Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P Lecture 6
Lecture Exam 3
154
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/05/2019

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Overall Function of the Nervous System
Definition
connects to the body via nerves conducting nerve impulses
sensory input
integration
motor output
Term
Sensory Input
Definition
senses changes both within and outside the body
Term
Integration
Definition
interprets the sensory input (brain and spinal cord)
Term
Motor Output
Definition
causes a response (muscles contract, glands secrete)
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
includes the brain and spinal cord
Term
Periphery Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
includes the peripheral nerves
sensory
motor
Term
Sensory
Definition
afferent; carries information towards CNS
Term
Motor
Definition
efferent; carries information away from the CNS
Term
Somatic
Definition
voluntary; includes skeletal muscle
Term
Autonomic
Definition
involuntary; includes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
"rest and digest"
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
"fight or flight"
Term
Neuroglia cells
Definition
most numerous; functions to wrap around and nurture neurons
Term
Neuron Cells
Definition
cells that conduct nerve impulses to sensory areas of the brain and from motor areas of the brain
compose the brain and spinal cord
Term
Cell Body of the Neuron
Definition
contains nucleus and typical organelles
Term
Dendrites of the Neurons
Definition
conduct impulses toward the cell body
"branches"
Term
Axons of the Neurons
Definition
conduct impulses away from the cell body
Term
Covering of the Neuron Cell Processes
Definition
CNS Axons
PNS Axons
Term
CNS Axons
Definition
myelinated (covered by a white-appearing, fatty, myelin sheath, which is produced by oligodendrocytes
Term
PNS Axons - Myelinated
Definition
covered by Schwann cells wrapped in concentric rings forming the myelin sheath
Term
PNS Axons - Unmyelinated
Definition
lacks the myelin sheath covering the neurilemma
Term
Unipolar Neuron Cell Body
Definition
a single process from the cell body that divides like a T
sensory neurons
Term
[image] 1
Definition
bipolar neuron cell
Term
[image] 2
Definition
multipolar neuron cell
Term
[image] 3
Definition
unipolar neuron cell
Term
Bipolar Neuron Cell Body
Definition
two processes (axon and dendrite) from opposite ends of the cell body
found in retina or nose
Term
Multipolar Neuron Cell Body
Definition
three or more processes
within CNS
motor neurons
Term
Sensory Function of a Neuron
Definition
carries impulses towards the CNS from the external and internal environments
Term
Motor Function of a Neuron
Definition
carries impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands for action
Term
Association Function of a Neuron
Definition
carries impulses from one neuron to another neuron
"interneurons"
Term
Resting Potential of a Neuron
Definition
-70mV
more Na+ outside, more K+ outside
Term
Action Potential of a Neuron
Definition
Na+ moves in and depolarizes the cell from -70 mV to +30mV
Term
Synapses of a Neuron
Definition
junctions between two neurons
point of close contact between two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell
Term
Excitatory Synapse
Definition
neurotransmitters, which are chemical substances, are released across the synapse making the next neuron more sensitive to Na+
acytlcholine (Ach) - active in PNS
norepinepherine (NE) - active in CNS and PNS
Term
Inhibitory Syapses
Definition
neurotransmitters make post-synaptic neurons less sensitive to Na+
dopamine - acts in CNS
Serotonin - acts in CNS and PNS
GABA - active in the CNS
Term
Cortex of the Brain
Definition
outer, thin layer of gray matter
Term
Medulla of the Brain
Definition
inner, white matter with gray matter
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres of the Brain
Definition
serves as an area for reasoning, judgement, moral conduct, emotional responses, sensory interpretations, and initiation of muscle activity
Includes:
Cortex
Medulla
4 Lobes
Term
Lobes of the Brain
Definition
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Term
Frontal Lobe of the Brain
Definition
primary motor area for voluntary muscle contraction
Term
Parietal Lobe of the Brain
Definition
primary sensory area for the skin
Term
Occipital Lobe of the Brain
Definition
primary vision center
Term
Temporal Lobe of the Brain
Definition
primary auditory area
Term
[image] Light Blue
Definition
Frontal
Term
[image] Purple
Definition
Parietal
Term
[image] Green
Definition
Occipital
Term
[image] Orange
Definition
Temporal
Term
[image] Red
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
[image] Green Area
Definition
Fourth Ventricle
Term
[image] Red Portion
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
[image] Green
Definition
Lateral Ventricles
Term
[image] Red Portion
Definition
Thalamus
Term
[image] Green Portion
Definition
Third Ventricle
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is secreted through this choroid plexus, which are in each lateral ventricle
Term
Lateral Ventricles
Definition
x2
contain and circulate CSF
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid Function
Definition
nourish the brain and spinal cord, while protecting them by making them buoyant
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
area between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem
Term
Thalamus
Definition
sensory relay center
encloses the third ventricle
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
autonomic control center
floor of the third ventricle
Term
Hypothalamus Function
Definition
regulates water balance (thirst)
regulates metabolism (body temperature)
regulates pituitary hormones - produces two hormones itself, which control some of the functions of the pituitary gland
Term
[image] Purple
Definition
midbrain
Term
[image] Blue
Definition
Pons
Term
[image] Green
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
Midbrain
Definition
contains the cerebral peduncles ("little feet") and corpora quadrigemina
involved in ear and eye reflexes
Term
Pons
Definition
connecting "bridge" for other brain divisions
contains secondary centers that help regulate breathing
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
contains ascending (sensory) fibers heading towards the parietal lobe and descending (motor) fibers heading away from the frontal lobe
Term
Motor Nerve of the Medulla Oblongata
Definition
motor nerve fibers "crossover" to the opposite side, or decussate, before entering the spinal cord (at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata)
Term
Medulla Oblongata Controls..
