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| Overall Function of the Nervous System |
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Definition
connects to the body via nerves conducting nerve impulses
sensory input
integration
motor output |
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| senses changes both within and outside the body |
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| interprets the sensory input (brain and spinal cord) |
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| causes a response (muscles contract, glands secrete) |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| includes the brain and spinal cord |
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| Periphery Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
includes the peripheral nerves
sensory
motor |
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| afferent; carries information towards CNS |
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| efferent; carries information away from the CNS |
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| voluntary; includes skeletal muscle |
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| involuntary; includes smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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| most numerous; functions to wrap around and nurture neurons |
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cells that conduct nerve impulses to sensory areas of the brain and from motor areas of the brain
compose the brain and spinal cord |
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| contains nucleus and typical organelles |
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conduct impulses toward the cell body
"branches" |
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| conduct impulses away from the cell body |
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| Covering of the Neuron Cell Processes |
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| myelinated (covered by a white-appearing, fatty, myelin sheath, which is produced by oligodendrocytes |
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| covered by Schwann cells wrapped in concentric rings forming the myelin sheath |
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| lacks the myelin sheath covering the neurilemma |
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| Unipolar Neuron Cell Body |
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a single process from the cell body that divides like a T
sensory neurons |
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two processes (axon and dendrite) from opposite ends of the cell body
found in retina or nose |
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| Multipolar Neuron Cell Body |
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Definition
three or more processes
within CNS
motor neurons |
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Term
| Sensory Function of a Neuron |
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Definition
| carries impulses towards the CNS from the external and internal environments |
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| Motor Function of a Neuron |
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Definition
| carries impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands for action |
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| Association Function of a Neuron |
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Definition
carries impulses from one neuron to another neuron
"interneurons" |
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| Resting Potential of a Neuron |
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Definition
-70mV
more Na+ outside, more K+ outside |
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| Action Potential of a Neuron |
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Definition
| Na+ moves in and depolarizes the cell from -70 mV to +30mV |
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Definition
junctions between two neurons
point of close contact between two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell |
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neurotransmitters, which are chemical substances, are released across the synapse making the next neuron more sensitive to Na+
acytlcholine (Ach) - active in PNS
norepinepherine (NE) - active in CNS and PNS |
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neurotransmitters make post-synaptic neurons less sensitive to Na+
dopamine - acts in CNS
Serotonin - acts in CNS and PNS
GABA - active in the CNS |
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| outer, thin layer of gray matter |
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| inner, white matter with gray matter |
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| Cerebral Hemispheres of the Brain |
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Definition
serves as an area for reasoning, judgement, moral conduct, emotional responses, sensory interpretations, and initiation of muscle activity
Includes:
Cortex
Medulla
4 Lobes |
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Definition
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital |
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| Frontal Lobe of the Brain |
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Definition
| primary motor area for voluntary muscle contraction |
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| Parietal Lobe of the Brain |
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Definition
| primary sensory area for the skin |
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| Occipital Lobe of the Brain |
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| Temporal Lobe of the Brain |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is secreted through this choroid plexus, which are in each lateral ventricle |
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Definition
x2
contain and circulate CSF |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid Function |
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Definition
| nourish the brain and spinal cord, while protecting them by making them buoyant |
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| area between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem |
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sensory relay center
encloses the third ventricle |
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autonomic control center
floor of the third ventricle |
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regulates water balance (thirst)
regulates metabolism (body temperature)
regulates pituitary hormones - produces two hormones itself, which control some of the functions of the pituitary gland |
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contains the cerebral peduncles ("little feet") and corpora quadrigemina
involved in ear and eye reflexes |
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connecting "bridge" for other brain divisions
contains secondary centers that help regulate breathing |
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| contains ascending (sensory) fibers heading towards the parietal lobe and descending (motor) fibers heading away from the frontal lobe |
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| Motor Nerve of the Medulla Oblongata |
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Definition
| motor nerve fibers "crossover" to the opposite side, or decussate, before entering the spinal cord (at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata) |
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| Medulla Oblongata Controls.. |
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Definition
primary control of heart rate
controls blood vessels and arterioles
primary control of breathing
non-vital control centers - sneezing, coughing and vomiting |
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controls coordination of skeletal muscle activity
maintains muscle tone
helps with balance or equilibrium |
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| grey matter or lateral horn |
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| white matter or lateral column |
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| associate neuron or interneuron |
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ends at L1 or L2 and continues as strands called the cauda equina (looks like a horse's tail)
meninges
surrounded by CSF (just like the brain)
reflex arcs
sensory or motor tracts |
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Definition
h or butterfly shaped grey matter horns (cell bodies) surrounded by white matter (myelinated fibers)
contains a central canal
ascending posterior (sensory) columns and descending anterior (motor) columns
