
Exergonic
Definition
produce more energy than use
Term
energonic reactions
Definition
use more energy than they produce
Term
Organic compound
Definition
molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
Term
Inorganic Compound
Definition
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
Term
Nutrients
Definition
Essential Molecules obtained from food
Term
Metabolites
Definition
molecules made or broken down in the body
Term
Properties of Water
Definition
  1. Solubility-water's ability to dissolve a solute ina solvent to make a solution
  2. Reactivity-most body chemistry uses or occurs in water
  3. High Heat Capacity-water's ability to absorb and retain heat
  4. Lubrication-to moisten and reduce friction
Term
Polar
Definition
polar molecules form hydration spheres around the ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
Inorganic ions which conduct electricity in solution
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition

reacts with water

 

"hydro"=water, "philic"=loving

Term
Hydrophobic
Definition

Phobic=fear

 

Does not react with water

Term
Concentration
Definition
the amount of solute in a solvent (how much stuff in the water)
Term
pH
Definition
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
Term
Neutral pH
Definition

a balance of H+ and OH

pure water=7.0

Term
Acidic
Definition

pH lower than 7.0

-high H+ concentration, low OH- concentration

Term
Base (basic)
Definition

pH higher than 7.0

-low H+ concentration, high OH- concentration

Term
Problems cased by low pH
Definition

-damages cells and tissues

-alters proteins

-interferes with physiological functions

Term
High pH Problems
Definition
can cause problems but rarely does
Term
Acidosis
Definition
low pH
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
high pH
Term
Controlling pH: Salts
Definition

-positive or negative ions in soluction

-contains no H+ of OH-

Term
Controlling pH: Buffers
Definition

-weak/acid compounds

-nuetralizes either strong acid or strong base

Term

Carbonhydrates Functions:

Monosaccharides

Definition

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (glucose)

(Energy Source)

Term

Carbon Functions:

Disaccharides

Definition

2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

(Energy Source)

Term

Carbohydrate Functions:

Polysaccharides

Definition

Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen)

(Storage of Glucose!)

Term
Lipids
Definition

-Mostly hydrophobic molecules (fats and oils)

-made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

 

Term
Lipid Functions
Definition
membrane structure and energy storage
Term
Types of Lipids
Definition
  1. Fatty Acids-Energy Sources
  2. Elcosanolds-Chemical messengers coordinating local activity
  3. Glycerides-energy source, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection
  4. Steroids-structual component of cell membrane, hormones, digestive secretions in bile
  5. Phospholipids-structual component of cell membrane
Term
Fatty Acides
Definition

Saturated- with hygrogen (no covalent bonds)

Unsaturated (one or more double bonds)

Term
Types of Eicosanoids
Definition

Leukotrienes: active in immune system

Prostaglandins: local hormones, short chain fatty acids

Term
Glyceries
Definition

fatty acids attached to glyverol molecule

 

-Triglycerides: 3 fatty acid tails, fat storage molecule

Term
Types of Steroids
Definition
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Estrogens and Testosterones
  3. Corticosteroids and Calcitrol
  4. Bile Salts
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
component of the cell membrane
Term
Estrogens and Testosterones
Definition
Sex Hormones
Term
Corticosteroids and Calcitrol
Definition
Metabolic Regulation
Term
Bile Salts
Definition
Derived from Steroids
Term
Proteins
Definition

Most abundant and important organic molecules

  • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
  • Consists of 20 Amino Acids
Term
7 Major Protein Functions
Definition
  1. Support: Structual Proteins
  2. Movement: Contractile Proteins
  3. Transport: Transport Proteins
  4. Buffering: Regulation of pH
  5. Metabolic Regulation: Enzymes
  6. Coordination and Control: Hormons
  7. Defense: Antibodies
Term

What kind of protein?

[image]

Definition

 

Fibrous Proteins

Structural Sheets or Strands

Term

[image]

What kind of protein shape?

Definition
Globular Proteins: soluble sheres with active functions
Term

What protein structure?

[image]

Definition
Tertiary Structure: folds into unique shapes
Term
What protein structure?
Definition
[image]
Term

[image]

What protein structure?

Definition
Primary Structure: Polypeptide-londyn chain of amino acids
Term

Which protein structure?

