Plasma Membrane:

-phospholipid bilayer with glycoproteins and glycolipids. 

-cellular boundary that controls transport into and out of cell

-cellular exchange can be passive (without energy) or active (requires ATP).

Cell Nucleus: large central control center of cell

-Nuclear envelope: double membrane boundary, passage between nucleus and cytoplasm

-Nucleolus: non-membraneous body containing RNA & proteins

-Chromatin & DNA: strands of DNA and protein

Cell Organelles

Diffusion: the fluid or gas movement alone a concentration gradient (from high to low).

Ex: perfume or tea.

Osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules across the plasma membrane.

-Hypertonic: solution outside of cell with high concentration causes water to rush out of cell

-Hypotonic: solution outside with low concentration causes water to rush in

-Isotonic: equilibrium of concentrations

Prophase: the first stage of mitosis

-chromosomes condense and become visible

-nuclear envelope begins to disintigrate

-spindle apparatus formation

-centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell

Metaphase:

-chromosomes aline along cellular equator

-spindle fibers begin to attach to kinetochores

-aster fibers extend from centrosome to plasma membrane

Anaphase:

-spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell

-each pole now has identical set of genes

Telophase:

-nuclear envelopes begin to appear around daughter nuclei

-chromosomes condense

-spindle disappears

-division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells

Epithelial Tissue Types

-all attached to basement membrane

Simple Squamous Cells:

-single layer of flattened cells

-function in filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion

-located in lung air pockets (alveoli), walls of capillaries, linings of blood vessels.

Simple Cuboidal Cells:

-single layers of cube shaped cells

-involved in secretion and absorption

-located on ovary surfaces, linings of kidney tubes, gland duct linings.

Simple Columnar Cells:

-single layers of elongated, narrow cells, some may be cilliated

-functions in protection, absorption, secretion

-located in uterus lining, stomach, gallbladder, intestinal linings

Pseudostratified, Ciliated Columnar Epithelium:

-single layer (eye trickery), elongated cells, some cells do not reach free surface

-protection, secretion, movement of substances

-located in linings of respiratory passages

Stratified Squamous:

-multifle layers of flattened cells

-keratinized: many layers of keratin containing cells, upper layer dead. Found in epidermis.

-nonkeratinized: many layers, flattened, alive. Found in oral linings, vagina, anal canal.

Areolar Tissue:

-cells in abundant fluid-gel matrix

-loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers

Function: loosely binds organs, holds tissue fluids

Locations: around body organs, binds skin to deeper organs

Areolar Tissue:

-cells in abundant fluid-gel matrix

-loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers

Function: loosely binds organs, holds tissue fluids

Locations: around body organs, binds skin to deeper organs

Adipose Tissue: Fat Tissue

-closely packed, clear cells

Function: protects, insulates, storage

Locations: subcutaneous level, yellow marrow, around kidneys and heart, breasts.

Reticular Tissue:

-reticular fibers, cells in fluid-gel matrix

Function: supportive framework of organs

Locations: spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, red bone marrow.

Dense Regular Tissue:

-parallel cells, wavy collagen fibers, fibroblasts

Function: tightly binds body parts

Locations: tendons, ligaments.

Elastic Cartilage:

-cells in firm solid-gel matrix, weblike elastin fibers, lacunas

Function: support, protection, framework, calcium storage

Locations: outer ear, epiglottis

Hyaline Cartilage:

-fine network of collagen fibers, appears glossy, lacunas

Function: support, protection, provides framework.

Locations: nasal septum, ends of long bones.

Fibrocartilage:

-technocolor, abundant collagen fibers

Function: support, protection, shock absorption

Locations: between vertebrae, between pubic bones, knee pads.

Compact Bone Tissue:

-cells in solid matrix, collagen fibers, central canals, osteons

Function: support, protection, framework, calcium storage

Location: bone shafts, beneath periosteum.

Dermis and Epidermis

-Epidermis: outer layer/dead layer of skin, made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-Dermis: superficial layers of skin

Epidermis: superficial layer of skin

Epidermal Layers:

in order of deepest to most superficial

-stratum basal

-stratum spinosum

-stratum granulosum

-stratum lucidum

-stratum corneum

Dermis: inner layers

-sweat glands, oil glands (sebacious), hair follicles

Bone Regions:

-epiphysis: typically rounded ends of long bone

-diaphysis: shaft/length of bone

-epiphyseal line: divides epiphysis and diaphysis after grotwh is complete

-epiphyseal plate: groth plate (during growth) made of hyaline cartilage

Compact v Spongy Bone

-Compact bone: hard outer layer of bone

-Spongy bone: found inside epiphysis 

-Trabeculae: middle of spongey bone, structural lattice of plates for growth

Cranial Bones

-Frontal: face palm

-Parietals (2): driving me crazy

-Temporals (2): headache

-Occipital: base

-Spenoid: butterfly, underneath

-Ethmoid: back of nose, ridge

Facial Bones:

-Mandible: jaw

-Maxillae

-Palatines: palate, top of mouth

-Zygomatics: cheek bones, upper teeth

-Lacrimals: tear ducts

-Nasals: top of nose

-Vomer: inner nose

-Inferior Nasal Conchae: up inside nose, top

Skull Sutures:

-Sagittal: runs from top to bottom along center

-Coronal: runs horizontally across top of forehead

-Squamous: runs loop around ears; separates frontal and coronal regions

-Lambdoid: runs horizontally along base of skull (like lambda); separates occipital and parietal regions

Cervial Vertebrae:

-First 7 vertebrae in spinal column

-3 holed 

-Spinous process directly opposite a body

Thoracis Vertebrae:

-T1-T12 12 vertebrae following cervical vert.

