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A&P (SBU)
Lecture Test 2
206
Anatomy
Not Applicable
09/27/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cell Junctions
Definition

contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells; some are pores

 functions:

-forms seals between cells

-anchor cells to one another or extracellular material

-provide channels for materials to pass from cell to cell

Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
web-like strands of protein that fuse outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together; found in epithelial layer of stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder (kinda like a zipper)
Term
Adherens Junctions
Definition
contain plaque, dense layer of proteins on inside of plasma membrane; attaches to cytoskeleton proteins and membrane proteins; help epithelial cells resist separation
Term
Demosomes
Definition
contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins extending into intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes; intermediate filaments extend from one cell to another; found in epidermis and cardiac muscle
Term
Hemidesmosomes
Definition
like desmosomes but lack links to adjacent cells; half desmosome; glycoproteins are integrins; anchor cells to basement membrane; found in epithelial tissue
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells; plasma membranes separated by gap; enable nerve and muscle information to travel more quickly
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

location: covers and lines various parts of the body

functions: specializes in absorptions, secretion, and providing protective barriers

Term
Simple Epithelium
Definition
one layer of cells
Term
Stratified
Definition
more than one layer of cells
Term
Pseudostratified
Definition
appears stratified but consists of only one layer of cells, some of which do not extend to the surface of tissue; found in treachea
Term
Squamous
Definition
flat
Term
Cuboidal
Definition
square
Term
Columnar
Definition
rectrangle
Term
Transitional
Definition
surface cells vary from sqamous to cuboidal depending on degree of stretching
Term
Epithelial Cells
Definition
usually arranged to form continuous sheets with very little intercellular material; sheets composed surface layer of skin and of mucous and serous membranes; basement membrane, an adhesive, permeable material, attaches epithelial layer to underlying layer of connective tissue
Term
Chighlight
Definition
basement membrane
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

no blood vessels in epithelial tissue; oxygen and food diffuse form capillaries in connective tissue beneath epithelium; plasma membranes of adjacent epithelial cells modified at interval so as to hold cells together; undergo division

 

Term
Puesdostratified
Definition
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition

single layer of flat cells

location: alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels, surface layer of serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum), capilaries, and kidneys

function: diffusion and filtration

Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition

several layers of flat cells

location: forms surfaces exposed to wear and tear such as surface of skin and of mucous membrane lining the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

function: protection

Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition

single layer of columnar and goblet-shaped cells, and in some places. ciliated cells

location: composes surface of mucosa lining stomach, intestine, uterus, uterine tubes, and parts of respiratory tract

functions: absorption, secretion, and transport of mucus (stuff will move through it)

Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition

single layer of square-shaped cells

location: covers surface of ovaries, found in the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands

functions: secretion and absorption

Term
Glandular Epithelium
Definition

location: composes secreting cells of endocrine (ductless) and exocrine (duct) glands

types: tubular, branched tubular, coiled, acinar, and branched acinar

Term
Tubular (simple)
Definition
intestinal glands
Term
Branched Tubular (simple)
Definition
gastric and uterine glands
Term
Coiled Tubular (simple)
Definition
sweat glands
Term
Acinar (simple)
Definition
seminal vesicle
Term
Branched Acinar (simple)
Definition
sebaceous glands
Term
Tubular (compound)
Definition
bulbourethral glands, testes, liver
Term
Acinar (compound)
Definition
sublingual, submandibular, and salivary glands
Term
Tubuloacinar (compound)
Definition
parotid and pancreas
Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition

accumulate product in cytoplasm and then die; contents discharged as glandular secretion (new cells replaces it)

[ex: sebaceous glands]