[image]

Definition
Secondary: Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
Term
Enzymes
Definition
  • catalysts
  • proteins that lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

 

Term
Functions of Enzymes
Definition
  1. Substrates: Reactants in enzymatic reactions
  2. Active Sites: A location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate
Term
Enzyme  helpers
Definition
  1. Cofactor-an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
  2. Coenzyme-nonprotein organic cofactors (vitamins)
  3. Isozymes: 2 enzymes that can catalyze the same reaction
Term
Enzyme Characteristics
Definition
  1. Specificity: one enzyme catalyzes one reaction
  2. Saturation Limits- an enzyme's maximum work rate
  3. Regulation- the ability to turn on and off
Term
Nucleis Acids
Definition

Large Organic moelcules found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level

(DNA and RNA)

Term
Deozyribonucleic Acid
Definition

DNA

  • Determines inherited characteristics
  • Directs protein synthesis
  • Controls enzyme production
  • Controls metabolism
Term
Ribonucleic Acid
Definition

RNA

-Codes intermediate steps in protein synthesis

Term
Complementary Base Pairs
Definition
  • Purines pair with pyrimidines:
  • DNA: adenine (A) and thymine (T) and  cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
  • RNA: uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)

DNA: A, T, C, G

RNA, A, U, C, G

Term
Nucleotides
Definition

Building blocks of DNA

 

3 molecular parts:

  1. sugar
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C)
Term
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Definition
-used up energy
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Definition

Carbs make ATP and store in muscles for energy

 

*Nitrogenous base-a sugar and phosphate bonds

Term
Somatic Cells
Definition
all body cells except sex cells
Term
Organelle function: Cell Membrane
Definition
isolation; protection;sensitivity; support; controls entrance/exit of materials
Term
organelle functions: cytosol
Definition
distributes materials by diffusion
Term

organelle functions:

cytoskeleton

microtuble

microfilament

Definition
strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials; cell movement
Term
Organelle Functions: Microvilli
Definition
Increase surface area to facilitate absorbtion of extracellular materials
Term
Organelle Functions: Cillia
Definition
Movement of Materials over cell surface
Term
Organelle Functions: Centrosome and Centriole
Definition
Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubles in cytoskeleton
Term
Organic Functions: Rhibosomes
Definition

(RNA+proteins)

 

Protein Synthesis

Term
Proteasomes
Definition
Breakdown and recycling of intracellular proteins
Term
Organelle Functions:Mitochondria
Definition
Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
Term
Organelle Functions: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Term
Organelle Functions: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

Lipid and carbohydrates

 

(Lacks attached membranes)

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Term
Organelle Functions: Lysosomes
Definition
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Neutralization of toxic compounds
Term

Organelle Functions: Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope

Nuclear Pore

Definition
Control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
Term
Organelle Functions: Nucleolus
Definition
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophilic Heads
Definition
Toward Water Environment, Both Sides
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer: Hydrophobic Fatty-Acid Tails
Definition
Inside membrane
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
Barrier to Ions and Water Soluble
Term
Membrane Proteins: Integral Proteins
Definition
within membrane
Term
Membrane Proteins: Peripheral proteins
Definition
inner or outer surface of the membrane
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins: Anchoring Proteins (stabilizers)
Definition
attach to inside or outside structures
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins: Recognition Proteins (identifiers)
Definition
label cells normal or abnormal
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins:Enzymes
Definition
catalyze reactions
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins:Receptor Proteins
Definition
bind and respond to ligands (ions and hormones)
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins: Carrier Proteins
Definition
transport specific solutes through membrane (allows things in and out of the cell)
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins: Channels
Definition
regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
Term
Nonmembranous Organelles
Definition

no membrane

-direct contact with cytosol

Term
Membranous Organelles
Definition

-covered with plasma membrane

-isolated from cytosol

Term
6 types of nonmenranous organelles
Definition

1. Cytoskeleton

2. Microvilli

3. Centrioles

4. Cilia

5. Ribosomes

6. Proteasomes

Term
Membrane Carbohydrates
Definition

Proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids

(extended outside cell membrane, form sticky "sugar coat")

Term
Functions of Membrane Carbohydrates (have spines to protect cells)
Definition

-Lubricate and protect

-Anchor and locomotion

-Specificity in binding (receptors)

-Recognize (immune response)

Term
Cytoskeleton: Micofilaments
Definition

Thin filaments composed of protein actin:

