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composed of three parts, which collect sound waves created by vibrating objects
auricle/pinna
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane |
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| the visible portion of the "ear" that collects and directs sound waves |
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| directs sound into the skull |
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| cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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| vestibulo part of the vestibulocochlear nerve |
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| vibrates to begin the conversion of sound energy into mechanical energy |
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malleus, incus, stapes
conduct and multiply the energy of vibration to the oval window of the inner ear |
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| connect the middle ear to the throat and function to help maintain equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrums, so they are free to vibrate in response to sound |
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| consists of two parts, the vestibule with semicircular canals and cochlea |
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part of the inner ear with interconnected tubes and chambers
osseous (bony) area |
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| membranous labyrinth in the system of interconnected tubes and chambers in the inner ear |
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| when unwound, a long divided tube with membranous windows at one end and a dividing wall |
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| a dividing wall in the cochlea which does not go to the tip |
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| contains the hearing receptors (hair cells) that are stimulated by vibrations in the fluids of the inner ear |
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| the outer white layer which is fibrous, protective, and shapes the eye |
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| the transparent anterior portion, which protects and refracts (bends) the light entering the eye |
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| blurry vision in parts of the visual field caused by unequal curvatures, "waviness", in the cornea |
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| the middle layer, which is vascular and contains a brown pigment that helps to absorb light to avoid visual confusion |
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| the inner layer, which contains the visual receptor cells |
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a transparent, elastic structure whose shape is controlled by the action of the ciliary muscles that are part of the ciliary body
changes shape to refract light |
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a muscular diaphragm that controls the amount of light entering the eye
the pupil hole is located in the middle of the iris |
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| located in front of the lens; filled with aqueous humor |
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| larger; located in behind the lens; filled with vitreous humor |
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| light waves are refracted primarily by the cornea and lens |
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| the lens must thicken to focus on objects, which are closer than 20' away; occurs via use of the ciliary muscle |
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| rods, cones, visual pigments |
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| more sensitive to low light; provide black and white vision that is poor in detail |
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| require higher intensity light to provide highly detailed color vision |
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| A light sensitive pigment in ... decomposes in the presence of light to trigger nerve impulses that our visual cortex perceives as vision |
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| Color vision seems to be related to the presence of three sets of .... (blue, green, and red) containing sensitive pigments |
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| cones are most high concentrated in this location of the retina; this is the area of most acute color vision; light hits it when you look directly at it |
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| involves the perception of distance and depth (depth perception); occurs because of the formation of two slightly different retinal images that the brain superimposes and interprets as one image in three dimensions |
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nerve fibers from the retina form the optic nerves
nerve fibers exit the back of the eye at the optic disc causing the "blind spot"
because nerve fibers fill this area, no cones or rods are present |
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some nerve fibers from each eye cross over here
this ensures that all areas of the visual field perceived by both eyes are processed by one side of the brain into a coherent image |
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too long
the focus point of the image is in front of the retina, causeing the image to hit the retina out of focus
myopia |
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"short-sighted vision"
you cannot see far away, but you are described as being near-sighted |
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too short
the focus point of the image is behind the retina, causing the image to hit the retina out of focus
hyperopia |
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described as being far-sighted, you cannot see close objects
as you age the lens gets harder and will not thicken as well for closer vision |
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