Term
Merocrine Glands
Definition
form and release secretory product; cells stay and are not affected [ex: salivary glands and pancreas]
Term
Apocrine Glands
Definition
accumulates product at outer margin of cell and pinches off that portion from the rest of the cell to form secretion [ex: mammary glands]
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

intercellular material (matrix) predominates and determines physical characteristics; consists of fluid, gel, or solid matrix, with or without fibers

function: connects, supports, transports, and defends

types: collagen, elastic, and reticular

Term
Collagen Fibers
Definition
very strong and resist pulling forces; promote tissue flexibility; consist of protein collagen; most abundant protein in body
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
smaller in diameter, branch, and join together to form network within a tissue; consist of protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin; strong but can be stretched 150% of their relaxed length; exhibit elasticity
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles and a coating of glycoprotein; provide support in walls of blood vessels and form network around cells in some tissues; much thinner than collagen fibers; form branching networks; provide support and strength
Term
Loose, Ordinary Connective Tissue (Areolar)
Definition
intercellular substance is prominent and consists of collagenous and elastic fibers loosely interwoven and embedded in soft viscous ground substance; has reticular fibers (contain all three types of fibers)
Term
Loose, Ordinary CT
Definition

several kinds of cells present - fibroblasts (form collagenous fibers if tissue injured), macrophages (defense), mast cells (form histamine), adipose cells, plasma cells (formed from lymphocytes), and some white blood cells

function: strength, elasticity, and support (forms subcutaneous layer of skin)

Term
Macrophages
Definition
eat cells
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition

similar to loose but contains mainly adipocytes (fat cells); cannot see fibers

locations: subcutaneous layer of skin, around heart and kidneys, marrow of long bones, and padding around joints

functions: protection, insulation, support, and reserve food

Term
Reticular Tissue
Definition

consists of network of branching reticular fibers (thin, branch, support, and strength) with reticular cells overlying them

locations: forms framework of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow

functions: defense against microbes and other injurious substances; reticular meshwork filters out injurious particles and reticular cells phagocytose them

Term
Dense Fibrous (Collagenous) Tissue
Definition

matrix consists mainly of bundle of collagenous fibers and relatively few fibroblast cells

locations: composes structures that need great tensile strength, such as tendons and ligaments

functions: furnishes flexible but strong connection

Term
Cartilage
Definition

consists of dense network of collagenous fibers and elastic fibers embedded in jellylike substance; cells are chondrocytes and occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae

types: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
collagenous fibers not visible; chondrocytes found in lacunae are very prominent; most abundant cartilage in body; found at ribs, joints at end of long bones, nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
chondrocytes scattered through bundles of collagenous fibers; found at pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, and intervertebral discs
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers; provides stregth and shape; located in ear, larynx, and auditory tube
Term
Epithelial Membranes
Definition
combination of an epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue layer
Term
Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)
Definition
lines body cavity opening directly to exterior; lines GI, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts
Term
Serous Membranes (Serosa)
Definition
lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity; consists of parietal (lines cavity) and visceral portion (covers organs); includes pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal membranes
Term
Cutaneous Membrane
Definition
skin
Term
Synovial Membranes
Definition
lines cavities of freely movable joints; composed of loose connective tissue with elastic fibers and varying amounts of fat; secrete synovial fluid
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
functions: provides motion, maintains posture, and generates heat
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
striated, voluntary - multinucleated; attaches to bone
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
striated, involuntary - branched, intercalated discs; heart
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
visceral, involuntary - spindle-shaped cells; lines internal organs
Term
Regeneration or Resolution
Definition
restorstion of original structural and physiological function
Term
Fibrosis of Repair
Definition
replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue - fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other materials that form scar tissue; function of tissue impaired
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
essential for epithelial tissue
Term
Vitamin B
Definition
needed for enzyme systems
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
affects collagen synthesis and formation of new blood vessels
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
healing of bone fractures; increased calcium absorption
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
may prevent scarring; promote healing
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
needed for blood clotting
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
consists of the skin, hair, nails, ect.
Term
Epidermis
Definition