-provide additional mechanical strength

-interact with proteins for consistency

-pairs with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement

 

Term
Cytoskeleton: Intermediate
Definition

-Mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments:

-durable (collagen)

-stengthen cell and maintain shape

-stabilize organelles

-stabilize cell position

Term
Microvilli
Definition

Increase surface area for absorbtion

-attach to cytoskeleton only on side of absorbtion

Term
Centrioles
Definition
Form spindle apparatus during cell division
Term
Centrosome
Definition
cytoplasm surrounding centriole
Term
Cilia
Definition
move fluids across the cell surface
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Build Popypeptides in protein synthesis
Term
Rybosomes: Free Ribosomes in Cytoplasm
Definition
proteins for cell
Term
Ribosomes: Fixed Ribosomes attached to ER
Definition
proteins for secretion
Term
Proteasomes
Definition

Contain enzymes (proteases)

Disassemble damaged proteins for recycling

Term
Membranous Organelles
Definition

1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

2. Gogli Apparatus

3. Lysosomes

4. Peroxisomes

5. Mitochondria

5. Nucleus

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition

Made up or proteins or carbs

-synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

-storage of synthesized molecules and materials

-transport of materials within ER

-Detoxification of drugs or toxins

 

endo=within, plasm-cytoplasm, reticulum=network

 

 

Term
Cisternae
Definition
are storage chambers within membranes
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Definition

-No ribosomes attached

-Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates:

-phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes)

-steroid hormons (reproductive system)

-glycerides (storage in liver and fat cells)

-glycogen (storage in muscles)

Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Definition

Surface covered with ribosomes:

-active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis

-folds polypeptides protein structures

-encloses products in transport vehicles

Term
Golgie Apparatus
Definition
Vesicles enter forming face and exit maturing face
Term
Gogli Apparatus: Secretory Vesicles
Definition
Modify package products for exocytosis
Term
Gogli Apparatus: Membrane Renewal Vesicles
Definition
add or remove membrane components
Term
Golgi Apparatus: Transport Vesicles
Definition
Carry materials to and from Golgi apparatus
Term
Lysosomes
Definition

Powerful Enzyme-containing vesicles

 

lyso=dissolve

some=body

Term
Lysosomes: Primary Lysosome
Definition
Formed by Golgi and inactive enzymes
Term
Lysosomes: Secondary Lysosome
Definition

-lysosome fused with damaged organelle

-digestive enzymes activated

-toxic  chemicals isolated

Term
Lysosomes: Exocytosis
Definition
Ejects secretory products and wastes
Term
Lysosome Functions
Definition

Clean up insides cells:

-break down large molecules

-attack bacteria

-recycle damaged organelles

-ejects wastes by exocytosis

 

Self-destruction of damaged cells (Autolysis):

-lysosome membranes break down

-digestive enzymes released

-cell decomposes

-cellular materials recycle

Term
Perioxisomes
Definition

enzyme-containing vehicles:

-break down fatty acids, organic compounds

-produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

-replicate by division

Term

Mitochondria Structures:

 

Definition

Have smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (CRISTAE)-forms walls or rooms

 

Term
Matrix
Definition
Fluid around cristae
Term
Mitochondrial Functions
Definition

-takes chemical energy from food (glucose)

-produces energy molecule ATP (Aerobic Metabolism)

Term

Nucleus Functions: Nucleus

 

Definition
Brain of organelle: Largest Organelle
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
-double membrane around the nucleus
Term
Nuclear Pores
Definition
communication passages
Term
Within Nucleus: DNA
Definition
all information to build and run organisms
Term
Witin Nucleus: Nucleoplasm
Definition
find containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
Term
Within Nucleus: Nuclear Matrix
Definition
support filaments
Term
Nucleoli in Nucleus
Definition

-are related to protein production

-Are made of RNA, enzymes and histones

-Synthesize rRNA and ribsomal subunits

Term
Cells
Definition

basic structural and functional units of life

-respond to their environment

-maintain homeostasis at the cellular level

-modify structure and function over time

Term
Organization of DNA:Nucleosomes
Definition
DNA coiled around histones
Term
Organization of DNA: Chromatin
Definition
Loosely coild DNA (cells not dividing)
Term
Organization of DNA:Chromosomes
Definition
tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)
Term
DNA
Definition
instructions for every protein in the body
Term
Gene
Definition

