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A&P II - Ch. 10 Reproductive System (FEMALE)
Valencia College - Derrickson
107
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2019

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

What does the female reproductive system consist of? (6 total)

Definition

1. ovaries

2. fallopian tubes

3. uterus

4. vagina

5. vulva

6. mammary glands

Term

- the female gonads

- paired glands that are shaped like almonds

- held in place by various ligaments

Definition

ovaries

Term

1. The ovaries produce _____.

2. Each ovum is actually produced as part of a larger structure called an ____________.

Definition

1. ova (eggs)

2. ovarian follicle

Term

An ovarian follicle is given different names as it develops in the ovary; these names sequentially include the _______ follicle, _______ follicle, _______ follicle, and _________ follicle.

Definition

primordial

primary

secondary

mature (Graafian)

Term

- consists of an ovum that is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells

Definition

primordial follicle

Term

The ovum contains a nucleus, which is ______ (i.e. it has 23 total chromosomes: 22 autosomes and 1 X sex chromosome)

Definition

haploid

Term

- develops from the primordial follicle

- consists of an ovum that is surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells and two layers of __________

Definition

primary follicle

- theca cells

Term

- larger than the primordial follicle due to proliferation of the granulosa cells and the presence of the theca cells

- the primary follicle also contains a glycoprotein layer called the ________ that surrounds the ovum.

Definition

primary follicle

zona pellucida

Term

Secondary follicle develops from the primary follicle. What does it consist of? (4 total)

Definition

1. ovum

2. antrum

3. granulosa cells

4. theca cells

Term

a fluid-filled cavity that forms within the secondary follicle

Definition

antrum

Term

- there are several layers of granulosa cells found within the secondary follicle.

- the closest layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the ovum is now called the __________.

- additional layers of granulosa cells line the antrum of the secondary follicle.

Definition

granulosa cells

corona radiata

Term

forms the outer wall of the secondary follicle

Definition

theca cells

Term

- develops from the secondary follicle

- this* is structurally similar to the secondary follicle; the only major difference is that this* is larger due to cell growth.

Definition

mature (Graafian) follicle

Term

- the production of ova in the ovaries

- this* starts before birth, comes to a halt during childhood, resumes at puberty, and continues until menopause.

- before birth, the ovaries produce all of the ovarian follicles that a woman will ever have during her life

Definition

oogenesis

Term

About ______ ovarian follicles are formed in each ovary of a female fetus.

Definition

2 million

Term

1. However, all of these ovarian follicles are _______ follicles, which are immature.

2. The *** follicles remain _______ for the duration of fetal development and throughout childhood.

3. These* continue to develop once a female reaches ______ and thereafter until _______.

Definition

1. primordial

2. undeveloped

3. puberty; menopause

Term

Menstrual cycle.

1. Once a month starting at puberty, one of the _______ follicles develop into a primary follicle.

2. This* then develops into a ______ follicle.

3. Then this* follicle subsequently develops into a _______ follicle.

4. #3 follicle then splits open and releases its ovum (with surrounding zona pellucida and corona radiata) from the ovary; this process is called ______. The ovum is then swept into the _________.

Definition

1. primordial

2. secondary

3. mature (Graafian)

4. ovulation; fallopian tube

Term

Menstrual cycle.

5. The remainder of the mature (Graafian) follicle (i.e. the granulosa cells and theca cells that lined the antrum) stays in the ovary and is now called the ________________.

6. This* expands and then turns into the __________, which is yellow in color.

7. Then this* subsequently degenerates, forming a whitish mass of scar tissue called __________.

8. #7 eventually disappears due to ____ in the ovary that absorb it.

Definition

5. corpus hemorrhagicum

6. corpus luteum

7. corpus albicans

8. cells

Term

1. Even though 2 million ovarian follicles are produced in each ovary, only about ___ total ova are actually ovulated throughout a woman’s entire reproductive life (1 ovum released every month from age 13 to about age 50).

2. The rest of the ovarian follicles gradually undergo ______ (degradation).

3. By the time a woman reaches age 45 to 55, there are no more ovarian follicles left and she enters ________.

Definition

1. 450

2. atresia

3. menopause

Term

What are the 2 hormones that the ovaries produce?

