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A&P II - Ch. 10 Reproductive System (MALE)
Valencia College - Derrickson
111
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/15/2019

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Cards

Term

What does the male reproductive system consist of? (5 total)

Definition

1. penis

2. testes

3. scrotum

4. a series of ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra)

5. accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands)

Term

a sac that surrounds the testes

Definition

scrotum

Term

What does the scrotum consist of?

Definition

1. skin

2. dartos muscle

Term

outer layer of the scrotum

Definition

skin

Term

- the inner layer of scrotum

- a type of smooth muscle that is attached to the skin of the scrotum via connective tissue

Definition

dartos muscle

Term

- a type of skeletal muscle that attaches to each testis

- an extension of the internal oblique muscle

Definition

cremaster muscle

Term

What are the 3 functions of the scrotum?

Definition

1. supports the testes

2. protects the testes

3. regulate temperature of testes

Term

The testes produce sperm.

Normal sperm production requires a temperature around ___°C; higher temperatures kill sperm.

Definition

34°C

Term

The scrotum maintains the temperature of the testes at 34°C by contracting or relaxing the ____________ and the ____________.

Definition

cremaster muscle

dartos muscle

Term

1. Contraction of the cremaster muscle brings the testes _______________, which allows the testes to absorb body heat.

2. Contraction of the dartos muscle causes the scrotum to _____________, which reduces heat loss.

Definition

1. closer to the body

2. become tight (i.e. wrinkled in appearance)

Term

1. Relaxation of the cremaster muscle moves the testes ________________, which reduces exposure to body heat.

2. Relaxation of the dartos muscle causes the scrotum to _____________, which increases heat loss.

Definition

1. further away from the body

2. become loose

Term

A gonad is a reproductive organ that produces ________ (sex cells such as sperm or eggs).

Definition

gametes

Term

The structure of each testis consists of what 4 parts?

Definition

1.  tunica vaginalis

2. tunica albuginea

3. seminiferous tubules

4. Leydig cells

Term

a layer of white connective tissue that surrounds the testis

Definition

tunica vaginalis

Term

- an additional layer of white connective tissue that is deep to the tunica vaginalis

- divides the testis into sections called lobules

Definition

tunica albuginea

Term

1. The lobules of the testis contain coiled structures called ______________, which produce sperm cells.

2. Each *** contains sperm cells at various stages of development that are surrounded by a ____________ (connective tissue) on one side and by a _____ on the other side.

Definition

1. seminiferous tubules

2. basement membrane; lumen

Term

Sperm cells are given different names as they develop in the seminiferous tubule. What are the names of these different stages? (5 total)

Definition

1. spermatogonium

2. primary spermatocyte

3. secondary spermatocyte

4. spermatid

5. spermatozoon

Term

- the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

- it takes about 2½ months (≈ 75 days) for this process to occur

Definition

spermatogenesis

Term

- also called sustentacular cells

- nourish, protect, and stimulate the development of sperm cells

Definition

Sertoli cells

⇒ Hence, Sertoli cells are vital to the process of spermatogenesis.

Term

Sandwiched between the developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules are __________.

Definition

Sertoli cells

Term

1. _________ secrete a fluid that transports sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis.

2. This transport function of these* cells is necessary because sperm produced in the testes are immature, which means that they are nonmotile (unable to move) and, therefore, are incapable of fertilizing an ovum. Sperm do not become mobile until they mature in the __________.

Definition

1. Sertoli cells

2. epididymis

Term

1. also called spermatozoon (the plural form is spermatozoa)

2. consists of what 2 components?

 

Definition

1. sperm cell

2. head and tail

Term

The head of a sperm cell is divided into what 2 regions?

Definition

1. acrosome

2. nucleus

Term

a sac that contains enzymes that penetrate the ovum during fertilization

Definition

acrosome

Term

contains the DNA, which is haploid (i.e. consists of 23 total chromosomes: 22 autosomes and 1 X or Y sex chromosome)

Definition

nucleus of sperm cell

Term

What are the 4 regions a sperm cell's tail divides into?