DNA instructions for 1 protein

(sugars and phosphates)

Term
Triplet Codes
Definition

-60 code for amino acids

-4 act as "stop" and "start" codes

 

Term
Degenerate Codes
Definition
more than one triplet code for some amino acids
Term
Permeability of Cell Membranes
Definition
determines what moves in and out of cell
Term
Impermeable
Definition
nothing moves in or out
Term
Freely Permeable
Definition
Everything moves in and out
Term
Selectively Permeable
Definition

Very specific about what is allowed in and out

-based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, lipid solubility

Term
Active Transport
Definition
requiring energy and ATP
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
No energy required (happens naturally)
Term
3 Categories of Transport: Diffusion
Definition
 (passive)
Term
Categories of Transport: Carrier Mediated Transport
Definition
passive or active
Term
 3 Categories of Transport: Vesicular Transport
Definition
Active
Term
Solutions
Definition

-All molecules are constantly moving

-molecules in soltion move randomly

-Random moving causes mixing

Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition

more solute in 1 part of solvent than another

 

 

Term
Function of Concentration Gradient
Definition

Diffusion:

-molecules mix randomly

-solute spreads through solvent

-eliminated concentration gradient

Term
7 Methods of Transport: Diffusion
Definition

Simple-Materials which diffuse through cell membrane:

-lipid soluble

-dissolved gases

Channel-Mediated- Materials which pass through transmembrane proteins (channels)

Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Osmosis
Definition

diffusion of water across the cell membrane

-membrane must be freely permeable to water, selectively permeable to solutes

Term
Osmosis Water Movement
Definition

water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more solues

-volume increases on side with more solutes

Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition

Force of a concentration gradient of water

-equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis

Term
Tonicity
Definition
the osmotic effect of a colute on a cell
Term
Isotonic Solutions
Definition
A solution that does not cause osmotic flower of water in or out of the cell
Term
Hypotonic Solutions
Definition

Has less solutes

-GAINS water through osmosis

 

Term
Hypertonic Solutions
Definition

Has more solutes

Loses water through osmosis (crenation)

Term
Cotransport
Definition
2 substances move in the same direction at the same time
Term
Countertransport
Definition
1 substance moves in while another moves out
Term
7 Methods of Transport: Faciliated Diffusion
Definition

Passive and carrier mediated

-Carrier Proteins transport molecules too large to fit through channel proteins (glucose, amino acids)

Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Active Transport
Definition

Active Transport Proteins:

-move substrates against concentration gradient

-require energy

 

Term
Active Transport: Ion Pumps
Definition
move Ions
Term
Active Transport: Exchange
Definition
countertransports 2 ions at the same time
Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Secondary Active Transport
Definition

Sodium Potassium Pump-

-Na+ concentration gradient drive glucose transport

-ATP energy pumps Na+ back out

Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Transport Vesicles
Definition

- "bulk" transport

 

Vesicles:

-endocytosis

-active transport using ATP

-exocytosis

Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Definition

-Receptors bind target molecules

-Coated vesicle carries ligands and recepters into the cell

 

Term
7 Transport Methods of Diffusion: Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
Definition

Pinocytosis: Endosomes "drink" extracellular fluid

 

Phagocytosis: cell eating

 

Term
3 Stages of Somatic Cell Division
Definition

-DNA replication

-Mitosis

-Cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells

Term
Interphase
Definition

nondividing state but cell is metobolically active

 

Term
Importance of Mitosis
Definition

1. cellular replacement

2. tissue repair

3. development

4. tumore growth

Term
Prophase
Definition

prepares the cell for division

-Nuclear envelope has disappeared

-spindle has formed

-chromosomes short and thick

Term
Metaphase: final preparation for nuclear division
Definition

-chomosomes line up on equatorial plate of division

 

-centromeres attached by kineocores (proteins) to spindle fibers, micotubles made up of tubulin

Term
Anaphase
Definition

Chromosome halves migrate to poles

-centromeres divide

-chromosome halves migrate to opposite poles of cell

-chromosomes migrate by sliding microtubules

Term
Telephase
Definition

reverse activities of prophase

-chromosomes reach poles of cell

-spindle fibers degraded

-nuclear membrane reassembled

-chromosomes elongate

-nucleoli reassembled

Term
Cytokinesis-division of the cell
Definition

-constriction of actin fibers forming belt around cell in animal cells

 

