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A&P Lecture 5
Lecture Exam 2
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2019

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Term
Kinds of Muscles
Definition
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
>700 in number
36-42% of body weight
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
located in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
located in the walls of the heart
Term
Purpose of Skeletal Muscle
Definition
movement
maintain posture
support soft tisue and organs
maintain body temperature
Term
Properties of Muscle Tissue
Definition
excitability
contractability
elasticity
Term
Excitability
Definition
via nerves and neurotransmitters
Term
Contractability
Definition
muscle shortens in length
Term
Elasticity
Definition
can be stretched, but returns to resting length
Term
Muscle
Definition
an organ covered in epimysium
Term
Fascicles
Definition
groups of muscle fibers (cells) wrapped in perimysium
Term
Each individual muscle fiber is covered by connective tissue called...
Definition
endomysium
Term
Each cell (fiber) has...
Definition
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
a cell membrane of a muscle cell
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm with organelles of a muscle cell
Term
Each muscle cell (fiber) is filled with hundreds of contractile rods called...
Definition
myofibrils
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
long thin tubes that are composed sarcomeres
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
the structureal and functional units of muscle cells
Term
Myofilaments
Definition
compose each sarcomere
these protein filaments slide together to produce contraction of the entire muscle
Term
Striations
Definition
in the skeletal muscle results from the pattern of actin and myosin protein filament within each sarcomere
Term
Each Sarcomere is Composed of...
Definition
two types of myofilaments
area of light and dark bands
Term
Myosin
Definition
a thick filament that is held by the M line and has a head that pivots using ATP
Term
Actin
Definition
two Z lines that attach and mark the boundary between sarcomeres
Term
I bands
Definition
contain only Actin (light bands)
Term
A bands
Definition
contain Myosin (dark bands)
Term
... which separates the muscle cell from its surroundings and becomes positively charged outside and negatively charged inside
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
stored energy in sarcolemma
Term
The first step towards muscle contaction
Definition
depolarization
Term
Each sarcomere making up the long myofibrils within the muscle fiber is surrounded by a
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ... that is rleased between the actin and myosin myofilaments to begin contraction
Definition
Ca++ (calcium)
Term
The signal to release the Ca++ comes down the ... from the surface of the sarcolemma
Definition
T-tubules
Term
Each actin has globular molecules with active sites for the myosin pivoting heads to bind to which slide the .... towards the center of the sarcomere
Definition
actin
Term
Sarcomeres can only contract when ... is present to remove a filament that blocks the actin active sites from contact with myosin
Definition
Ca++
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
the blocking filament for actin active sites
Term
Troponin
Definition
molecule that hold tropomyosin in place
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
a nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it stiumlates
Term
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Definition
location where the nerve's motor end plate contact the muscle fiber
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
-70mV inside the cell (more Na+ outside the cell than inside the fiber) (more K+ inside than outside_
Term
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
Definition
uses ATP to move Na+ out and K+ in to repolarize the cell
Term
Cycle for Polarization
Definition
resting potential -> depolarization -> action potential -> repolarization -> resting potential
Term
Depolarized cell is ...
Definition
30mV inside and 30mV outside
Term
Polarized cell is...
Definition
-70mV inside and 30mV outside
Term
Energy Storage
Definition
the liver and skeletal muscle stores glucose as animal starch of glycogen
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
the Kreb's cycle and the Electron Transport System withing the mitochondrion provides sustained energy as ATP if sufficient oxygen is available
Term
Anearobic Respiration
Definition
formation of lactic acid during oxygen debt
Term
Tonic
Definition
partially contracted muscle
Term
Isotonic
Definition
tension and shortening
Term
Isometric
Definition
tension and no shortening
Term
Complete tetanus
Definition
maximal, sustained contraction
Term
Incomplete Tetanus
Definition
sustained contraction with partial rest
Term
Origin
Definition
attached end of muscle that does not move
Term
Insertion
Definition
attached end of the muscle fiber that moves
Term
Action
Definition
movement produced by the muscle
Term
Prime Mover
Definition
muscle mostly responsible for the movement
Term
Antagonist
Definition
muscle whose action opposes another
Term
Synergist
Definition
muscle that helps a prime mover
Term
Fixator
Definition
a synergist that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Term
Flexion of the Elbow
Definition
Prime Mover: Biceps Brachii M
Antagonist: Triceps Brachii M
Fixator: Brachialis M
Term
Extension of the Elbow
Definition
Prime Mover: Triceps Bracii M
Antagonist: Biceps Brachii M
Fixator: Brachialis M
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