MOPSS

Move air to and from exchange surfaces

Olfactory sensations

Protect surfaces from environment

-Moisture

-Temp

-Invading pathogens

Surface are for gas exchange

Sounds for speech

Nose

Nasal Cavity

Paranasal sinuses

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

GET AIR FROM A TO B

-Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

-Lined with respiratory mucosa

GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE

-Respiratory bronchioles

-Alveolar ducts

-Alveoli

-Epithelium: cilliated psuedostratified columnar

-Lamina Propria

UPPER RESPIRATORY

-mucous glands

-serous glands: watery fluid containg enzymes (lysozyme)

LOWER RESPIRATORY

-conducting portions: contains smooth muscle

-smooth muscle controls diameter of tubes

-Provide

-Moisten

-Filter

-Resonate for speech

-House olfactory receptors

-Produce mucous

-Lighten skull

-Warm and moisten air

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

-excessive mucous production, nasal congestion, postnasal drip

Caused by cold virus, streptococcal bacteria, allergens

-produce a lot of histamines

Take an antihistamine for symptoms

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngophaynx

stratified squamous epithelium

-more protection

stratified squamous epithelium

-more protection

glottis

epiglottis

cartilage

it changs the size of the larynx and vocal cords

-so rapidly they squeak!!

primary

secondary

tertiary

larger

steeper angle

more likely for debris to get lodged here

5.

one for each lobe

left-2

right-3

-no cartilage

-smooth muscle

-highly branched

-ends with terminal bronchioles

-controls airflow

-bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction: controlled by NS

simple squamous epithelium 

(type I cells)

larger than squamous cells

Function: produce surfactant

-build up of fluid in alveoli due to an infection causing inflammation

-causes a thicker membrane which makes gas exchange harder

epithelial cells of the alveolus

endothelial cells of capillary

basal laminae in between

What is a pulmonary embolism? result of it?

-blockage causing lack of blood to region of lung

-could result in collapse of alveoli

puts stress on breathing and heart

leading to congestive heart failure

ease at which the lungs expand and contract

-lower compliance=harder you must work to fill and empty your lungs

loss of supporting tissues

-i.e emphysema- build up of scar tissue

low levels of surfactant production

arthritis or other skeletal disorders that affect mobility of the thoracic cavity

too little surfactant present causes alveoli to collapse

treatment: spray surfactant in newborn's resp. passageways, respirator.

INSPIRATION:

diaphragm moves down(contracts)

lower pressure

EXPIRATION:

diaphragm moves up(relaxes)

higher pressure

normal breathing

1: inspiratory reserve volume

tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

residual volume

2: inspiratory capacity

functional residual capacity

3:vital capacity

residual volume

4: total lung volume (capacity)

volume that fills conducting respiratory passagesways and never contributes to gas exchange

-the amount of air that never makes it to alveoli

78.6% of atm

.786 * 760mmHg = 597.36mmHg

20.9% of atm

.209 * 760mmHg = 158.84mmHg

0.04% of atm

.0004 * 760mmHg = 0.3mmHg

reduced alveolar ventilation=excessive perfusion

enhanced alveolar ventilation=inadequate perfusion

decrease pH

increase Temperature

increase pressure of CO2

increase 2,3 BPG

congestive heart failure

too many heart attacks

H2O

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Thermoregulation

restriction of fluid loss at injured sites

pH balance

fluid and electrolyte regualtion

a clear extracellular fluid

-higher viscosity than water

-soluble proteins

7.4

slightly basic

90% water

8% proteins

enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases

serum

plasma - clotting factors

Liver

globulins

nitrogenous compounds

nutrients

O2 and CO2

electrolytes

-inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis

-hemorrhagic anemias form loss blood

-hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

-inadequate vitamin B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from glands of the stomach (pernaicious anemia)

-iron-deficiency anemia

-kidney failure & insufficient erythropoietin hormone

-aplastic anemia: from destruction  or inhibition of red bone marrow by certain drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses

-tissue hypoxia and necrosis (short of breath & lethargic)

-low blood osmolarity (tissue edema)

-low blood viscosity (heart races & pressure drops)

-hereditary Hb defect

1 gene- 40% sickled

2 genes- 80% sickled

excess of erythrocytes

increases blood viscosity

-can happen by blood doping, or overproduction of erythropoietin

-concentration of the blood increases and becomes a "sludge"

-bone marrow cancer

-blood volume doubles

-adaptation to living at high altitudes

-excessive EPO production

-blood doping: risks- stroke, heart failure

-eosinophils

-basophils

-neutrophils

-increase in parasitic infections or allergic reactions

-release toxic compounds that digest parasites from the inside out

-often contribute to tissue damage that occurs in immune response

-pink-orange granules & bilobed parasites

Abundant, dark violet granules, large U-shaped nucleus hidden by granules

-increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes

-release histamines, heparin

multilobed nucleus

-increase in bacterial infections

-Phagocytosis

-secretes prostoglandins

-lymphocytes

-monocytes

round, uniform, dark violet nucleus

-increase in divert infections & immune responses

-T-cells

-B-cells

-Natural killer cells

-smallest of the WBCs

"present" antigens to activate other immune cells

-coordinate actions of other immune cells

IN CHARGE

kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus

-increase in viral infections

-become macrophages upon leaving circulation

-aggressively phyocytotic

-"present" antigens to activate other immune cells

Low WBC count (<5000/μL)

Causes: radiation, poisons, glucocorticoids, anticancer drugs

Effects: elevates risk of infection

high WBC count (>10000/μL)

Causes: infection, allergy & disease

distinguishes % of each cell type

cancer of hemopoietic tissue

Myelocytic or Lymphocytic

Effects: normal cell 5 disrupted, patient subject to opportunistic infection, anemia & impaired clotting

myeloblast cell line

-affects every cell except lymphocytes

lymphoid cell line

-only affects lymphocytes

-secrete clotting factors, growth factors for endothelial repair, and vasoconstrictors in broken vessel

-form temporary platelet plugs

-dissolve old blood clots

Vascular Spasm

Platelet plug formation

Blood clotting

12

11

9

8

10

prothrombin activator

thrombin

fibrin

platelet count below 50,000/μL

Cause: anything interfering qith red bone marrow

-genetic lack if clotting factors

-sex-linked recessive in males (inherit from mother)

-hemophilia A- missing factor VIII

-hemophilia B- missing factor IX

-physical exertion causes bleeding & excruciating pain

Treatment: shots to replace intrinsic factor

prevent clot formation

(they don't actually make blood thin)

Mother's antibodies attack fetal blood causing severe anemia & toxic brain syndrome from excessive bilirubin in blood

Treatment: phototherapy to degrade bilirubin or exchange tranfusion to completely replace infant's blood