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A&P II
Various Terms from slides - No broad concepts. 1/14 and 1/16
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/16/2013

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Cards

Term
K+ and Na+
Which one has a higher concentration inside the cell and which has a higher concentration outside the cell?
Definition
More K+ inside
More Na+ outside
Term
What is the function of Neuroglia?
Definition
provide metabolic support and immune protection for neurons
Term
How many neurons are there compared to neuroglia in the CNS?
Definition
10 neuroglia to every neuron
10:1
Term
Satellie cells

what is the function and what 4 things do they regulate?
Definition
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

regulate 4 things:
O2
CO2
nutrients
neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
Term
schwann cells
Definition
surround all axons in PNS

responsible for mylenation of axons in PNS
Term
what 2 types of neuroglia are found in the PNS?
Definition
satellite cells

schwann cells
Term
Neuroglia include which 6 cells?
Definition
astrocytes (CNS)
microglia (CNS)
ependymal cells (CNS)
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
satellite cells (PNS)
Term
what 4 types of neuroglia are found in the CNS?
Definition
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Term
what are the 2 functions of oligodendrocytes?
Definition
mylenate axons in the CNS

provide structural framework
Term
astrocytes

what do they provide?

what do they regulate?

what else do they do?
Definition
provide structural support

regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations

absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
Term
microglia

function?
Definition
remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
Term
ependymal cells

where? (2 places)

function?
Definition
found lining ventricles in the brain

found in central canal of spinal cavity

assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
Term
which 4 of the 6 neuroglia are found in the CNS?
Definition
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
Term
which 2 of the 6 neuroglia are found in the PNS?
Definition
schwann cells
Term
what is gray matter composed of?
Definition
Gray matter = neurons, neuroglia & unmyelinated axons, and dendrites of neurons

Gray matter also contains nuclei deep in the brain = clusters of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
Term
this forms the outer layer of the cerebrum
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
Collections of nuclei can form a ??? (higher brain function)
Definition
Collections of nuclei can form a CENTER (higher brain function)
Term
what is white matter primarily composed of?
Definition
myelinated axons
Term
what are white matter tracts?
Definition
white matter tracts are bundles of axons for the conduction of nerve impulses
Term
what are the 3 types of tracts of white matter tracts in the brain?
Definition
commissural, association, projection
Term
what are the 2 types of white matter tracts in the spinal cord?
Definition
sensory and motor tracts (ascending and descending)
Term
what divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure
- connected by the corpus callosum
Term
what is the largest portion of the brain?
Definition
cerebrum
Term
whats up with the longitudinal fissure?
Definition
left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure
- connected by the corpus callosum
Term
this CONNECTS the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Definition
left and right cerebral hemispheres divided by the longitudinal fissure
- connected by the corpus callosum
Term
what up with the central sulcus
Definition
central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
??? divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Definition
central sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes
Term
grooves in the cerebrum are called ???
ridges in the cerebrum are called ???
Definition
- grooves = sulci (sulcus); sulci divide the cerebrum into lobes
- ridges = gyri (gyrus)
Term
the cerebral hemisphers communicate with each other via ???
Definition
The two cerebral hemispheres communicate with each other via several bundles of axons. The largest is the corpus callosum. Smaller connections are the anterior and posterior commissures.
Term
Why is the thalamus called the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex?
Definition
because it handles almost all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex
Term
this part of the brain is a major relay station for most sensory impulses from the spinal cord and brain stem
Definition
thalamus
Term
the hypothalamus is critically important for what?
Definition
maintaining homeostasis
Term
3 structures of brain stem
Definition
midbrain
pons
medulla
Term
function of the midbrain: relay station between 2 pairs of things...
Definition
A relay station between the cerebrum and the spinal cord, and between cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
Pons means "???"
Definition
Pons means "bridge"
Term
the pons serves as the connect between what 2 things?
Definition
cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
these nuclei relay info from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
Definition
Pontine nuclei: relay information from cerebrum to cerebellum
Term
these 2 areas work in conjunction with the medulla to control breathing
Definition
Pneumotaxic area: controls breathing (with medulla)
Apneustic area: controls breathing (with medulla)
Term
this part of the brain continues to become the spinal cord
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
this part of the brain forms the inferior part of the brain stem and relays sensory information and controls automatic motor functions
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
this part of the brain forms the inferior part of the brain stem
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Definition
relays sensory information and controls automatic motor functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, caughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing
Term
describe the structure of the cerebellum

2 things
Definition
divided into hemisphere with lobes – like the cerebrum
anterior and posterior lobes
has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex - like the brain
Term
basic function of the cerebellum
Definition
controls voluntary and involuntary motor acitvities
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