Definition
primary control of heart rate
controls blood vessels and arterioles
primary control of breathing
non-vital control centers - sneezing, coughing and vomiting
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
controls coordination of skeletal muscle activity
maintains muscle tone
helps with balance or equilibrium
Term
[image] A
Definition
Central Canal
Term
[image] B
Definition
ventral horn
Term
[image] C
Definition
grey matter or lateral horn
Term
[image] D
Definition
white matter or lateral column
Term
[image] E
Definition
dorsal horn
Term
[image] F
Definition
dorsal or posterior side
Term
[image] G
Definition
associate neuron or interneuron
Term
[image] H
Definition
dorsal root
Term
[image] I
Definition
sensory neuron
Term
[image] J
Definition
dorsal root ganglion
Term
[image] K
Definition
receptor
Term
[image] L
Definition
muscle
Term
[image] M
Definition
mixed peripheral nerve
Term
[image] N
Definition
motor neuron
Term
[image] O
Definition
ventral or anterior side
Term
[image] 2
Definition
bone
Term
[image] 5
Definition
dura mater
Term
[image] 6
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
[image] 7
Definition
pia mater
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
ends at L1 or L2 and continues as strands called the cauda equina (looks like a horse's tail)
meninges
surrounded by CSF (just like the brain)
reflex arcs
sensory or motor tracts
Term
Spinal Cord Structure
Definition
h or butterfly shaped grey matter horns (cell bodies) surrounded by white matter (myelinated fibers)
contains a central canal
ascending posterior (sensory) columns and descending anterior (motor) columns
31 vertebrae segments give rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Term
Central Canal
Definition
circulates the CSF
Term
Meninges
Definition
spinal cord is covered by 3 meningeal layers
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
"tough mother" outermost layer
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
spider-like layer, which lies superficial to a CSF-filled space, the subarachnoid space
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
intermost delicate layer, which lies on the surface of the spinal cord or brain
Term
Reflex Arcs
Definition
structural and functional units of nervous behavior; involves cranial and spinal nerves
rapid, predictable response to a stimulus
typical reflex arc contains a receptor, a sensory neuron one or more interneurons, a motor neuron, and an effector organ (muscle or gland)
Term
Sensory and Motor Tracts
Definition
pathways (tracts) exist within the spinal cord
nerve processes in white matter are organized into 3 white columns (anterior, posterior, lateral)
smaller bundles of fibers in each column are organized into sensory or motor "tracts"
Term
Sensory Tract
Definition
conduct impulses up to the brain
Term
Motor Tracts
Definition
conduct impulses down to the effector organ
descending (motor) tracts decussate in the lower medulla
left cerebral motor area (brain) controls the right side of the body (and vice versa)
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs of nerves connect the brain to organs in the head, neck, and shoulders
names tend to identify functions or general innervations
Term
CN I - Olfactory N
Definition
sensory nerve; smell
Term
CN II - Optic N
Definition
sensory nerve; vision
Term
Mnemonic for Nerves
Definition
On On On They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes
Term
Mnemonic for Sensory or Motor Nerves
Definition
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
S = sensory
M = motor
B = both sensory and motor
Term
CN III - Oculomotor N
Definition
motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movements of the eye
Term
CN VI - Trochlear N
Definition
motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movement of the eye
Term
CN V - Trigeminal N
Definition
sensory and motor nerve; controls muscles of mastication; provides sensation to the forehead, eyebrows, eyelids, nose, lips, cheeks, gums, and teeth
Term
CN VI - Adbuctens N
Definition
motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movement of the eye
Term
CN VII - Facial N
Definition
sensory and motor nerve; taste; controls muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands
Term
CN VIII - Vestibulochochlear N
Definition
sensory nerve; cochlear branch controls hearing, vestibular branch controls balance or equilibrium
Term
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal N
Definition
sensory and motor nerve; taste; controls muscle of the palate
Term
CN X - Vagus N
Definition
sensory and motor nerve; parasympathetic nerve; provides motor and sensory innervation to organs in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
Term
CN XI - Accessory (Spinal) N
Definition
motor nerve; controls the trapezius m. and sternocleidomastoid m.