Definition

1. neck

2. middle piece (which contains mitochondria that produce energy/ATP)

3. principal piece

4. end piece

Term

True or False: During fetal development and childhood, the testes can produce sperm.

Definition

False.

Once, the male reaches puberty, however, the testes start making sperm and continue to do so for most of the male’s life.

Term

- also called interstitial cells

- located between the seminiferous tubules

- secrete testosterone into the blood

Definition

Leydig cells

Term

What are the 2 functions of the testes?

Definition

1. produce sperm

2. produce testosterone

Term

1. The fluid secreted by the Sertoli cells transports sperm from the ______________ to the ________, which is the beginning of the male duct system.

2. The male duct system consists of a series of tubes that are continuous with one another; it sequentially consists of the ________, ________, ________, and the ______.

Definition

1. seminiferous tubules; epididymis

2. epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory ducts; urethra

Term

a coiled tube located above each testis

Definition

epididymis

Term

What does the epididymis consist of? (2 total)

Definition

1. layer of epithelial cells that line a lumen

2. underlying layer of smooth muscle

Term

What are the 3 functions of the epididymis?

Definition

1. site of sperm maturation (takes 2 weeks)

2. propels sperm

3. stores sperm

Term

a long tube that extends off of the epididymis, ascends the scrotum, enters the pelvic cavity, courses past the urinary bladder, and then ends as an expanded region called the ampulla

Definition

vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens)

Term

What are the 2 functions of the vas deferens?

Definition

1. propels sperm

2. stores sperm

Term

During ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the wall of the ________ and the ________ contracts.

Definition

- epididymis

- vas deferens

Term

a collective term that refers to various structures in the scrotum that are bundled together into a cord by connective tissue

Definition

spermatic cord

Term

What 6 structures are included in the spermatic cord?

Definition

1. vas deferens

2. testicular artery (supplies blood to the testes)

3. pampiniform plexus of testicular veins (drains blood from the testes)

4. lymphatic vessels

5. nerves

6. cremaster muscle

 

Term

1. There are 2 ____________; each is formed by the union a seminal vesicle with the ampulla of the vas deferens.

2. During ejaculation, these* allow sperm to move from the __________ into the _______.

Definition

1. ejaculatory ducts

2. vas deferens; urethra

Term

the terminal part of the male duct system

Definition

urethra

Term

The male urethra consists of what 3 anatomical regions?

Definition

1. prostatic urethra

2. membranous (intermediate) urethra

3. penile urethra

Term

the part of the urethra that runs through the prostate gland

Definition

prostatic urethra

Term

the part of the urethra located between the prostate gland and the penis

Definition

membranous (intermediate) urethra

Term

- also called the spongy urethra

- the part of the urethra that runs through the corpus spongiosum of the penis

- At the tip of the penis, this* opens to the outside environment as the external urethral orifice

Definition

penile urethra

Term

During ejaculation, the ______________ at the base of the urinary bladder is closed, thereby preventing urine from entering the urethra.

Definition

urinary sphincter

Term

The accessory sex glands add secretions to sperm during ejaculation to form semen. What are the 3 male accessory sex glands?

Definition

1. seminal vesicles

2. prostate gland

3. bulbourethral glands

Term

- paired glands that secrete fructose, an alkaline fluid containing bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions, and prostaglandins into the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation.