Definition

1. estrogen

2. progesterone

Term

1. The ovarian follicle secretes _______ as it develops in the ovary.

2. This process involves both the __________ and the ____________ of the secondary follicle and the mature (Graafian) follicle.

Definition

1. estrogen

2. theca cells; granulosa cells

Term

1. As a secondary follicle is developing into a mature (Graafian) follicle, the theca cells produce a steroid called ____________.

2. The granulosa cells then take up the ***, convert it to _______, and then secrete this* into the blood.

3. After ovulation has occurred, the __________ also secretes #2 and progesterone into the blood.

Definition

1. androstenedione

2. estrogen

3. corpus luteum

Term

- also called uterine tubes or oviducts

- a woman has 2 of these; each extends laterally from the uterus and comes close to (but does not actually touch) an ovary.

Definition

fallopian tubes

Term

A fallopian tube consists of what 3 major external regions?

Definition

1. infundibulum

2. ampulla

3. isthmus

Term

- the part of the fallopian tube that is closest to the ovary

- contains fingerlike projections called _______ that sweep the ovulated ovum into the fallopian tube

Definition

infundibulum

fimbriae

Term

- the part of the fallopian tube that is between the infundibulum and the isthmus

- fertilization normally occurs here

Definition

ampulla

Term

the narrow part of the fallopian tube that connects with the uterus

Definition

isthmus

Term

The fallopian tubes consist of 3 layers, what are they?

Definition

1. mucosa

2. muscularis

3. serosa

Term

- inner layer of fallopian tubes

- consists of a layer of epithelial cells that line a lumen and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Definition

mucosa

Term

- middle layer of fallopian tubes

- consists of smooth muscle

Definition

muscularis

Term

- outer layer of fallopian tubes

- consists of epithelial cells and connective tissue

Definition

serosa

Term

Fertilization normally occurs in the ___________.

 

Definition

fallopian tubes

Term

1. Recall that sperm are released into the ________ during sexual intercourse.

2. From the ***, sperm move into the ______, and then into the _______ of the fallopian tube.

3. From the ***, sperm move into the ______ of the fallopian tube. While in the ***, the sperm encounter the __________. Consequently, the ovum is fertilized by one of the sperm cells.

Definition

1. vagina

2. uterus; isthmus

3. ampulla; ovulated egg

Term

1. The fallopian tubes transport the _____ into the uterus.

2. Contraction of the ________ of the fallopian tube moves the *** (whether fertilized or not) down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.

Definition

1. ovum

2. muscularis 

Term

- also called the womb

- a pear-shaped organ located between the fallopian tube and the vagina

Definition

uterus

Term

What are the 3 external regions of the uterus?

Definition

1. fundus

2. body

3. cervix

Term

the superior part of the uterus

Definition

fundus

Term

the middle and largest part of the uterus

Definition

body

Term

the inferior part of the uterus

Definition

cervix

- Note that the cervix is continuous with the vagina

Term

The uterus consist of what 3 internal layers?

Definition

1. endometrium

2. myometrium

3. perimetrium

Term

1. inner layer of the uterus

2. further divided into what 2 sublayers?

Definition

1. endometrium

2. stratum functionalis; stratum basalis

Term

1. the layer of the endometrium that lines the uterine cavity

2. In an unpregnant woman, the *** sheds (i.e. detaches from the rest of the uterus) every month as a part of a process called _________.

3. In a pregnant woman, the *** remains attached to the rest of the uterus and serves as the location where the ____________ implants and develops into a fetus.

Definition

1. stratum functionalis

2. menstruation

3. fertilized ovum

Term

- the layer of the endometrium that is below the stratum functionalis

- a permanent layer whose cells can proliferate (divide) to form a new stratum functionalis every month after menstruation occurs

Definition

stratum basalis

Term

What do the stratum functionalis and stratum basalis consist of? (3 total)

Definition

1. epithelial cells

2. heavily vascularized connective tissue

3. endometrial glands

Term

1. middle layer of the uterus, consists of smooth muscle

2. During childbirth, the posterior pituitary gland secretes ______, which causes the myometrium of the uterus to contract. Consequently, the fetus moves from the uterus into the vagina and then out of the body.

