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A&P II Test 1
Dr. Allen ASUB
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/02/2013

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Cards

Term
Cortisol
Definition
Causes fat and protein breakdown during stress/Decreases inflammation
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
Cause fever, pain and smooth muscle contractions
Term
Angiotensin
Definition
Cause increase in blood pressure and vasoconstriction
Term
Insulin
Definition
Decreases blood sugar level
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
Promotes widespread tissue growth
Term
Thyroid Hormone
Definition
Causes increased heat production and increased basal metabolic rate
Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
Increases blood calcium
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Decreases blood Calcium
Term
What are the hormones of the ANTERIOR Pituitary gland?
Definition
Growth hormone/ prolactin/TSH -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone/LH - Luteinizing Hormone/ FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone/ ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
What are the hormones of the POSTERIOR pituitary gland?
Definition
Oxytocin and ADH -anti-diurectic hormone
Term
Which hormones are released from nerves?
Definition
Empinephrine/ oxytocin/ ADH
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
Decreases urine volume/returns water to the body
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Increases blood sugar
Term
Where are Red Blood Cells Made?
Definition
Bone Marrow
Term
Where are White Blood Cells Made?
Definition
1. Bone Marrow
2. Spleen
3. Lymphnodes
Term
Where are plasma proteins made?
Definition
Liver
Term
Where are Platelets made?
Definition
Bone Marrow
Term
Where are clotting factors made?
Definition
Liver
Term
Describe the life-cycle of a RBC.
Definition
As they mature, RBCs lose their nucleus and concentrate their hemoglobin. Each lives approximately 120 days
Term
What causes Anemia?
Definition
1. decrease production of RBCs
2. increase destruction of RBCs
Term
What are immature RBCs called?
Definition
Reticulocytes
Term
What are immature WBCs called?
Definition
Bands
Term
What is the immune function of eosinophils?
Definition
They fight allergies and parasites
Term
What is the immune function of neutrophils?
Definition
They are the FIRST RESPONDERS to infection.
Term
What is the immune function of monocytes?
Definition
They are the precursors of macrophages
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
The movement of a cell caused by a chemical signal
Term
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Definition
Redness, pain, swelling, heat
Term
What are lymphnodes?
Definition
small encapsulated immune organs that filter lymph and destroy foreign antigens and cancer cells
Term
What are Peyer's patches?
Definition
Lymphnodes located in the intestine near the appendix.
Term
what are tonsils?
Definition
Lymphnodes located in the pharynx.
Term
What is Lymph composed of?
Definition
Fluid, plasma, WBC, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and lipids
Term
Describe the circulation of lymph in the body.
Definition
Absorbed from the intercellular space, filtered by many lymphnodes, empties into the subclavian veins.
Term
What is the function of the thymus gland?
Definition
to help lymphocytes develop immunocompetence - so they only attack foreign antigens
Term
what is the function of the spleen?
Definition
it traps and destroys fforeign antigens and destroys aging RBCs
Term
Why is Type O blood called the universal donor?
Definition
type O blood will not cause antibody production in the recipient.
Term
What is the first line of immune defense?
Definition
Physical Barriers: skin, mucosa, cilia, lysozyme, defensins, mucus
Term
What is the second line of immune defense?
Definition
Non-Specific Defense: dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, complement, fever, inflammation
Term
What is the third line of immune defense?
Definition
Specific Defense: T-cells, B-cells and antibodies
Term
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition
hormones are sent by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal system of the capillaries.
Term
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition
Axons from nuclei in the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary where they release hormones when stimulated
Term
Why is a transport protein needed for some hormones?
Definition
Hormones made from cholesterol are hyprophobic and cannot dissolve in the blood unless helped by a transport protein
Term
What hormones and energy molecules are used in Stage 1 of the stress reaction?
Definition
Hormones: epinephrine/norepinephrine
Energy molecule: glycogen
Term
What hormones and energy molecules are used in Stage 2 of the stress reaction?
Definition
Hormones: cortisol
Energy molecules: fats/proteins
Term
How does insulin effect the cell?
Definition
From the outside of the cell because it is hydrophillic and is not allowed to penetrate the cell wall.
Term
What happens when insulin is not available?
Definition
cells are not able to take glucose out of the blood/they use fats for fuel/glucose is filtered by kidneys and causes excess water to leave body with it/acidosis occurs
Term
What are the causes of changes in WBC count?
Definition
1. infection -increase
2. stress - increase
3. leukemia - increase
4. virus - decrease
Term
What are the three steps in hemostasis?
Definition
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet aggregation
3. coagulation
Term
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways?
Definition
The intrinsic pathway has a cascade of steps that lead to coagulation - the extrinsic pathway is activated by trauma and skips several steps and leads to faster coagulation response.
Term
What is the function of a basophil?
Definition
to release histamine
Term
What is the function of a dendritic cell?
Definition
to warn the body of invading cells and attract macrophages.
Term
What is the function of the natural killer cells?
Definition
it is a non-specific lymphocyte that patrols blood and extracellular fluid looking for foreign cells to kill - only cells, no viruses or antigens
Term
What is the function of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells are phagocytes that kill foreign cells
Term
What is the function of a Helper T-Lymphocyte?
Definition
Helper T cells release chemicals that cause T and B cells to clone and produce memory cells after contact with antigens. this helps strengthen future immunity
Term
What is the function of a B Lymphocyte?
Definition
They act as phagocytes, clone into memory and plasma cells, and produce antibodies.
Term
What is the function of plasma cells?
Definition
they are morphed B cells that produce antibodies
Term
What is the function of antibodies?
Definition
they are proteins that attach to specific foreign antigens to mark them for destruction
Term
What is interferon?
Definition
chemical produced by cells that are infected by a virus.
Term
What is perforin?
Definition
chemicals that eat holes in bacterial cell walls - secreted by natural killer cells
Term
What is lysozyme?
Definition
chemical that dissolves bacterial cells usually found in tears, sweat, saliva
Term
What are immunoglobulins?
Definition
same as antibodies
Term
What is pus made of?
Definition
dead WBCs, dead bacteria and cell debris
Term
What causes fever?
Definition
the hypothalamus reacts to increase body temperature when prostaglandins are secreted as an immune repsonse
Term
What are the 4 types of immunity?
Definition
1. Natural active -exposed to disease 2. Natural passive - mother antibodies
3. Artificial active -anti to vaccine
4. Artificial passive - vaccine of anti
Term
How does the HIV virus attack the body?
Definition
Destroys T-helper cells
Term
What is hypersensitivity?
Definition
Exaggerated reaction to the immune system
Term
What is Anaphylaxis?
Definition
a reaction of the immune system throughout the body- relaeases histamine, causes drop in B/P, bronchoconstriction, shock and death
Term
What are the types of auto-immune disorders?
Definition
1. antibody mediated cytotoxcity
2. Immune complex
3. delayed hypersensitivity
Term
What is antibody mediated cytotoxcity?
Definition
antibody formed agains foreign antigen mistakes a self antigen as its target and initiates an immune response - ex. blood transfusion
Term
What is Immune complex?
Definition
antigen-antibody complexes in basement membrane of blood vessels cause inflammation and injure vessel. Ex: Renal failure/LUPUS
Term
What is delayed hypersensitivity?
Definition
over 2-3 days foreign cells causes new antibody formation and a delayed attack. Ex: organ transplant reaction
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