Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&PII
Ch. 17- Cardiovascular System: Blood
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/16/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Blood
Definition
Liquid connective tissue.
Term
Plasma
Definition
Liquid ECM that suspends cells.
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
Fluid that bathes body cells.
Term
Functions of Blood (3)
Definition
1) Transportation (gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes).

2) Regulation (pH, body temp, osmotic pressure).

3) Protection (clotting, WBC's).
Term
Components of Blood
Definition
Plasma 55%
Buffy Coat 1%
Erythrocytes 44%
Term
Components of Plasma
Definition
90% Water.
8% Plasma Proteins.
2% dissolved molecules and ions (mostly electrolytes).

**Because it contains proteins in the plasma, blood is considered a colloid.
Term
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Helps to maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

-Draws fluid into the blood and prevents the loss of fluid in the capillaries.
Term
What happens if plasma protein levels decrease?
Definition
Then colloid osmotic pressure decreases, causin[[[[[[g fluid loss from the blood, and edema.
Term
Blood Plasma Proteins (3)
Definition
1) Albumin -transport protein; buffer; major contributor to blood osmotic pressure.

2) Globulin -transport protein; antibody.

3) Fibrinogen -forms fibrin threads in blood clots.
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
Percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's.
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
RBCs
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
WBCs - 2 types:

Granular: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

Agranular: B&T lymphocytes, NK cells. Monocytes.
Term
Formed Elements
Definition
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

***These elements must constantly be replaced!
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
1 Hemoglobin molecule carries 4 O2 molecules.

-Globin- 4 polypeptide chains.

-Heme pigment in each 4 chains.

* Fe2+ in each heme that binds oxygen reversibly!

Each RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin!
Term
Hemoglobin functions
Definition
Also transports 23% of total carbon dioxide (combines with amino acids of globin).
Term
Nitric Oxide
Definition
Nitrix Oxide binds to Hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin releases NO, causing vasodilation, to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery.
Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition
Hemoglobin also binds carbon monoxide more strongly than it binds oxygen....
Term
Oxyhemoglobin
Definition
Hb saturated with oxygen.
Term
Deoxyhemoglobin
Definition
"Reduced" Hb.
Term
Carbaminohemoglobin
Definition
Carbon dioxide bound to amino acids of Hb.
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
A growth factor that increases the number of RBC precursors.

-Produced by the kidneys.

Usually, rate of EPO = rate of RBC destruction. (Negative feedback loop monitors this via oxygen level).
Term
Blood Cell Formation
Definition
All blood cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells and have the ability to develop into many different types of cells.

Once a cell is “committed” to a particular pathway, it cannot change.
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Cellular oxygen deficiency.
Term
Synthetic EPO
Definition
Some people with renal failure make too little EPO to support normal erythropoiesis – synthetic EPO helps.

Some athletes use EPO for increased performance.
Term
Polycytemia
Definition
more oxygen (used in synthetic EPO).
Term
Pernicious Anemia
Definition
Autoimmune disorder that attacks stomach cells that produce a factor necessary for hemopoiesis (red blood cell formation).
Term
Renal Anemia
Definition
Lack of EPO.
Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition
Destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow (blood transfusions necessary until bone marrow transplant can occur).
Term
Thalassemias
Definition
Type of anemia- Problem with Hemoglobin structure.
Term
MHC antigen proteins
Definition
Cell ID markers unique for each person that protrude from the plasma membrane of Leukocytes.
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
Increase in number of WBCs in response to stressors.
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
WBCs leave the bloodstream and travel to sites of pathogen invasion or inflammation.

Roll, stick to, and then squeeze between endothelial cells.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes.
Term
Graft-versus-Host Disease
Definition
Transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues.
Term
Cord-Blood Transplant
Definition
-Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth.

-Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely.

-Less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease.
Term
Granules released by platelets that help clotting: (4)
Definition
- Ca2+

- Serotonin

- ADP

- Enzymes; growth factors
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
Sequence of steps to stop bleeding
1) Vascular Spasm- smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction.

2) Platelet Plug Formation- injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers- platelets adhere-> release sticky chemicals.

3) Coagulation (blood clotting)- Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.
Term
Serum
Definition
blood plasma minus clotting proteins.
Term
Clotting
Definition
Series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of fibrin threads.
Term
3 stages of clotting
Definition
1) Extrinsic or Intrinsic pathways lead to formation of prothrombinase.

2) Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin.

3) Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble), forming the threads of the clot.
Term
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Pathways for forming Prothrombin activator
Definition
Intrinsic- clotting factors needed are present within the blood.
Slower- many steps.
Triggered by negatively charged surfaces..

Extrinsic- triggered by exposing blood
faster- fewer steps.
Term
2 positive feedback effects of Thrombin:
Definition
1. Accelerates formation of prothrombin activator.

2. Thrombin activates platelets.
Term
Why do clot formations remain localized?
Definition
Because fibrin absorbs thrombin, and clotting factor concentrations are low.
Term
Plasmin
Definition
Natural "clot buster", digests fibrin.
Term
Plasminogen
Definition
Plasma protein
Term
tPA
Definition
Tissue plasminogen factor, secreted when clot is near.
Term
Fibrinolysis
Definition
Clot needs to be removed when vessel is healed.
Term
Undesirable Clotting
Definition
Endothelial cells secrete antithrombic substances to prevent platelet adhesion.
Term
Heparin
Definition
Natural anticoagulant in basophils and mast cells, on surface of endothelial cells.

-inhibits thrombin.
-inhibits intrinsic pathway.
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
Fat soluble vitamin absorbed through intestine into blood.

Not involved in clot formation, but required for the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.

Vitamin K deficiency can result in uncontrolled bleeding!!!!
Term
Warfarin
Definition
An anticoagulant.

Antagonist to vitamin K -> blocks synthesis of clotting factors.
Term
Aspirin
Definition
Inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane A2 synthesis.
-Reduces risk of transient ischemic attacks, strokes, heart attacks, artery blockage.
Term
Thrombolytic Agents
Definition
Dissolves blood clots.

-Activates plasminogen, which digests fibrin.

-Genetically engineered tPA treats heart attack and stroke victims.
Term
Thromus
Definition
Clot
Term
Thrombosis
Definition
Clotting in an unbroken vessel.
Term
Embolus
Definition
Blood clot, air bubble, fat, or debris transported by the bloodstream.

-Pulmonary embolism = embolus in the lungs
Supporting users have an ad free experience!