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A&P Lab pgs38-41
Muscular System: terminology, movement, muscles
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/08/2012

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Term
origin
Definition
refers to the structure to which the muscle is attached that remains relatively fixed when the muscle contracts
Term
insertion
Definition
referst to the structure to which the muscle is attached that moves when the muscle contracts
Term
belly
Definition
the thick part of the muscle between the origin and insertion
Term
tendon
Definition
cords of fibrous connective tissue by which a muscle is attached to its insertion and origin
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
a broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue by which a muscle is attached to its insertion or origin; these are less common than tendons
Term
flexor
Definition
a muscle which decreases an angle between 2 structures; or a muscle that bends one skeletal part in relation to another; ex: the biceps of the arm [this] the forearm
Term
extensor
Definition
a muscle which increases an angle between 2 structures; or a muscle that straightens one skeletal part in relation to another; ex: the triceps [this] the forearm
Term
abductor
Definition
a muscle which moves a part away from the main axis (midline) of the body; ex: the gluteus muscles that move the leg away from the midline of the body
Term
adductor
Definition
a muscle that moves a part toward the main axis (midline) of the body; ex: the [this] femoris muscle that brings the leg toward the midline
Term
levator
Definition
a muscle which raises a body part; ex: the masseter which raises or closes the jaw
Term
depressor
Definition
a muscle which lowers a body part; ex: the digastrics which lower or open the jaw
Term
protractor
Definition
a muscle which moves a body part forward; ex: the pectoral muscles which move the arm forward
Term
retractor
Definition
a muscle which moves a body part backwards; ex: the lats which move the arm backward
Term
lumbodorsal fascia
Definition
tough, white connective tissue which covers the muscles of the dorsal part of the lumbar region of the back
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
origin: lumbodorsal fascia
insertion: humerus
movement: adduct and medially rotate humerus
Term
external oblique
Definition
outer muscle of abdominal wall
origin: ribs and lumbodorsal fascia
insertion: by aponeurosis on linea alba
movement: compress abdomen and rotates vertebral column
Term
linea alba
Definition
midventral line which external oblique inserts
Term
internal oblique
Definition
just beneath the external oblique--fibers run almost perpendicularly to external oblique's fibers
origin: lumbodorsal fascia
insertion: by aponeurosis on linea alba
movement: compress the abdomen and rotate vertebral column
Term
transversus abdominus
Definition
3rd abdominal wall muscle, beneath internal oblique; runs ventrally and slightly caudally; fibers run transversely
movement:compress the abdomen
Term
rectus abdominis
Definition
abdominal muscle seen on either side of the linea alba
origin: pubis
insertion: sternum
movement: compress the abdomen and flex the vertebral column in an anterior direction
Term
multifidus spinae
Definition
narrow, longitundinal muscle immediately adjacent to spinous process of vertebrae
movement: arching or extending the back
Term
erector spinae
Definition
just lateral to the mulitfidus; appears as 2 muscles
movement: arching or extending back and lateral flexion of the back
Term
pectoralis group
Definition
muscles of the chest
Term
pectoantibrachialis (pectoralis descendens)
Definition
a narrow, thin muscle which lies superficially to part of the next muscle and runs out to the forearm
Term
pectoralis major (pectoralis transversus)
Definition
lies both deep to the pectoantibrachialis and caudal to it (smaller in cat; larger in human)
origin: sternum
insertion: humerus
movement: adduction and medial rotation of arm
Term
pectoralis minor (pectoralis profundus)
Definition
lies both deep to the pectoralis major and caudal to it; larger in cat, smaller in man
movement: protracts the scapula
Term
xiphihumeralis
Definition
most caudal of the pectorals
origin: end of sternum
insertion: humerus
Term
trapezius group
Definition
superficial muscles of the back of the neck and dorsal part of the shoulder
Term
clavotrapezius (cleidocervicalis)
Definition
most cranial portion of the trapezius from the neck to the shoulder
origin: small clavicle (continuous with clavobrachialis/clavodeltoid)
movement: elevates and rotates the scapula medially
Term
acromiotrapizius (cervical trapezius)
Definition
thin, flat muscle found cranial to the spinotrapezius and covering much of the shoulder blade area
movement: adduct the scapula
Term
spinotrapezius (thoracic trapezius)
Definition
one of the 3 parts to the cat trapezius, the most caudal part
Movement: depresses and rotates the scapula medially
Term
sternomastoid
Definition
wide, flat muscle which runs from the sternum to the mastoid region of the skull; passes deep to the external jugular vein
movement: flexes the neck laterally and rotates the head
Term
cleidomastoid
Definition
runs from clavicle to the mastoid region; lies deep to the sternomastoid, clavotrapezius, and external jugular vein
movement: flexes the neck laterally and rotates the head
Term
levator scapulae
Definition
superficial portion can be seen on the shoulder area, but also is found deep to the clavotrapezius
movement: pull the scapula cranially
Term
clavodeltoid (clavobrachialis)
Definition
continous from the clavotrapezius down onto the arm
movement: protract the arm
Term
acromiodeltoid
Definition
lies just caudal to the clavodeltoid and it runs to the humerus
movement: abduct the upper arm
Term
spinodeltoid (scapulodeltoid)
Definition
runs from the spine to the scapula to the humerus
movement: extend the antebrachium or forearm
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
large muscle which covers caudal portion of the humerus and runs to the olecranon process of the ulna
movement: extend the antebrachium or forearm
Term
biceps brachii
Definition
spindle-shaped muscle located on the anterolateral surface of the humerus and runs to the proximal end of the humerus; in cat, partially covered by the pectoralis
movement: flex the antebrachium or forearm
Term
brachialis
Definition
relatively small; seen on the lateral side of the humerus
movement: flex the forearm
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