- Recall that each one of these unites with ampulla of the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct

Definition

seminal vesicles

Term

- a single gland that is about the size and shape of a chestnut

secretes citric acid and seminalplasmin into the urethra during ejaculation

Definition

prostate gland

Term

- also called Cowper’s glands

- paired glands that are about the size and shape of a pea

- secrete mucus and an alkaline fluid containing bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions into the urethra during ejaculation

Definition

bulbourethral glands

Term

- a mixture of sperm and the secretions of the accessory sex glands

- this* has a slightly alkaline pH of about ___

Definition

- semen

- 7.5

Term

What does semen consist of? (7 total)

Definition

1. sperm

2. alkaline fluid containing bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions

3. fructose

4. citric acid

5. prostaglandins

6. mucus

7. seminalplasmin

Term

- causes semen to have a slightly alkaline pH

- neutralizes the acidic environment in the female vagina so that sperm can survive in this area

Definition

alkaline fluid containing bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions

Term

serves as a nutrient that sperm use to produce energy (ATP) via cellular respiration

Definition

fructose

Term

serves as a nutrient that sperm use to enter the Krebs Cycle in order to produce energy (ATP)

Definition

citric acid

– Note that there are more bicarbonate ions in semen than citric acid; therefore, the pH of semen is overall slightly alkaline.

Term

chemicals that eventually stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle in the female reproductive tract, which helps to move sperm towards the ovum to cause fertilization

Definition

prostaglandins

Term

lubricates the urethra during ejaculation

Definition

mucus

Term

a chemical that kills bacteria that may be present in the male urethra and/or female reproductive tract

Definition

seminalplasmin

Term

What are the 3 regions of the penis?

Definition

1. glans

2. body

3. root

Term

- the tip of the penis

- shaped like an acorn

- in an uncircumcised male, loose skin called prepuce (foreskin) surrounds the glans

Definition

glans

Term

- also called the shaft

- the middle and longest part of the penis

Definition

body

Term

- the part of the penis that attaches to the rest of the male’s body

- surrounded by the bulbospongiosus muscle, which is a type of skeletal muscle

Definition

root

Term

- connective tissue that is organized into a sponge-like network of spaces that fill with blood to cause an erection

- supplied with blood via penile arteries and drained of blood via penile veins

Definition

erectile tissue

Term

In the body of the penis, there are 3 cylindrical columns of erectile tissue:

- 2 ____________, which are fused together

- 1 ____________

Definition

- 2 corpora cavernosa (singular is corpus cavernosum)

- 1 corpus spongiosum

Term

The penile (spongy) urethra passes through the ______________.

Definition

corpus spongiosum

Term

1. In the root, the corpus spongiosum enlarges, forming the bulb of the penis; in addition, the corpora cavernosa spread apart, forming the _____ of the penis.

2. In the glans, only the ____________ is present and it is expanded.

Definition

1.  crura (singular is crus)

2. corpus spongiosum

Term

- a state of hardness that is characteristic of the penis when sexually aroused

- a reflex that is coordinated by the spinal cord

Definition

erection

Term

An erection involves __________ nerves that extend from the sacral spinal cord to the smooth muscle of penile arteries.

Definition

parasympathetic nerves

Term

Penis mechanism.

1. During sexual excitement, the parasympathetic nerves from the sacral spinal cord release __________.

2. This* causes the smooth muscle in the walls of the penile arteries to relax, resulting in _________.

3. *** of the penile arteries brings a large amount of blood to the __________ of the penis, which expands as it fills up with this blood.

Definition

1. nitric oxide (NO)

2. vasodilation

3. erectile tissue

Term

Penis mechanism.

4. Expansion of the erectile tissue ________ nearby penile veins, which prevents blood from leaving the erectile tissue.

5. The net result of the __________ of penile arteries and *** of penile veins is that a large volume of blood stays in the erectile tissue, which makes the penis erect.

Definition

4. compresses (closes)

5. vasodilation

- Note that depression, a bad mood, worrying about a problem, and/or performance anxiety can cause the brain to inhibit the erection reflex, and the penis remains flaccid (non-erect) even when sexual stimuli are present.

Term

- the expulsion of semen from the penis

- occurs when the penis becomes extremely excited by sexual stimuli

- a reflex that is coordinated by the spinal cord

Definition

ejaculation

Term

Ejaculation reflex of the spinal cord.