outer layer of skin, stratified squamous epithelium

layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
outermost layer of the epidermis, dead, keratinized cells
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
clear, flat, dead cells with eleidin; only in palms, soles, and fingertips
Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition
3-5 rows containing granules of keratohyalin (1st step in keratin formation)
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
8-10 rows of epidermis in between stratum granulosum and stratum basale
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
innermost layer of epidermis; hairless skin contains Merkel's (tactile) disc, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes
Term
Keratinocyte
Definition
the most numerous of the epidermal cells; produce keratin
Term
Merkel's (Tactile) Discs
Definition
saucer-shaped free nerve endings that make contact with Merkel cells in the epidermis and function as touch receptors
Term
Langerhans Cells
Definition
epidermal dendritic cells that function as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) during an immune response
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
a pigmented cell, located between or beneath cells of the deepest layer of the epidermis, that synthesis melanin
Term
Dermis
Definition
second layer of the skin; consists of the papillary layer and the reticular layer
Term
Papillary Layer
Definition
found in dermis; next to basement membrane; papillae arranged to form ridges (dermal papillae); meissner's corpuscles (corpuscles of touch) may be present; basis for fingerprinting
Term
Reticular Layer
Definition
dense, irregular connective tissue containing collagenous and elastic fibers; with adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and ducts of sudoriferous glands
Term
Superficial Fascia (Hypodermis)
Definition
layer of areolar and adipose tissue under dermis; contains Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles which are sensitive to pressure; storage depot for fat and contains largge blood vessels that supply the skin
Term
Skin Color
Definition
due to melanin found in stratum basale and spinosum; also carotene (in dermis) and blood in capillaries in dermis
Term
Melanin
Definition
dependent on heredity, exposure to sun, and hormones (MSH and ACTH)
Term
Skin Functions
Definition
protection: prevents invasion of dermis and deeper structures by microorganisms, chemicals, and radiation rays/temperature regulation: related to varying amounts of blood in dermis and amount of sweat secreted/ sensation: sensations of heat, cold, pressure, and pain/ vitamin D synthesis: steroid compound in skin converted to vitamin D in presence of sunlight/ (can be reservoir for blood) & (excretion & absorption)
Term
Hair
Definition

over entire body except palms of hands and soles of feet and few other small areas

functions: protection, sensing light touch, and decreases heat loss at scalp

Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
forms innermost layer of follicle and germinal matrix; germinal matrix forms hair
Term
Papilla
Definition
cluster of capillaries under matrix
Term
Root
Definition
embedded in dermis
Term
Shaft
Definition
visible part of the hair
Term
Hair Follicle
Definition
surrounds root of the hair
Term
Bulb
Definition
base of hair follicle
Term
Hair Growth
Definition
about 5 inches per year; has growth and resting stages
Term
Hair Color
Definition
due to melanin in cortex
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
attach to follicle; secrete sebum, an oily substance, into follicle
Term
Arrector Pili Muscles
Definition
attach to follicle; contractions produces "goose bumps"
Term
Nails
Definition
consist of epidermal cells converted to hard keratin
Term
Nail Growth
Definition
mitosis of cells in stratum basale beneath lunula; about 1 inch per year
Term
Nail Body
Definition
visible part of nail
Term
Root
Definition
part hidden by cuticle
Term
Lunula
Definition
moon-shaped white area nearesy root
Term
Nail Bed
Definition
epithelium under nail body; contains blood vessels
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
secrete sebum-lubricates hair and skin; secretion increases during adolescence and decreased as one gets older
Term
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
Definition
numerous in most areas of skin - especially palms, soles, forehead, and axillae; involved in maintaining homeostasis of body temperature
Term
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Definition
excretory ducts opens into hair follicles
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
located in external ear canal; secrete cerumen (ear wax) - provides sticky barrier preventing entrance of foreign bodies
Term
Epidermal Wound Healing
Definition
types: abrasion, 1st or 2nd degree burn; basal cells move into area of wound and enlarge (migration stops by contact inhibition); migration continues until wound is resurfaced; cells form new strata; epidermal growth factor (hormone found at wounds to stimulate growth of epidermal cells and fibroblasts)
Term
Epidermal Growth Factor
Definition
hormone found at wound to stimulate growth of epidemal cells and fibroblasts
Term
Deep Wound Healing
Definition
injury well below epidermis; consist of four phases: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and materation; some will form scars
Term
Inflammatory Phase
Definition
vascular and cellular response resulting in blood clot and white bloos cells migration to destroy invading microorganisms
Term
Migratory Phase
Definition
scab forms; epidermal cells migrate beneath scab to bridge wound; fibroblasts form scar tissue; granulation tissue formed
Term
Proliferative Phase
Definition
extensive growth of epidermal cells; deposition of collagen
Term
Maturation Phase
Definition
scab sloughs off with replacement of epidermal cells to original thickness; collagen fibers organize (some of the collagen fibers will form scars)
Term
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, & Endoderm
Definition
three germ layer formed during gastrula stage
Term
Epidermis of Skin
Definition
form in the 2nd-4th month of pregnancy
Term
Nails
Definition
form in the 3rd month of pregnancy
Term
Hair Follicles
Definition
formed in the 3rd-4th months of pregnancy
Term
Laguna
Definition
fetal hair; formed in 5th-6th months of pregnancy
Term
Mesodermal Derivatives
Definition
connective tissue and blood vessels; dermis
Term
Skin Cancer
Definition

excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or tanning beds

three types: basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas

Term
Basal Cell Carcinomas
Definition
account for about 78% of all skin cancer; tumors arise from cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis and rarely metastasize; known as nonmelanoma skin cancer
Term
Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Definition
account for about 20% of skin cancer; arise from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis; have a varible tendency to metastasize; known as nonmelanoma skin cancer
Term
Malignant Melanomas
Definition
account for about 2% of all skin cancer; arise form melanocytes
Term
Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Definition
skin type, sun exposure, family history, age, and immunological status
Term
Burn
Definition
tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) proteins in the skin
Term
First-Degree Burns
Definition

involve only the epidermis; characterized by mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters; partial-thickness burns

[ex: mild sunburn]

Term
Second-Degree Burns
Definition
destory the epidermis and part of the dermis; some skin functions are lost; redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result; partial-thickness burns
Term
Third-Degree Burns
Definition
destory the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer; most skin functions are lost; full-thickness burn
Term
Pressure Ulcers
Definition
caused by a constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues; also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores
Term
Bones
Definition

functions:

-supportion framwork

-protection, movement-levers for muscle action

-mineral reservoir-calcium

-hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)-blood cell formation by red marrow

-energy storage-lipids stored in yellow marrow

Term
Diaphysis
Definition
hollow, shaftlike portion of bone; compact bone
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
ends of long bone; spongy bone
Term
Metaphysis
Definition

region where diaphysis joins epiphysis; includes epiphyseal plate

 

Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
covers joint surfaces
Term
Periosteum
Definition
dense white fibrous membrane covering bone except at joint surfaces; contains blood vessels and bone-forming cells (osteoblasts)
Term
Marrow (Medullary) Cavity
Definition
filled with yellow (fatty) marrow
Term
Endosteum
Definition
lines marrow (medullary) cavity
Term
Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones
Definition
spongy (cancellous) bone forms inside and compact bone forms outside; red marrow in spaces of spingy bone inside few irregular and flat bones (vertebrae, sternum, and pelvic bones)
Term
Osteo-
Definition
refers to bones
Term
Osteoprogenitor Cells
Definition
unspecialized cells, develop into osteoblasts; found in periosteum, endosteum, perforating and central canals
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
develop into bone cells but lost ability to divide; secrete collagen and other aorganic components
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells; formed as matrix develops around osteoblasts
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
bone destroyers
Term
Bone Composition
Definition
organic matrix impregnated with calcium salts and reinforced with collagenous fibers
Term
Lamellae
Definition
concentric layers of matrix
Term
Lacunae
Definition
spaces containing osteocytes
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
connect lacunae and Haversian (central) canal; for fluid movement
Term
Haversian (Central) Canal
Definition
contains blood and lymphatic vessels
Term
Spongy (Cancellous) Bone
Definition
weblike arrangement of marrow-filled spaces; separated by thin processes of bone called trabeculae
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
occurs in flat bones of roof of skull, parts of mandibles, and clavicles; osteoprogenitor cells converted to osteoblasts within fibrous membrane at center of ossification; osteoblasts secrete intercellular substances; form matrix of calcim salts (calcification); calcification leads to formation of spongy bone and eventually compact bone
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
mesenchyme cells converted to chondroblasts; covered by perichondrium; cells in midregion hypertrophy; burst, changing pH of matrix & trigger calcification; leads to death of cartilage cells & empty lacunae; nutrient artery penetrates perichondrium stimulation osteoprogenitor cells begin to enlarge & becone osteoblasts; growth begins in middle of diaphysis & spreads to epiphysis
Term
Interstitial Growth
Definition
cartilage model grows in length by cell division of chondroblasts
Term
Appositional Growth
Definition
growth in thickness comes by division of chondroblasts in perichondrium
Term
Growth in Length
Definition
occurs by continual thickening of epiphyseal cartilage followed by ossification
Term
Growth in Diameter
Definition
medullary cavity enlarged by osteoclasts destroying bone around it while new bone added around circumference by osteoblasts
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
consists of four zones: zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic (maturing) cartilage, and zone of calcified cartilage
Term
Zone of Resting Cartilage
Definition
near epiphysis; small, scattered chondrocytes; anchor epiphyseal plate to bone of epiphysis
Term
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
Definition
larger chondrocytes stacked like coins; divide to replace those at diaphyseal surface of epiphyseal plate
Term
Zone of Hypertrophic (Maturing) Cartilage
Definition
larger chondrocytes arranged in columns; results in lengthwise expansion as cells mature
Term
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
Definition
few cells thick; lay bone on calcified cartilage cementing diaphyseal borders to diaphysis
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
region between diaphysis and epiphysis; can only grow by appositional growth; allows growth in length until early adulthood under control of GH (growth hormone);
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
formed when epiphyseal cartilage cells stop dividing and is replaced by bone
Term
Remodeling
Definition

