Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P II
exam 2
181
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/14/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Respiratory System Functions
Definition

MOPSS

Move air to and from exchange surfaces

Olfactory sensations

Protect surfaces from environment

-Moisture

-Temp

-Invading pathogens

Surface are for gas exchange

Sounds for speech

Term
Upper Respiratory
Definition

Nose

Nasal Cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx

Larynx

Term
Lower Respiratory
Definition

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Term
Conducting Zone
Definition

GET AIR FROM A TO B

-Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

-Lined with respiratory mucosa

Term
Respiratory Zone
Definition

GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE

-Respiratory bronchioles

-Alveolar ducts

-Alveoli

Term
Mucosa Membrane
Definition

-Epithelium: cilliated psuedostratified columnar

-Lamina Propria

Term
Lamina Propria
Definition

UPPER RESPIRATORY

-mucous glands

-serous glands: watery fluid containg enzymes (lysozyme)

LOWER RESPIRATORY

-conducting portions: contains smooth muscle

-smooth muscle controls diameter of tubes

Term
Nose and Nasal Cavity: Function
Definition

-Provide

-Moisten

-Filter

-Resonate for speech

-House olfactory receptors

Term
What is the nose and nasal cavity lined with?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Paranasal Sinuses: Functions
Definition

-Produce mucous

-Lighten skull

-Warm and moisten air

Term
Sinusitis
Definition
inflammation of the sinuses (sinus infection)
Term
Rhinitis
Definition

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

-excessive mucous production, nasal congestion, postnasal drip

Caused by cold virus, streptococcal bacteria, allergens

-produce a lot of histamines

Take an antihistamine for symptoms

Term
Histamine
Definition
dilates blood vessels
Term
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Definition

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngophaynx

Term
Nasopharynx epithelium
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
Oropharynx epithelium
Definition

stratified squamous epithelium

-more protection

Term
Laryngopharynx epithelium
Definition

stratified squamous epithelium

-more protection

Term
Larynx
Definition

glottis

epiglottis

cartilage

Term
How does testosterone affect the vocal cords?
Definition

it changs the size of the larynx and vocal cords

-so rapidly they squeak!!

Term
Why is the trachea cartilage c-shaped?
Definition
So when swallowing something, there will be room for the esophagus to expand with the size of the food.
Term
Trachea epithelium
Definition
ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Bronchi
Definition

primary

secondary

tertiary

Term
what happens to the amount of cartilage from primary to tertiary?
Definition
it decreases in amount
Term
What shape are primary bronchi?
Definition
c-shaped cartilage
Term
Right primary bronchi
Definition

larger

steeper angle

more likely for debris to get lodged here

Term
How many secondary bronchi are they?
Definition

5.

one for each lobe

Term
What increases from primary to tertiary bronchi?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
Which lung has 3 lobes, which has 2?
Definition

left-2

right-3

Term
Bronchitis
Definition
infection of the bronchi or bronchioles resulting in constriction of air passageways
Term
Bronchioles
Definition

-no cartilage

-smooth muscle

-highly branched

-ends with terminal bronchioles

Term
what is the purpose of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles?
Definition

-controls airflow

-bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction: controlled by NS

 

 

Term
What is asthma?
Definition
an over stimulation of the smooth muscle in the bronchioles
Term
What is the alveolar sac?
Definition
a big grouping of Alveoli
Term
Alveoli epithelium
Definition

simple squamous epithelium 

(type I cells)

Term
What do Alveolar macrophages do?
Definition
ingest any foreign particles
Term
Septal Cells (type II cells)
Definition

larger than squamous cells

Function: produce surfactant

Term
what is the purpose of surfactant?
Definition
Surfactant reduces the surface tension within in your lungs, your alveoli have a wet surface and if surfactant were not present they would stick together causing a difficulty in expanding your thoracic cavity-so you wouldn't be able to breath without surfactant.
Term
Pneumonia
Definition

-build up of fluid in alveoli due to an infection causing inflammation

-causes a thicker membrane which makes gas exchange harder

Term
Normally, how thick is the resp. membrane?
Definition
0.5 microns thick
Term
what are the three parts of the resp. membrane?
Definition

epithelial cells of the alveolus

endothelial cells of capillary

basal laminae in between

Term
What diffuses across the resp membrane?
Definition
O2 and CO2
Term

What is a pulmonary embolism? result of it?