Term
Mitotic Rate and Energy
Definition
Rate of cell division
Term
Oncogenes
Definition
mutated genes that cause cancer (produces malignant cells)
Term
Cancers stages
Definition

-abnormal cell

-primary tumor

-metastasis

-secondary tumor

Term
Tumor (neoplasm)
Definition

enlarged mass of cells

-abnormal cell growth and division

Term
Benign Tumor
Definition

-contained

-non life threatening

Term
Malignant Tumors
Definition

-spread into surrounding tissues (invasion)

-start new tumors (metastasis)

Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
absorbtion and diffusion
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition

protects against attacks

 

Term
Modes of Secretion: Merocrine Secretion
Definition
Are produced by Golgi apparatus and released by vesicles
Term
Modes of Sectretion: Apocrin Secretion
Definition
produced in golgi apparatus and are released by shedding cytoplasm
Term
Modes of Secretion: Holocrine Secretion
Definition
are released by cells bursting, killing gland cells. gland cells replaced by stem cells
Term
Functions of body tissues
Definition

1. connect epithelium to the rest of the body

2. provide struction (bone)

3. Store energy (fat)

4. Transport materials (blood)

5. Have no contact with environment

Term

simple cuboidal epithelium

 

Definition
-secretion and absorbtion
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
sweat and mammary ducts
Term

Simple Columnar Epithelium

 

Definition
absorbtion and secretion
Term

Psudostratified Columnar Epithelium

 

Definition
Cilia Movement
Term
Stratified columnar Epithelium
Definition
protection
Term

Glandular Epithelia

 

Definition

Endocine and Exocine Glands

 

Endocrine- release hormones

 

Exocine-produce secretions on epithelial surfaces

Term
collagen fibers
Definition

resists force in 1 direction

 

E.g tendons and ligaments

Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition

interwoven fibers-resists force in many directions

 

e.g. sheaths around organs

Term
Elastic fibers
Definition

contain elastin, return to original length after stretching

 

e.g. elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Term
aerolar tissue
Definition
elastic fibers, holds blood vessels and capillary beds
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
white fat and brown fat
Term
Reticular Tissue
Definition
supportive fibers that support functional cells, reticular organs: spleen, liver, lymphnodes and bone marrow
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition
attachment and stabilization
Term
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Definition
Interwoven networks of collagen fibers
Term
Elastic Tissues
Definition
made of elastic fibers
Term
fluid connective tissues
Definition

blood and lymph

 

watery matrix of dissolved proteins

 

carry specific cell types

Term
Cartilage
Definition
gel type substance for shock absorbtion and protection
Term
Bone
Definition
calcified for weigh support
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
stiff, flexible support to reduce friction between bones
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
supportive but bends easily
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
limits movement and prevents bone to bone contact
Term
Osseous Tissue
Definition

Bone

 

Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Bone Cells
Term
Periosteum
Definition
covers bone surfaces (fibrous and cellular layers)
Term
4 Types of Membrane: Mucous Membrane
Definition
line passageways that have external connections
Term
4 Types of Membranes: Serous
Definition

line cavities but not open to outside

 

double, have parietal portion covering the cavity and a visceral portion covering the organs

Term
4 Types of Membranes: Synovial
Definition

Line articulating (moving) joint cavitites

-protects ends of bones

Term
4 Types of Membranes: Cutaneous
Definition

in skin, surface of the body

-thick, waterproof, and dry

Term
3 Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal
Definition
large body muscles responsible for movement
Term
3 Types of Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle
Definition
found only in the heart
Term
3 Types of Muscle Tissue: Smooth
Definition

found in walls of hollow, contracting organs

 

(blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts)

Term
Nueral Tissues
Definition
in the brain and spinal cord
Term
2 Kinds of Neural Cells: Nuerons
Definition

nerve cells

perform electrical communication

Term
2 Kinds of Neural Cells: Neuroglia
Definition

support cells

repair and supply nutrients to neurons

Term
Cell Parts of a Nueron
Definition

1. Cell Body- contains the nucleus and nucleolus

2. Dendrites-short branches extending from the cell body

-receive incoming signals

3. Axon (nerve Fiber)-long thin extension of the cell body

-carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

Term
Neuroglia
Definition
supporting cells
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