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A&P I UNMC Exam 2
Tissue and Bones
132
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/24/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Osteon
Definition
concentric ring (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
  • Found in spaces called lacunae
  • Communicate through canaliculi filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next
Term
Interstitial Lamellae
Definition
represent older osteons that have been partially removed during tissue remodeling
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities
Term
Histology
Definition
science of tissue
Term
pathology
Definition
science of tissue changes
Term
connective tissue
Definition
  • Supports and binds structures together
  • material found between cells
  • stores energy as fat
  • provides immunity to disease (including cells derived from bone marrow)
  • develops from mesoderm
Term
Muscular Tissue
Definition
  • cells shorten in length to produce movement
  • cells contract to pump blood and fluids
  • cells contract and relax to move diverse substances
  • develops from mesoderm
Term
Nerve Tissue
Definition
  • cells that conduct electrical signals
  • detects changes inside and outside the body
  • responds with nerve impulses
  • develops from ectoderm
Term
epithelium
Definition

develops from all 3 germ layers

(endo-, meso-, and ectoderm)

Term
endoderm
Definition
forms epithelial lining of GI and respiratory
Term
mesoderm
Definition
forms muscles, bone and other connective tissues
Term
ectoderm
Definition
develops into epidermis of skin and nervous system
Term
stroma
Definition
cells that form the structural tissue framework of an organ
Term
parenchyma
Definition
functional cells of any organ
Term
mesenchyme
Definition
embryonic connective tissue that forms the basis for adult connective tissue
Term
basement membrane
Definition
the extra-cellular support for cell sheets
Term
cell junctions
Definition
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
Term
tight junctions
Definition
Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.
Term
adherens junctions
Definition
  • Contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments (actin) of the cytoskeleton
  • Found when epithelial cells form sheets
  • Integral membrane proteins (cadherins) connect to membranes of other cells
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
  • Contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another
  • Resist cellular separation
  • Desmosome plaque attaches to intermediate filaments (micro) of keratin
Term
Hemidesmosomes
Definition
  • Resemble half of a desmosome
  • Don't link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane
  • Attach to keratin microfilaments
  • Contains transmembrane glycoproteins integrin
  • Connects cells to extracellular material
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
  • Membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells
  • Plasma membrane of gap junctions are separated by a very narrow intercellular gab
    • Communication of cells within a tissue
    • Ions, nutrients, waste, chemicals and electrical signals travel through the connexons between cells
Term
Apical
Definition
Upper, free surface
Term
Avascular
Definition
  • Without blood vessels 
  • Nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
  • Closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
  • Cells sit on basement membrane
  • Good nerve supply
  • Rapid cell division provides ongoing source of cells
  • Variations include covering/lining sheets versus glandular types
Term
Basal lumina
Definition
  • From epithelial tissue
  • Basement membrane
  • Collagen fibers
Term
Reticular lamina
Definition
  • Secreted by connective tissue cells
  • Basement membrane
  • reticular fibers
Term
Gladular epithelium
Definition
  • Secreting portion of glands
  • Thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands
Term
Simple epithelium
Definition
one cell thick
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
many cell layers thick
Term
psuedostratified epithelium
Definition
single layer of cells where cells dont all reach apical surface
Term
squamous
Definition
flat
Term
cuboidal
Definition
cube-shaped
Term
columnar
Definition
tall column like cells
Term
transitional epithelium cells
Definition
shape varies with tissue stretching
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
  • single layer of flat cells
  • lines blood vessels, body cavities
  • very thin
  • controls diffusion, osmosis and filtration
  • nuclei centrally located
  • cells in direct contact with each other
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
  • single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side
  • nuclei round and centered
  • lines tubes of organs (kidneys)
  • designed function is absorption or secretion
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
  • single layer of rectangular cells
  • unicellular glands (goblet cells) secrete mucus for lubrication
  • contains microvilli or cilia
    • cilia moves mucus from goblet cells along
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
  • several cell layers of flat cells
  • keratinized - surface of cells are dead and filled with keratin
  • nonkeratinized - mouth, vagina
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
  • multilayered
  • surface cells cuboidal
  • rare...only in sweat gland ducts and male urethra
  • functions in protection
Term
stratified columar epithelium
Definition
  • multilayered
  • surface more columar
  • esophagus

 

Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
  • multilayered
  • surface cells vary in shape from round to flat if stretched
  • lines hollow organs that expand from within
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
  • single layer
  • all cells attach to basement membrane, but not all reach free surface
  • nuclei at varying depths
  • respiratory system, male urethra and epididymis
Term
Exocrine glads
Definition
  • secret sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes
  • connect to surface organs by tubes (ducts)
  • uni- and multicellular glands
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
  • secrete hormones into bloodstream
  • hormones help maintain homeostasis
Term
merocrine glands
Definition
  • most exocrine glands
  • cells release products by exocytosis - saliva, digestive enzymes and sweat
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
  • Smelly sweat and milk
  • Upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies
Term
Holocrine glands
Definition
  • oil gland
  • whole cells die and rupture to release their products
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
  • cells rarely touch each other due to extracellular matrix
  • matrix secreted by cells
  • consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid
  • doesn't occur on free surface
  • food nerve and blood supply except in cartilage and tendons
Term
blast
Definition

cells retain ability to divide and produce matrix

 

Term
cyte
Definition
mature differentiated cell that usually cannot divide or produce matirx
Term
macrophages
Definition
  • develop from monocytes
  • engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
Term
plasma cells
Definition
  • develop from B lymphocytes
  • produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances
Term
mast cells
Definition
produce hisamine that dilates small blood vessels
Term
adipocytes
Definition
fat storage cells
Term
ground substance
Definition
  • contains water and many large organic molecules
  • hyaluronic - thick, viscous and slippery acid
  • condroitin - jelly-like substance providing support
  • adhesion protiens - secretions
Term
collagen
Definition
  • tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
  • formed from the protein collagen
  • 25% of proteins
Term
Elastin
Definition
  • lungs, blood vessls, ear cartilage
  • smaller in diameter fibers formed from protein elastin
  • can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
Term
Reticular
Definition
  • spleen and lymph nodes
  • thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
  • formed from protein collagen
Term
mescenchyme
Definition
  • irregularly shaped cells
  • in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers
  • gives rise to all other types of connective tissue
Term
Mucous connective tissue
Definition
  • star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance
  • found only in umbilical cord
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
loosely woven fibers throughout tissue
Term
areolar connective tissue
Definition
  • loose
  • all 3 fibers
  • most cell types
  • subcutaneous layers of skin
  • nerves found
Term
adipose connective tissue
Definition
  • loose
  • peripheral nuclei due to fat storage
  • energy storage
  • heat generations
Term
reticular connective tissue
Definition
  • network of fibers and cells that produce framework or stroma of organs
  • holds organs together
Term
Dense connective tissue
Definition
more fibers and fewer cells than loose connective tissue
Term
Dense regular connective tissue
Definition
  • collagen fibers in parallel bundles with bibroblasts between bundles of collagen fibers
  • white, tough, pliable when unstained
  • forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses (large sheet)
Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
  • collagen fibers are irregularly arranged
  • tissue can resist tension from any direction
  • found in fascia around muscles, white of eyeballs, dermis of skin
Term
Elastic connective tissue
Definition
  • branched elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • lung tissue, vocal cords, elastic arteries
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate
Term
Chondrocytes
Definition

cartilage cells found in the spaces called lacunae

 