-long spinous process, looks like giraffe

-multifaceted

-one hole

Lumar Vertebrae:

-L1-L5 5 vertebrae below thoracic vert.

-large support base/body

-looks like a moose or triceratops 

Curves of the spine:

-Cervical C1-C7

-Thoracic T1-T12

-Lumbar L1-L5

-Sacral (5 vertebrae)

-Coccyx (tailbone, fused)

Atlas: first vertebra (C1)

-looks like yoda

-facets and 3 holes

-allows you to say yes

Axis: second vertebra (C2)

-frontal knob-like protusion called dens

-allows you to say no

Rib Cage (Thoracic Cage)

-12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and costal cartilage

-Costal Cartilage: inner cartilage portions of ribs for slight give

Sections of rib cage:

-First 7 ribs are TRUE RIBS

-Next 3 are FALSE RIBS

-Last two, positioned in the back, are floating ribs

True Rib:

-Head: expanded end near thoracic vertebrae, where ribs meet spinal cord in back

-Neck: narrow region between head and tubercle, rounded

-Tubercle: projection near thoracic vertebrae, nob on posterior surface "rough patch"

Sternum:

-Manibrium: top triagular portion

-Body: largest middle portion

-Xiphoid process: very bottom portion, remains cartilage untill adulthood

Scapula:

-Large triangular plate behind shoulder, flat

-Acromian: lateral end of sping

-Coracoid process: beaklike projection

-Glenoid fossa: shallow socket that articulates with head of humerous

Clavicle: thin, s shaped bone, collar bone

-Sternal/Medial End: articulates with manibrium of the sternum

-Acromial/Lateral End: articulates with the acromion of of the scapula

Humerous: upper arm bone

-Head: smooth and round

-Bicipital Groove: located between cipitals

-Trochlea: groove/notch whenere ulna hooks on

-Oleceron Fossa: depression on back

Radius: lateral bone of forearm, perfect circle on end

Ulna: medial bone of forearm, longer than arius, U shaped girdle

Radius:

-head: allow elbow rotation

-radial tuberosity: projection where radius meets ulna

-styloid process: outside of wrist where radius meets hand, projection

Ulna:

-oleceron process: forms outer bump of elbow

-trochlear notch: U shaped notch where ulna hooks onto humerus

-radial notch: narrow oblong depression on lateral side where ulna meets radius

Pelvic Girdle:

-Ilium, ischium, pubis make up Os Coxa or the hip bone

-Pubic symphysis: where the two pubic bones articulate with eachother through a cartilage disk

-Sacro-illiac joint: where ilium and sacrum join (hip joint)

-Sacrum & Coccyx make up pelvis which supports visceral organs

Obturator Foramen: largest hole in the body, houses blood fessels and nerves that feed into back of legs

Acetabulum: where femur hooks into hip "ass"

Femur: the thigh bone

-head: found

-neck: long, between head and shaft

-greater ^, lesser v trochanter

-lateral (out), medial (in) epicondyles (above)

-patella: floating knee, covers joint

Tibia: Medial

Fibula: Lateral

Tibia: shinbone

-lateral (out) and medial (in) epicondyles

-Medial Malleolus: round ankle bones

-Has a T at top

Fibula:

-fiddle like: long and skinny

-Lateral Malleolus: sticky end, outside of ankle bone

Tarsals: ankle bones, 7

-Calcaneus: heel bone

-Talus

-Tarsal: before toes

-Metatarsal: mid toe

-Phalandes: ends of toes

Fetal skull:

-Fontanels: soft spots that allow for compression at birth and growth afterward

-Sutures not yet closed

-Face is small because of undersized mouth bones and no teeth

Synovial Joint: freely moveable joints

-Synovial fluid: most viscous fluid in the body, lubricant that fills synovial cavity

-Synovial membrane: secrets synovial fluid

-Articular Cartilage: hyaline cartilage, at the ends of bones, covers surface of ends of bones for protection

-Fibrous capsule: composed of dense connective tissue, encapsulates entire joint

Shoulder joint: ball and socket joint which is humeroscapular

-Connecting humurus and scapula

-Diathrosis movement: multiaxial

Elbow Joint: hinge joint

-Diathrosis: uniaxial movement, up and down,flexion and extension

-Attaching trochular of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna, connected at head of radius

Knee Joint:

-Patella: floating knee cap

-Medial and Lateral meniscus: inside and outside oreo filling

-Anterior cruciate ligament: very middle ligament

 -Posterior cruciate ligament: behind anterior

-Medial Collateral Ligament: Tibial side

-Lateral Collateral Ligament: Fibular side

-Patella ligament: runs down front over entire thing