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

-formation exceeds resorption during growth years (infancey through adolescence)

-formation and resorption balance during young adulthood

- later (35-40) more bone resorbed at endosteal surface than formed at periosteal surface; net loss weakens bones; fracture easier

Term
Vitamins and Minerals Needed for Remodeling
Definition
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, manganese, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin B12
Term
Closed Reduction
Definition
setting fracture without surgery
Term
Open Reduction
Definition
setting fracture with surgery
Term
Steps of Bone Repair
Definition

1) fracture hematoma-6 to 8 hrs. after injury

2) procallus-infiltration of capillaries and organization to granulation tissue

3) fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus-fibroblasts produce collagen and chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage (3 wks.)

4) bony (hard) callus-osteogenic cells→osteoblasts→ trabeculae (3-4 months)

5) remodeling of callus-dead portions resorbed by osteoclasts; compact replaced spongy

Term
Parathyroid Hormone & Calcitonin
Definition
the action through which the bone is involved in calcium homeostasis
Term
Developmental Anatomy of Bone
Definition

-notochord formed form mesoderm; surrounded by other mesodermal tissue forming vertebral column; only remnant of notochord is nucleus palposus of intervertebral discs

-limb buds appear at 5 weeks consisting of mesodermal tissue covered by extoderm

Term
Developmental Anatomy of Skeletal System
Definition

-develop constriction by 6 weeks forming hand plates and foot plates; cartilaginous skeleton present

-by 8th week shoulder and hip area evident and endochondral ossification has begun

