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A&P Module 1 Key Terms
Chapter 1 & 2
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/16/2018

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The science of the structure of living organisms
Term
Physiology
Definition
The science of the functioning of living organisms
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means
Term
Cell
Definition
The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane
Term
Molecule
Definition
Particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Term
Tissues
Definition
A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Term
Organ
Definition
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function
Term
Organ System
Definition
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system
Term
Organism
Definition
An individual living thing
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
Term
Effector
Definition
An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits
Term
Ventral
Definition
Anterior or front
Term
Posterior
Definition
Toward the back; dorsal
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus
Term
Inferior
Definition
Below, in reference to a particular structure, with the body in the anatomical position
Term
Distal
Definition
Farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure
Term
Cephalic
Definition
Pertaining to the head
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Term
Receptor
Definition
Some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
Term
Element
Definition
Any of the building blocks of matter; oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, for example
Term
Compound
Definition
Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom with a positive or negative electric charge
Term
Salt
Definition
Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxyl ions) when dissolved in water
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction
Term
Inorganic Compound
Definition
A compound that lack carbon; for example, water
Term
Organic Compound
Definition
A compound containing carbon; examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Term
Solution
Definition
A homogenous mixture of two or more components
Term
Proton
Definition
Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus
Term
Polar Molecules
Definition
Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
Term
pH
Definition
The symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Ionization
Definition
Dissociation; the breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions
Term
Neutralization
Definition
(1) a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base; (2) blockage of the harmful effects of bacterial exotoxins or viruses by the binding of antibodies to their functional sites
Term
Neutron
Definition
A fundamental particle that does not carry a positive or a negative charge
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms; an important intramo-lecular bond
Term
Base
Definition
A substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor; compare with acid
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
A substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; compare with base
Term
Isotope
Definition
These vary in the number of neutrons they contain and they are different atomic form of the same element
Term
Nutrition
Definition
Obtaining and using food/nutrients.
process by which living things increase in size or cell number


















Growth



















The process by which living things take in materials from its environment for growth and repair.
Term
Excretion
Definition
The process by which living things eliminate waste products produced by cell activities (urine, carbon dioxide, nitrogen..)
Term
Transport
Definition
Movement of materials (oxygen, water, carbon dioxide) inside an organism or inside cells
Term
Synthesis
Definition
To make larger products from smaller parts. The process by which simple substances are combined to form complex substances
Term
Growth
Definition
The process by which living things increase in size or cell number
Term
Respiration
Definition
To make energy (or ATP) in order to do the life functions. The breakdown of nutrients to yield or give off chemical energy.
Term
Reproduction
Definition
To produce offspring (babies, new cells) *The only life function that is not necessary for survival.
Term
Regulation
Definition
The process where a living thing controls and coordinates its various activities (reflexes), uses nervous system and endocrine system
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
To maintain an internal balance even when the outside environment changes (example: temperature regulation)
Term
Metabolism
Definition
All the chemical reactions that take place inside an organism
Term
Life Functions
Definition
The activities that a living thing must carry out in order to remain alive
Term
N E T S G R R R Ho Me

Ho R N E T S - G R R - Me
Definition
Acronym to remember life functions
Term
3 Ways of Excretion
Definition
1. Urinal system
2. Breathing
3. Sweating
Term
3 Steps of digesting food
Definition
1. Ingestion (take in the food)
2. Digestion (break down the food)
3. Egestion (get rid of waste)
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