 

Definition

-blockage causing lack of blood to region of lung

-could result in collapse of alveoli

puts stress on breathing and heart

leading to congestive heart failure

Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
P=1/V
Term
what is the normal pressure of the lungs?
Definition
4 mmHg less than atm pressure
Term
what is compliance?
Definition

ease at which the lungs expand and contract

-lower compliance=harder you must work to fill and empty your lungs

Term
what affects compliance?
Definition

loss of supporting tissues

-i.e emphysema- build up of scar tissue

low levels of surfactant production

arthritis or other skeletal disorders that affect mobility of the thoracic cavity

Term
surface tension vs surfactant
Definition
surfactant breaks up surface tension and therefore keeps alveoli from collasping
Term
what is Infant Resp. Distress Syndrome?
Definition

too little surfactant present causes alveoli to collapse

treatment: spray surfactant in newborn's resp. passageways, respirator.

Term
inspiration vs expiration
Definition

INSPIRATION:

diaphragm moves down(contracts)

lower pressure

EXPIRATION:

diaphragm moves up(relaxes)

higher pressure

Term
what is pneumothorax?
Definition
collapsed lung
Term
what causes the lung to collapse? (pneumothorax)
Definition
neg. pressure in the pleural cavity is gone
Term
how do you fix pneumothorax?
Definition
chest tube to re-expand the lung
Term
Quiet breathing
Definition

normal breathing

 

Term
forced breathing
Definition
excercising (increased rate and depth of breathing)
Term
what is the amount for vital capacity?
Definition
4800ml
Term
what is the normal amount for tidal volume?
Definition
500ml
Term
what is tidal volume?
Definition
normal amount of air you can inhale/exhale
Term
what is the expiratory reserve volume?
Definition
how much you can exhale after 500ml
Term
what is the inspiratory reserve volume?
Definition
how much you can inhale after 500ml
Term
what is the residual volume?
Definition
how much is left after exhaling
Term
what are the columns of the lung volumes chart?
Definition

1: inspiratory reserve volume

tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

residual volume

2: inspiratory capacity

functional residual capacity

3:vital capacity

residual volume

4: total lung volume (capacity)

Term
Alveolar dead space
Definition
volume in alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange
-due to collapse, scar tissue, or mucus
Term
anatomical dead space
Definition

volume that fills conducting respiratory passagesways and never contributes to gas exchange

-the amount of air that never makes it to alveoli

Term
what the normal anatomical dead space?
Definition
150ml
Term
what is the equation for total dead space?
Definition
anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space
Term
respiratory rate
Definition
# of breaths taken per minute
Term
what is the respiratory rate for an adult?
Definition
12-18 breaths/min
Term
what is the normak respiratory rate for a child?
Definition
18-20 breaths/min
Term
what is the equation for respiratory minute volume?
Definition
breaths/min(f) * tidal volume(Vt)
Term
Dalton's Gas Law
Definition
each of the gases contributes to the total pressure in the proportion to its abundance
Term
what is partial pressure?
Definition
pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases
Term
Nitrogen's partial atm pressure
Definition

78.6% of atm

.786 * 760mmHg = 597.36mmHg

Term
Oxygen's partial atm pressure
Definition

20.9% of atm

.209 * 760mmHg = 158.84mmHg

Term
Carbon Dioxide's partial atm pressure
Definition

0.04% of atm

.0004 * 760mmHg = 0.3mmHg

Term
What is altitude sickness?
Definition
your body's reaction to the lower amount of oxygen at a higher altitude
Term
Henry's Law
Definition
the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
Term
What is decompression sickness?
Definition
when a scuba diver ascends too quickly and the nitrogen that had previously gone into solution, comes out of solution and forms bubbles in joints, bloodtream, CSF
Term
in what direction does gas move?
Definition
High pressure to low pressure
Term
How are ventilation and perfusion coordinated?
Definition

reduced alveolar ventilation=excessive perfusion

enhanced alveolar ventilation=inadequate perfusion

Term
What binds oxygen in a RBC?
Definition
iron
Term
how many molecules of oxygen can each hemoglobin carry?
Definition
4
Term
what is the hemoglobin called when it has released all its oxygen?
Definition
deoxyhemoglobin
Term
what does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin?
Definition
heme group
Term
why is CO poisoning so easy to acquire?
Definition
CO has a higher affinity for heme than oxygen
Term
what is the structure of a hemoglobin?
Definition
quarternary structure: 4 globular proteins
Term
what happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve when excercising?
Definition
it shifts to the right
Term
what are the factors of the oxygen-hemiglobin dissociation curve during excercise, when it shifts to the right?
Definition

decrease pH

increase Temperature

increase pressure of CO2

increase 2,3 BPG

Term
Hypoxia
Definition
inadequate delivery to body tissues regardless of cause
Term
Anemic hypoxia
Definition
too few RBCs or too little Hb
Term
Ischemic hypoxia
Definition
blood circulation is impaired or blocked (CHF, emboli, thrombi)
Term
CHF
Definition