Term
Open (Compound) Fracture
Definition
the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Term
Closed (Simple) Fracture
Definition
does not break the skin
Term
Comminuted Fracture
Definition
the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments
Term
Greenstick Fracture
Definition
a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and cantain more organic material than inorganic material
Term
Impacted Fracture
Definition
one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
Term
Pott Fracture
Definition
fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Term
Colles' Fracture
Definition
fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Term
Abrasion
Definition
an area where skin has been scraped away
Term
Blister
Definition
a collection of serous fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and dermis, due to short-term but severe friction
Term
Bulla
Definition
refers to a large blister
Term
Callus
Definition
an area of hardened and thickened skin that is usually seen in palms and soles and is due to persistent pressure and friction
Term
Cold Sore (Fever Blister)
Definition
a lesion, usually in an oral mucous membrane, caused by Type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV) transmitted by oral or respiratory routes; virus remains dormant until triggered by factors such as ultraviolet light, hormonal changes, and emotional stress
Term
Comedo (Blackhead)
Definition
a collection of sebaceous material and dead cells in the hair follicle and excretory duct of the sebaceous (oil) gland; usually found over the face, chest, and back; more common during asolescence
Term
Contact Dermatitis
Definition
inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and swelling and caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that bring about an allergic reaction, such as poison ivy toxin
Term
Contusion
Definition
condition in which tissue deep to the skin is damaged, but the epidermis is not broken
Term
Corn
Definition
a painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis found principally over toe joints and between the toes, often caused by friction or pressure; may be hard or soft, depending on their location; hard are found over toe joints while soft are usually found between the 4th and 5th toe
Term
Cyst
Definition
a sac with a distinct connective tissue wall, containing a fluid or other material
Term
Eczema
Definition
an inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin; occurs mostly in skin creases in the wrists, backs of the knees, and fronts of the elbows; typically begins in infancy and many children outgrow the condition; cause is unknown but is linked to genetics and allergies
Term
Frostbite
Definition
local destruction of skin and subcutaneous tissue on exposed surfaces as a result of extreme cold; in mild cases, the skin is blue and swollen and there is slight pain; in severe cases, there is considerable swelling, some bleeding, no pain, and blistering; if untreated, gangrene may develop; treated by rapid rewarming
Term
Hemangioma
Definition
localized benign tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer that results from an abnormal increase in blood vessels; one type is a portwine stain, a flat, pink, red, or purple lesion present at birth, usually at the nape of the neck
Term
Hives (Urticaria)
Definition
reddened elevated patched of skin that are often itchy; nost commonly caused by infections, physical trauma, medications, emotional stress, food additives, and certain food allergies
Term
Keloid
Definition
an elevated, irregular darkened area of excess scar tissue caused by collagen formation during healing; it extends beyond the original injury and is tender and frequently painful; occurs in the dermis and underlying subcutaneous tissue, usually after trauma, surgery, a burn, or severe acne; more common in people of African descent
Term
Keratosis
Definition
formation of a hardened growth of epidermis tissue, such as a permalignant lesion of the sun-exposed skin of the face and hands
Term
Lacerations
Definition
an irregular tear of the skin
Term
Head Lice
Definition
are tiny, jumping arthropods that suck blood from the scalp; they lay eggs, called nits, and their saliva causes itching that may lead to complications
Term
Pubic Lice
Definition
are tiny arthropods that do not jump; they look like miniature crabs
Term
Papule
Definition
a small, round skin elevation less than 1 cm in diameter [ex: a pimple]
Term
Pruritus
Definition
itching, one of the most common dermatological disorders; may be caused by skin disorders (infections), systemic disorders (cancer, kidney failure), psychogenic factors (emotional stress), or allergic reactions
Term
Psoriasis
Definition
a common and chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal form the stratum basale to the stratum corneum; as a result, the surface cells never get a chance to cycle into the later keratinizing stages; the surface cells are shed immaturely on the scalp are called dandruff
Term
Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)
Definition
a fungal infection characterized by scaling, itching, and sometimes painful lesions that may appear on any part of the body; called tinea cruris (jock itch) in the groin and tinea pedis (athlete's foot) in between the toes
Term
Topical
Definition
in reference to a medication, applied to the skin surface rather than ingested or injected
Term
Wart
Definition
mass produced by uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells; caused by a papillomavirus; most are noncancerous
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
a condition of porous bones; resorption (breakdown) outpaces deposition (formation) of the bone
Term
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Definition
two forms fo the same disease that result from inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix; usually caused by a vitamin D definciency
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
the degeneration of articular cartilage such that the bony ends touch; the resulting friction of bone against bone worsens the condition; usually associated with the elderly
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition
an infection of bone characterized by high fever, sweating, chills, pain, nausea, pus firmation, edema, and warmth over the affected bone and rigid overlying muscles; often caused by bacteria that may reach the bone form outside the body; form other sites of infection in the body via the blood; and from adjacent soft tissue infections
Term
Osteopenia
Definition
reduced bone mass due to a decrease in the rate of bone synthesis to a level too low to compensate for normal bone resorption; any decrease in bone mass below normal       [ex: osteoporosis]
Term
Osteosarcoma
Definition
bone cancer that primarily affexts osteoblasts and occurs most often in teenagers during their growth spurt; the most common sites are the metaphyses of the thigh bone (femur), shin bone (tibia), and arm bone (humerus); metastases occur most often in of the malignant growth, or amputation of the limb
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