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A&P Lecture 2
Lecture Exam 1
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/22/2019

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Term
Molecules
Definition
formed when 2 or more atoms become chemically bonded
Term
Compounds
Definition
formed when atoms of two or more different kinds become chemically bonded
Term
Formula
Definition
a written representation of the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule or compound
Term
When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds between atoms are broken, allowing for...
Definition
energy release
Term
When a chemical reaction occurs, bonds between atoms are formed, allowing for ...
Definition
energy storage
Term
Synthesis
Definition
in which smaller atoms or smaller molecules combine to form larger ones
Term
Anabolism is ...
Definition
endergonic
Term
Decomposition
Definition
in which larger molecules are broken down to form smaller ones
Term
Catabolism is
Definition
exergonic
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
compounds that ionize when the dissociate in water and can conduct an electrical current
Term
Acids
Definition
electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+)
Term
Bases
Definition
electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-)
Term
pH
Definition
represents the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, on a scale of 0 to 14
Term
Acidic
Definition
pH of 0 to 6.99 (H+>OH-)
Term
Neutral
Definition
pH of 7.00 (H+ = OH-)
Term
Basic
Definition
pH of 7.01 to 14 (H+
Term
Molecules containing carbon atoms are.... and are usually ...
Definition
organic, non-electrolytes
Term
Molecules lacking carbon atoms are ... and are usually ...
Definition
inorganic, electrolytes
Term
Water
Definition
Most abundant compound in cells; serves as a substance in which chemical reactions occur; transports chemical and heat; universal solvent
Term
Oxygen
Definition
used in releasing energy from glucose and other molecules, e.g. oxydation
Term
Carbon Dioxide
Definition
produced when energy is released from glucose and other molecules
Term
Inorganic Salts
Definition
provide ions (charged particles) needed in metabolic processes
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
provide much of the energy needed by cells; their basic building blocks are simple sugar molecules
Term
Lipids
Definition
supply energy; their basic building blocks are molecules of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
major lipid of the cell membrane
Term
Proteins
Definition
serve as structural materials, an energy source, and enzymes; a chain of specific amino acids in a specific order
Term
Enzymes
Definition
initiate and accelerate metabolic reactions in the body
Term
The building blocks of protein are the ... common amino acids
Definition
20
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
the most fundamental chemicals in cells, as they control cellular activities
Term
RNA
Definition
ribonucleic acid
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
The 3-part building blocks that RNA and DNA are composed of
Definition
nucleotides
Term
Nucleotides are comprised of the parts
Definition
5-carbon sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose; phosphate group (PO4); one of 5 different nitrogen bases, G,C,A,U,T
Term
RNA nitrogen bases
Definition
guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil
Term
DNA nitrogen bases
Definition
guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine
Term
General cell features
Definition
the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms; vary widely in shape and form, which is related to function
Term
Plant and animal cells have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane are called...
Definition
eukaryotes
Term
Plant cells
Definition
have chloroplasts and a thickened cellulose cell wall
Term
Animal cells
Definition
have centrioles, which plants lack, but lacks the rigid cell wall and chloroplasts
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
("before a nucleus") lack a membrane surrounding their DNA and are said to lack a distinct nucleus, they have a "nucleoid"; bacteria is a common example
Term
Cell Organelles
Definition
"Little Organs"; often composed to membrane material or granular arrangements of microtubules
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
"Molecular Traffic Cop"; functions to REGULATE materials that enter and leave the cell
Term
Membranous Organelles
Definition
Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Two types, Rough ER and Smooth ER
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
has attached ribosomes; functions to synthesize proteins for export (secretion)
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
lacks ribosomes; functions to synthesize lipids and carbohydrates and detoxifies medications and toxins
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
"Protein packaging facility"; 5 to 8 flattened sacks that package, address, and modify secretions and form lysosomes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
"Garbage man" of the cell; contains enzymes that can digest all organic compounds with in the cell; destroys worn out cells, organelles, and foreign material
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
"Powerhouse" of the cell; bean-shaped double membrane organelle; O2, ADP, and food material enter, and ATP H2O and CO2 are formed
Term
Cristae
Definition
inner folded membrane of the mitochondria, which are locations of cellular respiration
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Cytoplasmic Microtubules; Centrioles; Spindle Fibers; Cilia and Flagella
Term
Cytoplasmic Microtubules
Definition
compose part of the cytoskeleton, cilia, and flagella, form the mitotic spindle, and provide a path for movements of organelles within the cell
Term
Centrioles
Definition
a pair of microtubular organelles in cytoplasm near the nucleus that are the microtubular organizing center, form spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella
Term
Spindle Fibers
Definition
visible during cell division; attach and move chromosomes to the poles of the daughter cells
Term
Cilia
Definition
short, numerous, and they move material along the cell surfaces
Term
Flagella
Definition
long, few in number, and may propel entire cells (e.g sperm)
Term
Granular Organelles
Definition
Ribosomes, Nucleolus, Nucleus
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
"Protein Factory" for protein synthesis; has free and attached ribosomes
Term
Free Ribosomes
Definition
float in the cytoplasm; produce proteins and enzymes for use withing the cell
Term
Attached Ribosomes
Definition
found on the surface of the rough ER, synthesize and package within transport vesicles proteins for secretion out of the cell
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
within the nucleus, its presence indicates the cell is synthesizing large and small ribosomal subunits from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and polypeptides made in the cytoplasm
Term
Nucleus
Definition
"Control Center" of the cell; chromosomes (46) contain genes
Term
Gene
Definition
a segment of DNA codons that code specific amino acids in a specific order, which combine to form a protein (each protein is made of 50 to 10,000 amino acids)
Term
Chromatin
Definition
when DNA is controlling a cell's activity, it is streched out, diffusely
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
when a cell is dividing, it supercoils the DNA, finger-like structure
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribose neucleic acid, double strand of complementary nucleotides based on the pairing rules; master blueprints for proteins
Term
RNA
Definition
riboneucleic acid, usually a single strand of nucleotides; the nitrogen base uracil substitutes for thymine in its strands
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
groups of 3 bases (e.g. ACT, TAG) called codons or triplets, specify a specific amino acid to build a protein
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
the making of a protein involves transcription and translation
Term
Transcription
Definition
occurs in the nucleus; converts DNA code to messenger RNA (mRNA)
Term
Translation
Definition
occurs via ribosomes in the cytoplasm; mRNA is read by the ribosome and a protein (or a chain of individual amino acids bonded together) is constructed
Term
mRNA
Definition
receives a complementary code of DNA strand via transcription; amino acid type and order of assembly are coded for on the mRNA strand via translation
Term
tRNA
Definition
bring appropriate amino acids to ribosome during elongation of the chain that will become the protein
Term
Glycolosis
Definition
"glucose splitting"; a chemical pathway in the cytoplasm pathway where a 6-carbon glucose is split into two carbon molecules called pyruvic acid; produced 2 ATP; anerobic reaction, no O2 needed
Term
Krebs Cycle
Definition
when pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion, it rips the 2 pyruvic acids apart and stores their energy while making 2 ATP
Term
Electron Transport System
Definition
passes along the stored energy carriers from the Krebs Cycle to make 34 ATP using the energy of the H+ to recharge ADP into ATP
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