Term
CN XII - Hypoglossal N
Definition
motor nerve; controls the muscles of the tongue
Term
[image] 1
Definition
CN I - Olfactory N
Term
[image] 2
Definition
CN II - Optic N
Term
[image] 3
Definition
CN III - Oculomotor N
Term
[image] 4
Definition
CN IV - Trochlear N
Term
[image] 5
Definition
CN V - Trigeminal N
Term
[image] 6
Definition
CN VI - Absucens N
Term
[image] 7
Definition
CN VII - Facial N
Term
[image] 8
Definition
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear N
Term
[image] 9
Definition
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal N
Term
[image] 10
Definition
CN X - Vagus N
Term
[image] 11
Definition
CN XI - Accessory (Spinal) N
Term
[image] 12
Definition
CN XII - Hypoglossal N
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs of nerves, which originates from the spinal cord
mixed sensory and motor nerves connecting the spinal cord to the arms, legs, neck and trunk
Named for the spinal region they exit
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Co1
Term
Nerve Plexuses
Definition
4 areas where spinal nerves from different spinal regions comingle and give rise to nerve trunks to internal organs and muscles of appendages
T2-T11 do not form plexuses
Term
Plexus
Definition
means a redistribution of nerve fibers forming major peripheral nerves
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
forms the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm for breathing (C3-C5)
Term
Phrenic Nerve
Definition
allows for contraction of the diaphragm
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
forms nerves, which innervate the shoulder and arm
Includes:
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Term
Radial Nerve
Definition
innervates extensors of the fingers and wrist (ex. triceps brachii m) and skin over the posterolateral surface of the upper arm
Term
Median Nerve
Definition
innervates flexors of the fingers and wrist on forearm
Term
Ulnar Nerve
Definition
innervates the flexors of the fingers and wrist and the skin over the medial surface of the hand
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
supplies nerves to the lower abdomen and front of the thigh
Includes:
Femoral Nerve
Obturator Nerve
Saphenous Nerve
Term
Femoral Nerve
Definition
innervates the anterior muscles of the thigh, the quadricepsm (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vaastus lateralis)
Term
Obturator Nerve
Definition
innervates the adductors of the thigh
Term
Saphenous Nerve
Definition
innervates the skin of the medial left foot, and toes
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
supplies nerves to the back of the thigh and lower leg
Includes:
Sciatic Nerve
Tibial Branch
Peroneal (Fibular) Branch
Term
Sciatic Nerve
Definition
innervates the hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous)
Term
Tibial Branch
Definition
innervates the flexors of the leg and plantar flexors of the foot (gastrocnemius and soleus)
Term
Peroneal (Fibular) Branch
Definition
innervates fibularis longus and brevis m, as well as the tibialis anterior m and the skin over the anterior surface of the leg
Term
Dermatome
Definition
an area of the skin innervated by spinal nerves
Term
Myotome
Definition
an area of muscle innervated by spinal nerves; includes the nerve and all the muscles it innervates
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
connective tissue covering surrounding one (each) nerve fiber (axon)
Term
Perineurium
Definition
covers groups of fibers (fascicles)
Term
Epineurium
Definition
tough fibrous sheath covering all fascicles to form the "nerve"
Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
provides involuntary control
part of the PNS
functions to maintain homeostasis by controlling the heart, blood vessels, and glands
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
utilizes one neuron from the spinal cord to the effector organ; innervates skeletal muscle
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
utilizes a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron; innervates smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes
Term
Two Divisions of ANS
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
Sympathetic
Definition
emerges from the thoracic and lumbar spinal regions "fight or flight"
forms parasynthetic trunk and ganglis near the spinal column
preganglionic neuron is short
postganglionic neuron is long
functions to meet stressful conditions
utilizes norepinepherine and epinepherine
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
emerges from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves from the spinal cord; "rest and digest"
preganglion neuron are long
postganglion neuron are short
functions in quieter periods to restore energy and is dominant during periods of relazation
releases acetylcholine
Supporting users have an ad free experience!