congestive heart failure

too many heart attacks

Term
emboli
Definition
blood clots, things that float around in the blood get lodged
Term
thrombi
Definition
inappropriate blood clots
Term
Histotoxic hypoxia
Definition
body cells unable to use oxygen (metabloic poisons-CO)
Term
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Definition
reduced arterial PO2 (poor ventilation-perfusion coupling, COPD, CO poisoning)
Term
what happens when Hb saturation falls below 75%?
Definition
become Cyanotic (blusih cast to the skin)
Term
what is the chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid?
Definition
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-
Term
what enters into the RBC when the bicarbonate ion leaves?
Definition
chlorine ion (Cl-)
Term
what does CO2 combine with when entering the RBC? and what do they make?
Definition

H2O

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Term
what is an erythrocyte?
Definition
RBC
Term
What is a leukocyte?
Definition
WBC
Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
blood clotting
Term
What is the function of blood in the respiratory system?
Definition
transport dissolved gases
Term

What is the function of blood in the digestive system?

Definition
transport nutrients
Term

What is the function of blood in the endocrine system?

Definition
transport hormones
Term

What is the function of blood in the urinary system?

Definition
transport of waste, water, and pH balance
Term

What is the function of blood in the lymphatic system?

Definition
immuune defense
Term

What is the function of blood with hemostasis?

Definition

Thermoregulation

restriction of fluid loss at injured sites

pH balance

fluid and electrolyte regualtion

Term
how much blood do adults have?
Definition
4-6 L
Term
what is plasma?
Definition

a clear extracellular fluid

-higher viscosity than water

-soluble proteins

Term
What are thrombocytes?
Definition
platelets
Term
what is Hemopoiesis?
Definition
production of formed elements from stem cells
Term
what is the average pH of human blood? is it more basic or acidic?
Definition

7.4

slightly basic

Term
Hematocrit
Definition
the % of total blood volume that is RBCs
Term
why do makes generally have a higher hematocrit level?
Definition
it's due to their higher muscle mass
Term
what is plasma a mixture of?
Definition

90% water

8% proteins

enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

Term
what is the plasma called when it is allowed to clot?
Definition

serum

plasma - clotting factors

Term
what are all but one of the plasma proteins formed by? which one isn't formed here?
Definition

Liver

globulins

Term
what are globulins produced by?
Definition
plasma cells
Term
what is the most abundant plasma protein?
Definition
Albumins (protein in egg whites)
Term
what role does fibrinogen play in the plasma?
Definition
it's a precursor of fibrin threads (insoluble) that help form blood clots
Term
what do globulins do?
Definition
provide immune defenses (antibodies) or transport ions, hormones, etc. that may have a low solubility with water or to prevent loss at kidneys
Term
what are the nonprotein components of plasma?
Definition

nitrogenous compounds

nutrients

O2 and CO2

electrolytes

Term
what produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?
Definition
red bone marrow
Term
what stimulates hemopoiesis and hematopoiesis?
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
where is erythropoietin produced?
Definition
kidney
Term
what are the steps in erythropoiesis?
Definition
proerythroblast-> erythroblast -> normoblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
Term
what is blood doping?
Definition
pumping RBCs into your body to increase the amount of O2 your blood can hold
Term
hypoxic
Definition
low O2
Term
what happens to the amount of erythropoiesis at a higher altitude? why?
Definition
increases bc the lack of O2 triggers RBC production
Term
what is the key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis?
Definition
iron
Term
where are lymphocyte B cells formed?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
where are lymphocyte T cells formed?
Definition
Thymus
Term
what do monocytes become once they leave circulation?
Definition
macrophages
Term
what is thrombopoiesis?
Definition
platelet production
Term
how long do RBCs live for?
Definition
120 days
Term
what causes anemia?
Definition

-inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

-hemorrhagic anemias form loss blood

-hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

Term
what causes an inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis?
Definition

-inadequate vitamin B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from glands of the stomach (pernaicious anemia)

-iron-deficiency anemia

-kidney failure & insufficient erythropoietin hormone

-aplastic anemia: from destruction  or inhibition of red bone marrow by certain drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses

Term
what are the effects of anemia?
Definition

-tissue hypoxia and necrosis (short of breath & lethargic)

-low blood osmolarity (tissue edema)

-low blood viscosity (heart races & pressure drops)