1. ________ nerves that extend from the upper lumbar spinal cord to the smooth muscle of the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts and to the secretory cells of the accessory sex glands.

2. ________ nerves that extend from the lower lumbar spinal cord to the bulbospongiosus muscle around the root of the penis.

Definition

1. Sympathetic

2. Somatic

Term

Mechanism of ejaculation.

1. When sexual excitement of the penis becomes extremely intense, the ________ nerves from the upper lumbar spinal cord stimulate the contraction of the smooth muscle of the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts. This causes stored sperm to be propelled from the epididymis into the urethra.

2. In addition, these nerves stimulate the accessory sex glands to release their secretions into the urethra. ______ is formed as these secretions mix with sperm.

Definition

1. sympathetic

2. Semen

Term

Mechanism of ejaculation.

3. Then the ________ nerves from the lower lumbar spinal cord stimulate the contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle. This causes the semen to be propelled from the urethra to the outside environment, and the man experiences an _______ (a sense of intense pleasure).

Definition

3. somatic; orgasm

Term

1. On average, the amount of semen ejaculated from the penis is about __ mL and contains about ___ million sperm.

2. Such a large number of sperm are released because only about ___ of them will make it to the ampulla of the fallopian tubes, which is where fertilization takes place. The rest of the sperm die along the way in the vagina and uterus.

Definition

1. 3 mL; 300 million (i.e. 100 million sperm/mL)

2. 100

Term

1. A man is considered to be infertile if his sperm count is below ___ million sperm/mL) because none of the sperm will reach the ovum.

2. Frequent ejaculations (more than __ per week) can lead to a low sperm count due to the fact that the testes cannot produce sperm quick enough to keep up with the fast pace by which the sperm are being released from the body.

Definition

1. 20

2. 4

- However, this infertility is usually temporary and reverses once the frequency of ejaculation decreases and the testes have a chance to produce more sperm.

Term

What are the 4 major male reproductive hormones?

Definition

1. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

4. Testosterone

Term

When do male reproductive hormones start being released and for how long?

Definition

These hormones are secreted once the male reaches puberty, and they continue to be released for most of the male’s adult life.

Term

True or False: There is some testosterone released by the testes during fetal development; however, this secretion stops soon after birth, and there isn’t any significant amount of testosterone produced during childhood.

Definition

True.

Term

secreted by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion (i.e. the hypothalamus secretes a small amount of GnRH periodically throughout the day)

Definition

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Term

causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH

Definition

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Term

- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates spermatogenesis

- achieves this goal by activating the Sertoli cells

Definition

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Term

- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete testosterone into the blood

Definition

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Term

- secreted by the Leydig cells of the testes

- Functions include: development of primary sex characteristics (growth of reproductive organs), development of secondary sex characteristics (low pitched voice, increased body hair, skeletal muscle growth), stimulates spermatogenesis, increases libido, increases aggressiveness

Definition

testosterone

Term

What 2 hormones do sperm cells require in order to progress through the carious stages of spermatogenesis?

Definition

testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Term

1. In many target cells, the effects of testosterone are mediated by _____________.

2. In such cases, target cells contain an enzyme called ____________ that converts the testosterone into #1.

Definition

1. dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

2. 5-alpha reductase

Term

Testosterone and DHT are examples of ________.

Definition

androgens

Term

a hormone that promotes masculine characteristics

Definition

androgen

Term

What are the 3 major types of androgens?

Definition

1. testosterone

2. dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

3. adrenal androgen

Term

Androgens.

1. secreted by the testes in men

2. a conversion product of testosterone found in men

3. secreted by the adrenal gland in both men and women.