Term
pericondrium
Definition
Covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. Has two layers; outer fiberous and inner cellular.
Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition
  • most abundant
  • bluish, shiny, white, rubbery substance with fine collagen fibers
  • chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
  • no blood vessels or nerves
  • reduces friction between joints as articular cartilage
  • found in ends of long bones, nose, parts of larynx
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
  • many more collagen fibers in bundles causes rigidity and stiffness
  • strongest type of cartilage
  • found in public symphysis, intervertebral discs
Term
Elastic cartilage
Definition
  • elastic fibers help maintain shape
  • found in ear, nose and vocal
  • perichondrium
Term
interstitial growth
Definition
  • chondrocytes divide and form new matrix
  • occurs in childhood and adolescence
Term
appositional growth
Definition
  • along tissue surface
  • chondroblasts secrete matirx onto surface
  • produces increase in width
Term
spongy bone
Definition
  • sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae, which are struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
  • no osteons
Term
compact bone
Definition
  • solid and dense
  • basic unit of structure is osteon
Term
osteon
Definition
  • lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix
  • calcium and phosphate give its hardness 
  • interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
Term
osteocytes
Definition
in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae
Term
canaliculi
Definition
tiny canals which connect cell to cell
Term
Blood
Definition
  • liquid connective tissue
  • provides clotting, immjune functions, and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Cell types:
    • RBCs (erythrocytes)
    • WBCs (leukocytes)
    • cell fragments called plateletes
Term
Membranes
Definition
an epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue of the basement membrane
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
  • lines body cavity that opens to outside (mouth)
  • epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes
  • tight junctions between cells
  • mucous secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist
Term
serous membranes
Definition
  • simple squamous cells overlying loose connective tissue layer
  • squamous cells secrete slippery fluid
  • lines body cavity that doesnt open to outside (chest)
Term
synovial membranes
Definition
  • line joint cavities of all freely movable joints
  • no epithelial cells
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
  • cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
  • visible light and dark banding (striated)
  • voluntary or conscious control
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
  • cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei
  • involuntary and striated
  • attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
  • spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
  • walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder)
  • involuntary and nonstriated
Term
nerve cells
Definition
nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signals
Term
fibrosis
Definition
replacement with stromal connective tissue cells
Term
regeneration
Definition
  • replacement with original cell types
  • some cell types can and do divide
  • some tissues contain stem cells that divide (bone marrow, epithelium of gut and skin)
  • some cell types rarely divide and are not readily replaced (muscle and nervoust tissue)
Term
granulation tissue
Definition
  • often forms after surgery or injury
  • very active growing connective tissue
Term
adhesions
Definition
  • abnormal joining of tissue or membranes
  • occurs after surgery or inflamation
Term
nutrition
Definition
  • adequate protein for structural components
  • vitamin C production of collagen and new blood cells
Term
Proper blood circulation
Definition
delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes fluids and bacteria
Term
subcutaneous tissue
Definition
layer of adipose and areolar tissue
Term
epidermis
Definition
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • contins no blood vessels
  • five distinct strata (layers) of cells
  • four types of cells:
    • keratinocytes
    • melanocytes
    • langerhans cells
    • merkel cells
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
  • 90% of epidermis
  • produce keratin
Term
melanocytes
Definition
  • 8% of epidermis
  • produces melanin pigment
  • melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
Term
langerhans cells
Definition
  • migrate from bone marrow
  • paricipate in immunity
Term
merkel cells
Definition
  • in deepest layer
  • form touch receptor with sensory neuron
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
  • 25-30 cells thick
  • dead
  • barrier
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
3-5 cells thick and lucid
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
3-5 cells thick; dying cells
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
8-10 cells thick
Term
stratum basale
Definition
  • dividing basal cells
  • deepest layer
  • merkel cells
  • melanocytes
  • keratinocytes
  • stem cells that divide rapidly
Term
Dermis
Definition
  • connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and fat cells
  • contains hair follicles, glands, nerves and blood vessles
    • papilarry region
    • reticular region
Term
Papillary region (dermis)
Definition
  • top 20% of dermis
  • coposed of loose connective tissue and elastic fibers
  • finger like projections called dermal papellae
  • functions:
    • anchors epidermis to dermis
    • contins capillaries that feed epidermis
    • contain Meissner's corpuscles (touch) and free nerve endings
Term
Reticular region (dermis)
Definition
  • 80% of dermis
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
  • packed with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, fat and hair follicles
  • provides strength, extensibility and elasticity to skin
    • stretch marks are dermal tears from extreme stretching
Term
albinism
Definition
inherited lack of tyrosinase; no melanin
Term
vitiligo
Definition
autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin producing whit patches
Term
carotene
Definition
  • yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitiman A)
  • found in stratum corneum and dermis
Term
jaundice
Definition
build-up of yellow bilirubin in blood from liver disease
Term
cyanosis
Definition
hemoglobin dpletion of oxygen
Term
erythema
Definition
  • redness of skin due to enlargement of capillaries in dermis
  • during inflammation, infection, alleric reaction or burns
Term
arrector pili muscles
Definition
  • smooth muscle in dermis contracts with cold or fear
  • forms goose bumps as hair pulled vertical
Term
hair root plexus
Definition
detect hair movement
Term
Hair color
Definition
  • dark hair contains true melanin
  • blonde and red hair contain melanin with iron and sulfur
  • graying hair is a result of decline in melanin production
  • white hair is a result of air bubbles in medullary shaft
Term
sebaceous (oil) glands
Definition
  • simple, branced acinar glands
  • mostly connected to hair follicles
  • within dermis
Term
Eccrine sweat glands
Definition
  • sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • simple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common than apocrin sweat glands
  • opens to surface
  • distributed throughout the skin
  • cells in gland stay intact
Term
Apocrin sweat glands
Definition
  • sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • some of gland cells may be pinched off during secretion (armpit and pubic region)
  • opens to hair follicle
Term
sebum glands
Definition
  • comb of cholesterol, proteins, fats and salts
  • sebaceous (oil) glands
  • keeps hair and skin soft and pliable
  • inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
  • modified sweat glands produce waxy secretion in ear canal
  • cerumen contains secretions of oil and wax glands
  • helps form barrier for foreign bodies
  • impacted cerumen may reduce hearing
Term
finger nail
Definition
  • tightly packed keratinized cells
  • nail body is pink due to underlying capillaries
Term
nail lunula
Definition
appears white due to thickened stratum basal in that area
Term
cuticle (eponychium)
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
nail matrix
Definition
  • deep to nail root
  • region nail growth occurs
Term
nail root
Definition
  • buried under skin layers
  • lunula is white due to thickened stratum basale
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