Definition

1. myometrium

2. oxytocin

Term

- outer layer of the uterus

- consists of epithelial cells and connective tissue

Definition

perimetrium

Term

1. In an _________ woman, menstruation occurs in the uterus.

2. In a pregnant woman, the uterus is the location where the fertilized ovum implants and develops into a _____.

3. During childbirth, the _____ contracts in order to push the fetus out of the woman’s body.

Definition

1. unpregnant

2. fetus

3. uterus

Term

a tube-shaped organ that extends inferiorly from the uterus

Definition

vagina

Term

1. Externally, the vagina opens up to the exterior of a woman’s body at a region called the ____________.

2. In a virgin woman, the vaginal orifice is partially covered by vascularized connective tissue called _____.

Definition

1. vaginal orifice

2. hymen (After a woman’s first sexual intercourse, this* is usually torn and is no longer present from that point on.) 

Term

What are the 3 internal layers of the vagina?

Definition

1. mucosa

2. muscalaris

3. adventitia

Term

- inner layer of vagina

- consists of a layer of epithelial cells that line a lumen and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Definition

mucosa

Term

1. The epithelial cells of the mucosa are involved in the formation of __________, which is released into the vaginal lumen.

2. This* is _____ and, consequently, reduces the growth of microbes in the vagina.

Definition

1. vaginal fluid

2. acidic

Term

- middle layer of vagina

- consists of smooth muscle

- the relaxation of this smooth muscle allows the vagina to stretch tremendously during sexual intercourse and during childbirth

Definition

muscularis

Term

- outer layer of vagina

- consists of connective tissue

Definition

adventitia

Term

1. The vagina is the female organ of ____________.

2. The vagina is a passageway for the release of ____________ from the uterus to the outside environment during menstruation.

3. The vagina serves as the ________, allowing the fetus to move from the uterus to the outside environment during childbirth.

Definition

1. sexual intercourse

2. menstrual fluid

3. birth canal

Term

a collective name that refers to the external genitalia of a woman

Definition

vulva

Term

What does the vulva consist of? (4 total)

Definition

1. mons pubis

2. labia majora

3. labia minora

4. clitoris

Term

a region of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair that is located anterior to the pubic bone

Definition

mons pubis

Term

- large folds of skin that are inferior to the mons pubis

- usually covered by pubic hair

Definition

labia majora

Term

- small folds of skin that are between the labia majora

- lack pubic hair

Definition

labia minora

Term

The labia minora surrounds the ________, which is a space that contains the _____________ and the ___________.

Definition

vestibule

external urethral orifice

vaginal orifice

Term

- formed at the superior junction of the labia minora

- consists of erectile tissue that fills with blood and becomes erect when a woman is sexually aroused

Definition

clitoris

- Hence, the clitoris is similar to, but much smaller than, the penis of a male.

Term

Note that deep to the vulva is the __________________.

Definition

bulbospongiosus muscle

Term

1. During sexual intercourse, the rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle causes a woman to have an _______.

2. Recall that in a male, the bulbospongiosus muscle surrounds the _____________.

3. Nevertheless, the contraction of this muscle in a male also causes an _______.

Definition

1. orgasm

2. root of the penis

3. orgasm

Term

1. Each breast consists of a ____________ and surrounding ____________.

2. The *** are modified ___________ that produce milk (a process called _______) in a woman that has just given birth.

Definition

1. mammary gland; adipose tissue

2. sweat glands; lactation

Term

What are the major female reproductive hormones? (5 total)

Definition

1. Gonadaltropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

2. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

4. Estrogen

5. Progesterone

Term

secreted by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion

Definition

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Term

causes the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH

Definition

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Term

secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicle

Definition

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Term

1. stimulates the ovarian follicle to produce estrogen

2.  achieves this goal by causing the granulosa cells of the secondary follicle and mature (Graafian) follicle to take up ____________ from the theca cells, convert it to estrogen, and then to secrete the estrogen into the blood

Definition

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

2. androstenedione

Term

LH is secreted by the _________________.