31 vertebrae segments give rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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spinal cord is covered by 3 meningeal layers
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater |
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| "tough mother" outermost layer |
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| spider-like layer, which lies superficial to a CSF-filled space, the subarachnoid space |
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| intermost delicate layer, which lies on the surface of the spinal cord or brain |
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Definition
structural and functional units of nervous behavior; involves cranial and spinal nerves
rapid, predictable response to a stimulus
typical reflex arc contains a receptor, a sensory neuron one or more interneurons, a motor neuron, and an effector organ (muscle or gland) |
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Definition
pathways (tracts) exist within the spinal cord
nerve processes in white matter are organized into 3 white columns (anterior, posterior, lateral)
smaller bundles of fibers in each column are organized into sensory or motor "tracts" |
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Definition
| conduct impulses up to the brain |
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conduct impulses down to the effector organ
descending (motor) tracts decussate in the lower medulla
left cerebral motor area (brain) controls the right side of the body (and vice versa) |
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12 pairs of nerves connect the brain to organs in the head, neck, and shoulders
names tend to identify functions or general innervations |
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| On On On They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Ancient Horcruxes |
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| Mnemonic for Sensory or Motor Nerves |
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Definition
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
S = sensory
M = motor
B = both sensory and motor |
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Definition
| motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movements of the eye |
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| motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movement of the eye |
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| sensory and motor nerve; controls muscles of mastication; provides sensation to the forehead, eyebrows, eyelids, nose, lips, cheeks, gums, and teeth |
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| motor nerve; controls external eye muscles for movement of the eye |
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| sensory and motor nerve; taste; controls muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands |
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| CN VIII - Vestibulochochlear N |
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| sensory nerve; cochlear branch controls hearing, vestibular branch controls balance or equilibrium |
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| CN IX - Glossopharyngeal N |
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| sensory and motor nerve; taste; controls muscle of the palate |
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| sensory and motor nerve; parasympathetic nerve; provides motor and sensory innervation to organs in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities |
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| CN XI - Accessory (Spinal) N |
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| motor nerve; controls the trapezius m. and sternocleidomastoid m. |
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| motor nerve; controls the muscles of the tongue |
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| CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear N |
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| CN IX - Glossopharyngeal N |
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| CN XI - Accessory (Spinal) N |
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31 pairs of nerves, which originates from the spinal cord
mixed sensory and motor nerves connecting the spinal cord to the arms, legs, neck and trunk
Named for the spinal region they exit
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Co1 |
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Definition
4 areas where spinal nerves from different spinal regions comingle and give rise to nerve trunks to internal organs and muscles of appendages
T2-T11 do not form plexuses |
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| means a redistribution of nerve fibers forming major peripheral nerves |
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| forms the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm for breathing (C3-C5) |
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| allows for contraction of the diaphragm |
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forms nerves, which innervate the shoulder and arm
Includes:
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve |
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Definition
| innervates extensors of the fingers and wrist (ex. triceps brachii m) and skin over the posterolateral surface of the upper arm |
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| innervates flexors of the fingers and wrist on forearm |
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| innervates the flexors of the fingers and wrist and the skin over the medial surface of the hand |
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Definition
supplies nerves to the lower abdomen and front of the thigh
Includes:
Femoral Nerve
Obturator Nerve
Saphenous Nerve |
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Definition
| innervates the anterior muscles of the thigh, the quadricepsm (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vaastus lateralis) |
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| innervates the adductors of the thigh |
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| innervates the skin of the medial left foot, and toes |
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supplies nerves to the back of the thigh and lower leg
Includes:
Sciatic Nerve
Tibial Branch
Peroneal (Fibular) Branch |
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| innervates the hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous) |
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| innervates the flexors of the leg and plantar flexors of the foot (gastrocnemius and soleus) |
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| Peroneal (Fibular) Branch |
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Definition
| innervates fibularis longus and brevis m, as well as the tibialis anterior m and the skin over the anterior surface of the leg |
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Definition
| an area of the skin innervated by spinal nerves |
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| an area of muscle innervated by spinal nerves; includes the nerve and all the muscles it innervates |
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| connective tissue covering surrounding one (each) nerve fiber (axon) |
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| covers groups of fibers (fascicles) |
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| tough fibrous sheath covering all fascicles to form the "nerve" |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
provides involuntary control
part of the PNS
functions to maintain homeostasis by controlling the heart, blood vessels, and glands |
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Definition
| utilizes one neuron from the spinal cord to the effector organ; innervates skeletal muscle |
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| utilizes a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron; innervates smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes |
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| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Definition
emerges from the thoracic and lumbar spinal regions "fight or flight"
forms parasynthetic trunk and ganglis near the spinal column
preganglionic neuron is short
postganglionic neuron is long
functions to meet stressful conditions
utilizes norepinepherine and epinepherine |
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emerges from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves from the spinal cord; "rest and digest"
preganglion neuron are long
postganglion neuron are short
functions in quieter periods to restore energy and is dominant during periods of relazation
releases acetylcholine |
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