Term
Sickle-Cell Disease
Definition

-hereditary Hb defect

1 gene- 40% sickled

2 genes- 80% sickled

Term
Thalassemia
Definition
excessive destruction of RBCs
Term
Polycythemia
Definition

excess of erythrocytes

increases blood viscosity

-can happen by blood doping, or overproduction of erythropoietin

-concentration of the blood increases and becomes a "sludge"

Term
Polycythemia vera
Definition

-bone marrow cancer

-blood volume doubles

Term
Secondary Polycythemia
Definition

-adaptation to living at high altitudes

-excessive EPO production

-blood doping: risks- stroke, heart failure

Term
what attracts WBCs to the site?
Definition
positive chemotaxis: chemical stimuli
Term
Granulocytes
Definition

-eosinophils

-basophils

-neutrophils

Term
Eosinophils
Definition

-increase in parasitic infections or allergic reactions

-release toxic compounds that digest parasites from the inside out

-often contribute to tissue damage that occurs in immune response

-pink-orange granules & bilobed parasites

Term
Basophils
Definition

Abundant, dark violet granules, large U-shaped nucleus hidden by granules

-increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes

-release histamines, heparin

Term
Heparin
Definition
prevents blood clotting
Term
Neutrophils
Definition

multilobed nucleus

-increase in bacterial infections

-Phagocytosis

-secretes prostoglandins

Term
prostoglandins
Definition
increase inflammation, pain, fever, and capillary permeability
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition

-lymphocytes

-monocytes

Term
Lymphocytes
Definition

round, uniform, dark violet nucleus

-increase in divert infections & immune responses

-T-cells

-B-cells

-Natural killer cells

-smallest of the WBCs

Term
T-cells
Definition

"present" antigens to activate other immune cells

-coordinate actions of other immune cells

IN CHARGE

Term
B-cells
Definition
secret antibodies & provide immune memory
Term
Natural Killer Cells
Definition
detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancer)
Term
Monocytes
Definition

kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus

-increase in viral infections

-become macrophages upon leaving circulation

-aggressively phyocytotic

-"present" antigens to activate other immune cells

Term
Leukopenia
Definition

Low WBC count (<5000/μL)

Causes: radiation, poisons, glucocorticoids, anticancer drugs

Effects: elevates risk of infection

Term
Leukocytosis
Definition

high WBC count (>10000/μL)

Causes: infection, allergy & disease

distinguishes % of each cell type

 

Term
Leukemia
Definition

cancer of hemopoietic tissue

Myelocytic or Lymphocytic

Effects: normal cell 5 disrupted, patient subject to opportunistic infection, anemia & impaired clotting

Term
Myelocytic Leukemia
Definition

myeloblast cell line

-affects every cell except lymphocytes

Term
Lymphocytic Leukemia
Definition

lymphoid cell line

-only affects lymphocytes

Term
Acute Leukemia
Definition
quickly advancing, derived from blast type cells
Term
Chronic Leukemia
Definition
slowly advancing, derived from later cell stages
Term
what is a normal platelet count?
Definition
150,000 to 500,000 platelets/μL
Term
where are 1/3 of platelets held, ready to mobilize during circulatory crisis
Definition
spleen and other organs
Term
what are the functions of platelets?
Definition

-secrete clotting factors, growth factors for endothelial repair, and vasoconstrictors in broken vessel

-form temporary platelet plugs

-dissolve old blood clots

Term
what are the three stages of hemostasis?
Definition

Vascular Spasm

Platelet plug formation

Blood clotting

Term
Coagulation Pathways
Definition
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Term
Intrinsic Pathway
Definition

12

11

9

8

10

Term
Extrinsic Pathway
Definition
7-10
Term
What happens after 10 is activated in the instrinsic pathway?
Definition

prothrombin activator

thrombin

fibrin

Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition

platelet count below 50,000/μL

Cause: anything interfering qith red bone marrow

Term
Hemophilia
Definition

-genetic lack if clotting factors

-sex-linked recessive in males (inherit from mother)

-hemophilia A- missing factor VIII

-hemophilia B- missing factor IX

-physical exertion causes bleeding & excruciating pain

Treatment: shots to replace intrinsic factor

Term
embolus
Definition
unwanted clot traveling in a vessel
Term
Embolism
Definition
embolus obstructing a vessel
Term
MI
Definition
myocardial infraction: heart attack
Term
Warfarin
Definition
interferes with production of clotting factors
Term
what do blood thinners do?
Definition

prevent clot formation

(they don't actually make blood thin)

Term
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Definition

Mother's antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia & toxic brain syndrome from excessive bilirubin in blood

Treatment: phototherapy to degrade bilirubin or exchange tranfusion to completely replace infant's blood

Supporting users have an ad free experience!