 

Definition

anterior pituitary gland

Term

Functions of LH.

1. stimulates the growth and development of the __________

2. stimulates this* to produce ________

3. achieves this goal by causing the _______ of the secondary follicle and the mature (Graafian) follicle to secrete __________.

4. As mentioned earlier, FSH then causes the __________ to take up the ***, convert it to estrogen, and then to secrete the estrogen into the blood.

Definition

1. ovarian follicle

2. estrogen

3. theca cells; androstenedione

4. granulosa cells

Term

Functions of LH.

5. causes _______ to occur

6. causes the __________ to form (Hence the name “luteinizing hormone”)

7. stimulates the *** to secrete _______ and __________ into the blood

Definition

5. ovulation

6. corpus luteum

7. estrogen; progesterone

Term

Depending on the stage of the female reproductive cycle, ________  is secreted by the secondary follicle, mature (Graafian) follicle, or corpus luteum of the ovary.

Definition

estrogen

Term

1. Estrogen causes the development of female ______ sex characteristics (i.e. growth of female reproductive organs).

2. Estrogen causes the development of female ______ sex characteristics (high pitched voice, fat distribution in the breasts and hips, and reduced body hair).

3. Estrogen causes the __________ of the uterus to proliferate in order to form a new ____________ every month after menstruation occurs.

Definition

1. primary 

2. secondary

3. stratum basale; stratum functionalis

Term

Estrogen secretion is ultimately regulated by the hypothalamus via a _______________.

Definition

negative feedback system

Term

Estrogen Regulation.

1. The _________ secretes GnRH in a pulsatile fashion.

2. The release of GnRH causes the ____________ to secrete FSH and LH.

3. The FSH and the LH stimulate the development of an ________.

4. While the *** develops, ______ is released and the blood concentration of estrogen increases.

Definition

1. hypothalamus

2. anterior pituitary

3. ovarian follicle

4. estrogen

Term

Estrogen Regulation.

5. A high blood estrogen concentration, however, inhibits the secretion of ____ from the hypothalamus and the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

6. Without FSH and LH, the __________ does not develop; therefore, no more estrogen is secreted and the blood concentration of estrogen decreases.

Definition

5. GnRH

6. ovarian follicle

Term

secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary

Definition

progesterone

Term

causes the endometrium of the uterus to become secretory in order to prepare for the possible implantation of a fertilized ovum

Definition

progesterone

Term

1. Progesterone stimulates the ____________ to secrete various nutrients (sugars, proteins, and lipids) into the surrounding endometrial tissue and the uterine cavity.

2. Once the fertilized ovum implants, it can feed on these nutrients until the ______ develops.

Definition

1. endometrial glands

2. placenta

Term

Progesterone secretion is also regulated by a _________________.

Definition

negative feedback system

Term

1. As in the case with estrogen, a high blood concentration of progesterone inhibits the secretion of ____, ___, and ___.

2. Without ___ and ___, an ovarian follicle does not develop and the corpus luteum never forms.

3. Without the ____________, no more progesterone is secreted, and the blood concentration of progesterone decreases.

Definition

1. GnRH, FSH, and LH

2. FH and LH

3. corpus luteum

Term

1. The ____________________ is a sequence of events that involve fluctuations of reproductive hormones as well as physical changes in the ovaries and uterus that occur on a monthly basis.

2. A typical female reproductive cycle has a duration of about ___ days.

Definition

1. female reproductive cycle (menstrual cycle)

2. 28

Term

What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle?

Definition

1. menstrual phase (days 1-5)

2. preovulatory phase (days 6-13)

3.  ovulation (day 14)

4. postovulatory phase (days 15-28)

Term

Menstrual phase (days 1 - 5).

1. The ____________ of the endometrium sheds (i.e. detaches from the rest of the uterus) due to a low blood concentration of estrogen and progesterone.

2. The detached *** and the blood that comes along with it is called _____ or menstrual fluid.

3. On average, a woman releases about ___ mL of *** during this phase each month.

Definition

1. stratum functionalis

2. menses

3. 50 mL

Term

Preovulatory phase (days 6-13).