Definition

1. testosterone

2. dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

3. adrenal androgen

Term

1. The main adrenal androgen is ______________, which is secreted by the adrenal gland in both men and women.

2. In men, the effects of adrenal androgen are _____ to those of testosterone and DHT, which are much more potent.

3. In women, the only androgen present is ____________ and its concentration is small.

Definition

1. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

2. trivial

3. adrenal androgen

Term

Adrenal androgen is responsible for what 3 features in women? 

Definition

1. axillary hair

2. pubic hair

3. libido

Some DHEA can be converted into estrogen; therefore, DHEA is a small source of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Note that once a woman goes through menopause, the secretion of estrogen by the ovaries declines to insignificant amounts. 

Term

Testosterone secretion is ultimately regulated by the hypothalamus via a ________________.

Definition

negative feedback system

Term

1. The release of _____ causes the anterior pituitary to secrete LH.

2. LH then acts on the testes to promote secretion of ________ and the blood concentration of this* increases.

3. A high blood concentration of #2, however, inhibits #1 secretion from the _________ and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Definition

1. GnRH

2. testosterone

3. hypothalamus

Term

1. Without the release of LH, the testes are not stimulated to secrete any more testosterone and the blood concentration of testosterone ________.

2. Therefore, a person who takes ____________ for bodybuilding will have a lowered blood concentration of ______ testosterone, which results in infertility (testosterone is required for spermatogenesis), atrophy of the testes (the testes shrink due to lack of stimulation from LH and testosterone), and violent mood swings (due to the effects of testosterone on behavior).

Definition

1. decreases

2. anabolic steroids (testosterone-like drugs); natural

Term

condition in which the testes do not descend into the scrotum

Definition

cryptorchidism

Term

ejaculation that occurs too early, for example, during foreplay or shortly after penetration

Definition

premature ejaculation

Term

a surgical procedure in which part of or the entire prepuce (foreskin) is removed

Definition

circumcision

Term

- fluid-filled sacs in or on an ovary

- relatively common, usually noncancerous, and frequently disappear on their own

Definition

ovarian cysts

Term

may result from the weakening of supporting ligaments and pelvic musculature associated with age or disease, traumatic vaginal delivery, chronic straining from coughing or difficult bowel movements, or pelvic tumors

Definition

uterine prolapse

Term

surgical removal of the uterus, is the most common gynecological operation

Definition

hysterectomy

Term

a perineal cut between the vagina and anus made with surgical scissors to widen the birth canal

Definition

episiotomy

Term

- surgical procedure to increase breast size and shape

- surgical procedure that involves decreasing breast size by removing fat, skin, and glandular tissue

Definition

breast augmentation and reduction

Term

the most common cause of breast lumps in females, one or more cysts and thickenings of alveoli develop

Definition

fibrocystic disease of the breasts

Term

1. female reproductive cycle can be disrupted by many factors; but often occur together in female athletes

2. female athlete develops __________ from intense pressure by parents, coaches, etc.

3. absence of menstruation (occurs due to reduced secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

4. because estrogens help bones retain calcium and other minerals, chronically low levels of estrogens are associated with loss of bone mineral density

Definition

1. female athlete triad

2. disordered eating

3. amenorrhea

4. premature osteoporosis

Term

- restricting the number of children by various methods designed to control fertility and prevent conception

- refers to the premature expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus, usually before the 20th week of pregnancy (may be naturally occuring - miscarriage - or be induced intentionally)

Definition

birth control methods and abortion

Term

- most common cancer in males between the ages of 20 and 35

- arises from spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubulues

Definition

testicular cancer

Term

- prostate becomes swollen and tender

- one of the most common chronic infections in men of the middle and later years

- prostate cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in men in the US

Definition

prostate disorders

Term

previously termed impotence, this is the consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse

Definition

erectile dysfunction

Term

- a cyclical disorder of severe physical and emotional distress

- appears during the postovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle and dramatically disappears when menstruation begins

Definition

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Term

characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

Definition

endometriosis

Term

What is responsible for secreting citric acid and seminalplasmin into the urethra during ejaculation?

Definition

prostate gland

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