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A&P II Digestive System
Prof, Sword Test 1 Digestive System
82
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/23/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the 6 Functions of the Digestive System
Definition

ingestion

secretion

digestion (chemical and mechanical)

mixing & propulsion

absorption

defecation

Term
What is another name for the gastrointestinal system
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
What organs are included in the Gastrointestinal System
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Term
What are the accessory organs in the GI
Definition
teeth, tongue salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Term
What does the myenteric plexus control
Definition
GI motility
Term
What does the submucosal plexus control
Definition
GI secretion
Term
What are the five major folds of the Peritoneum
Definition
greater omentum, falcifrom ligament, lesser omentum, mesentery, mesocolon
Term
What does the greater omentum lay over
Definition
stomach
Term
what does the lesser omentum cover
Definition
liver down to the stomach
Term
What is the purpose of the Peritoneum
Definition
protect the digestive system
Term
What does the mesentary cover
Definition
covers the small and large intestens
Term
What does the mesocolon cover
Definition
transverse colon(large intestine)
Term
What are the retro peritoneal organs
Definition
organs covered on the front by the peritoneum
Term
What forms the oral cavity
Definition
cheeks, hard and soft palates, teeth, and the tongue
Term
What is another name for the oral cavity
Definition
buccal cavity
Term
What is mastication
Definition
chewing/ breaks & mixes food with saliva to form a bolus that can be swallowed
Term
What are the three pairs of salivary glands that secret saliva in the mouth
Definition
sub mandibular, sub lingual, parotid
Term
What is the tongue made up of
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
What is the function of the tongue
Definition
Force moistened food bolus into position for swallowing
Term
What do the extrinsic muscles of tongue do
Definition
attach to nearby bones and move tongue in all directions
Term
What do the intrinsic muscles in the tongue do
Definition
alter its shape and size for speech and swallowing
Term
Where is the sub mandibular
Definition
under the mandible
Term
Where is the sublingual
Definition
under the tongue
Term
Where is the parotid located
Definition
upper cheek
Term
What is the function of enamel
Definition
cover the dentin on top of the crown and provide protection
Term
What makes up most of a tooth
Definition
dentin
Term
What is in the center of a tooth
Definition
pulp cavity
Term
What is the pulp of a tooth made up of
Definition
connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
Term
What are the two sets of teeth humans have in their life time
Definition
dentition and permanent teeth
Term
What are the dentition
Definition
the 20 deciduous baby teeth
Term
When do the dentition start to form
Definition
around 6 months
Term
How many permanent teeth do we have
Definition
32
Term
What are the 4 regions of the stomach
Definition
cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
Term
What are the functions of the stomach
Definition
mixing and storing for food bolus
Term
What is the rugae
Definition
folds in the stomach allowing food to be stored until they are digested
Term
What are the four layers of the stomach
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Term
What is the added layer in the muscularis in the stomach
Definition
oblique
Term
What is the function of the oblique layer
Definition
help with mixing
Term
What are gastric pits
Definition
allow for exocrine secretions used in continued chemical digestion
Term
Where are gastric pits formed
Definition
the mucosal epithelium
Term
What is the function of the mucosa in the stomach
Definition
secrete mucus that forms a protective layer that prevents digestion of the stomach wall
Term
What is the function of the parietal cells in the stomach
Definition
secrete HCl and secrete intrinsic factor
Term
What is the importance of HCl in the stomach
Definition
kills microbes, turns pepsinogen into pepsin, and denatures proteins
Term
Functions of the chief cells
Definition
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Term
What is the function of G cells
Definition
secrete gastrin
Term
What is the importance of gastrin
Definition
Stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
Term
What is the importance of pepsin
Definition
breaks down proteins into peptides
Term
What does gastric lipids do in the stomach
Definition
splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
Term
NAD+ is built from what
Definition
niacin a B- vitamin
Term
FADH is built from what
Definition
riboflavin B- vitamin
Term
Under aerobic conditions where does pyruvic acid moved to
Definition
it is shuffled into the mitochondria
Term
What is decarboxylate
Definition
lose CO2
Term
how many carbons are in the Krebs cycle
Definition
6
Term
Where do NADH and FADH go after the Kerbs Cycle
Definition
the electron transport chain
Term
How many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each glucose
Definition
twice
Term
how many ATP are made in the Krebs Cycle
Definition
24 ATP
Term
What makes up glycogen
Definition
a sting of glucose
Term
Where does the transition cycle and the Krebs Cycle take place
Definition
the middle of the mitochondria
Term
Where is the electron transport chain located
Definition
middle of the mitochondrial matrix
Term
What does the electron transport chain consist of
Definition
several e- carriers that create an electrochemical gradient & shuttle e- to meet O2 + H to make water
Term
Where does glycogenesis occur
Definition
skeletal muscle fibers and the liver
Term
Where does glycogenolysis
Definition
hepatocytes
Term
What is gluconeogenesis
Definition
forming "new" glucose or metabolites from fat or protein
Term
What are lipoproteins
Definition
spherical particles with an other shell of proteins
Term
What do lipoproteins carry
Definition
triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and fat-soluble vitamins
Term
Where is the Chylomicrons formed
Definition
epithelial mucosa of the small intestine
Term
What do chylomicrons carry
Definition
absorbed TGs to adipose tissue and small amounts of protein, P-lipids, and cholesterol
Term
What is the job of the lacteal in the small intestine
Definition
absorb chylomicrons
Term
Can you make linoleic acid and linolenic acid
Definition
No
Term
What is lipolysis
Definition
breaking down of TG to glycerol and fatty acids
Term
What group does two carbons belong to
Definition
Acetyl
Term
Where is the only place ketone bodies are formed
Definition
apadocites
Term
What are the functions of proteins
Definition
structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic
Term
What is protein catabolism
Definition
breaking down of unwanted proteins
Term
What does deaminate mean
Definition
removing amino groups
Term
What does endogenous mean
Definition
with in the body
Term
What happens during hepatocytes deaminate
Definition
remove an amino group and leaves an organic acid
Term
What can you do with the organic acids after hepatocytes
Definition
they can be oxidized to CO2
Term
What are the two groups of amino acids and how many are in each
Definition
9 essential (indispensable) amino acids
11 dispensable amino acids
Term
In metabolism where do all roads lead to
Definition
acetyl coenzyme
Term
What is happening in the absorption state
Definition
things are being stored away for a later time.
Term
What is happening in postabsorptive state
Definition
the body is using the stored energy
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