1. The __________ increases its secretion of GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to increase its release of FSH and LH.

2. FSH and LH stimulate the development of a new __________.

3. During this process, the *** secretes ______ into the blood.

4. Once in circulation, *** is transported to its _________ to promote female primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

5. In addition, estrogen causes the __________ to proliferate in order to form a new stratum functionalis.

Definition

1. hypothalamus

2. ovarian follicle

3. estrogen

4. target cells

5. stratum basalis

Term

Ovulation (day 14).

1. The ____________ suddenly releases a huge amount of LH into the blood.

2. This LH surge causes the mature (Graafian) follicle to undergo ________.

3. The released ovum is then swept into the fallopian tube by the ________.

Definition

1. anterior pituitary

2. ovulation

3. fimbriae

Term

Postovulatory phase (days 15-28).

1. At the beginning of this phase, LH causes the ____________  to develop into the corpus luteum.

2. In addition, LH stimulates the ___________ to secrete estrogen and progesterone into the blood.

3. The progesterone causes the _________ to become secretory in order to prepare for the possible implantation of a fertilized ovum.

4. If the ovum has not been fertilized, then the corpus luteum degenerates into the __________, and there is no more production of estrogen and progesterone.

Definition

1. corpus hemorrhagicum

2. corpus luteum

3. endometrium

4. corpus albicans

Term

Postovulatory phase (days 15-28).

5. Consequently, the blood concentrations of estrogen and progesterone become very low and the ____________ sheds (i.e. the menstrual phase of a new female reproductive cycle occurs).

6. _________, however, should not occur if a woman is pregnant.

7. If the ovum has been fertilized and subsequently implants into the stratum functionalis, then chorion surrounding the developing embryo secretes a hormone called __________________ into the blood.

Definition

5. stratum functionalis

6. Menstruation

7. human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Term

Postovulatory phase (days 15-28).

8. HCG keeps the corpus luteum functional for about ________.

9. Consequently, estrogen and progesterone continue to be produced, which keeps the stratum functionalis attached to the __________ to maintain pregnancy.

10. The placenta forms by the third month of pregnancy; at that point, the placenta starts to secrete __________ and _______ and continues to do so for the remainder of the pregnancy.

11. Since the __________ is no longer needed, it degrades at this time.

Definition

8. 3 months

9. stratum basalis

10. progesterone; estrogen

11. corpus luteum

Term

- affects 1 in 8 women

cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts

Definition

breast cancer

Term

cancer that begins in the female organs that produce eggs

- 6th most common form of cancer in women

Definition

ovarian cancer

Term

- carcinoma of the cervix of the uterus that affects 12,000 women/year

malignant tumor of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus

Definition

cervical cancer

Term

- yeast-like fungus that commonly grows on mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tracts

- most common form is vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina)

Definition

vulvovaginal candidiasis

Term

disease that is spread by sexual contact

Definition

sexually transmitted diseases

Term

removal, inactivation, or destruction of the gonads; commonly used in reference to removal of the testes only

Definition

castration

Term

procedure in which a culdoscope (endoscope) is inserted through the posterior wall of the vagina to view the rectouterine pouch in the pelvic cavity

Definition

culdoscopy

Term

pain associated with menstruation; the term is usually reserved to describe menstrual symptoms that are severe enough to prevent a woman from functioning normally for one or more days each month

Definition

dysmenorrhea

Term

procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette, commonly called a D and C

Definition

endocervical curettage

Term

the presence of both ovarian and testicular tissue in one individual

Definition

hermaphroditism

Term

a common congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is displaced

Definition

hypospadias

Term

a whitish (non-bloody) vaginal discharge containing mucus and pus cells that may occur at any age and affects most women at some time

Definition

leukorrhea

Term

removal of the ovaries

Definition

oophorectomy

Term

collective term for any extensive bacterial infection of the pelvic organs, especially the uterus, uterine tubes, or ovaries

Definition

pelvic inflammatory disease

Term

removal of the uterine (fallopian) tube

Definition

salpingectomy

Term

the secretion, consisting principally of desquamated epithelial cells, found chiefly around the external genitals and especially under the foreskin of the male

Definition

smegma

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