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A&P Exam Revision III
Urinary System, Reproductive System, Respiratory System, Digestive System
97
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/13/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Where is Vit B12 absorbed?

Definition

 

 

Small Intestine via the mucosal cells of the 

distal ileum

Term

 

The absorption of Vit B12 

depends on...

Definition

 

 

Glycoprotein

Term

 

What is the function of the

epiglottis?

Definition

 

Closes the windpipe when swallowing

preventing food/fluid entering airways

Term

 

Where does CHO (carbohydrate) 

digestion start?

Definition

 

Mouth

Salivary amylase breaks down CHO into simple sugars

Term

 

 

Where is bile produced?

Definition

 

Liver

(from cholesterol)

Term

 

 

Where is bile stored?

Definition

 

 

Gall Bladder

Term

 

 

What is the function of bile?

Definition
  • Emulsification of fats
  • Aids in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K 
  • A route of excretions of bilirubin
Term

 

T/F

A diet completely lacking in fats is good for you?

Definition

 

False

Being one of the 3 macro-nutrients it is essential for supporting a number of the body's functions.

 

Term

 

 

What is meant by chemical digestion?

Definition

 

The breakdown of food in the mouth, stomach and intestines through the use of

acids and enzymes 

(Chemical reactions)

Term

 

T/F

Chemical digestion is an anabolic process?

Definition

False

Anabolic - reactions that convert small molecules into large molecules

Catabolic - reactions that convert large molecules into small molecules

 

Term

 

T/F

Bilirubin is a component of bile?

Definition

 

True

(Breakdown product of RBC and is a reddish/yellow pigment made in the liver and excreted in bile)

Term

 

 

Give 5 functions of Saliva

Definition
  1. Lubrication & protection
  2. Buffering action & clearance
  3. Maintainence of tooth integrity
  4. Anti-bacterial & anti-fungal activity
  5. Taste and digestion
Term

 

Which chemical is secreted by the stomach parietal cells?

Definition

 

 

Gastric Acid (HCl)

Term

 

 

What is peristalsis?

Definition

 

Wave-like muscular contractions in tubular structures (oesophagus/intestines) that propels food substances through the digestive tract

Term

T/F

The nervous control of the gastric secretions is controlled by the enteric plexus in the submucosa of the stomach lining.

Definition

 

False

The Entric Nervous System has two plexuses:

1. Myenteric: controls gastro movements

2. Submucosa: controls gastro secretions

Term

 

 

Which vitamin is produced in the large intestine?

Definition

None are produced.

Special bacteria in the colon synthesis

Vitamin K and some B's

which are passed back to your body tissues

 

Term

T/F

 

The small intestine has structures called teniae coli & haustra

 

Definition

False

 

Teniae Coli & Haustra are structures of the

large structures

Term

 

 

Give 5 functions of the liver

Definition
  • Digestion: of fats via bile production
  • Blood Glucose: converts glucose to glycogen
  • Storage: Vitamins A, D, E, K, B12 + minerals
  • Urea Production: main urine component
  • Cholesterol production: required for every cell
Term

 

 

Describe the function of the stomach

Definition

  • Breaks down food materials into simple constituents
  • Decreases the pH of food via gastric juices for easy functionality of intestinal enzymes
Term

 

 

What hormone is released in the stomach?

Definition

 

Gastrin:

released by G-cells and causes an increase in the secretion of HCl from parietal cells

Term

 

Which enzyme released by the pancreas is responsible for protein digestion?

Definition

There are three:

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Carboxypeptidease

Term

 

 

Where does the most digestion and absorption occur in the body?

Definition

 

Small intestine

(Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)

Term

 

 

What is the function of the large intestine?

Definition

 

Processes and transports waste material

+

Absorbs water from remaining indigestable food matter

Term

 

What is the function of the millions of villi in the small intestine?

Definition

 

 

Absorption of nutrients

Term

 

 

Where in the body is fat absorbed?

Definition

Small intestine

 

Where the miscelles act as transport for fatty acids and monoglycerides across the intestinal walls

Term

 

 

What is the function of intestinal bacteria?

Definition

1. Maintain immunity by identifying and destroying harmful bacteria

2. Synthesis of Vitamin K, B6, B12, folate and niacin

3. Absorbs vital nutrients

 

Term

 

What protects the stomach from being digested by the acid content?

Definition

 

Epithelial cells:

which produce and secrete a bi-carbonate rich solution that coats the mucosa

Term

 

 

Explain what Oedema is

Definition

 

 

Swelling from the excessive accumulation of watery fluids in cells

Term

T/F

If glomerular filtration rate is low, substances pass through the renal tubes too quick and is lost in the urine.

Definition

 

False

A reduction of blood through the kidney's filters will reduce hence allowing toxins and wastes to be stored within the body.

Term

 

Name the structure that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Definition

 

 

Urether(s)

Term

 

Name the ion responsible for electrolytes balance & homeostasis in the system.

Definition

 

Sodium ions:

regulates fluid balance in the body

Term

 

T/F

For the body to remain hydrated the water intake must equal the water lost.

Definition

 

True

 

Term

 

 

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Definition

 

Nephron:

regulates the concentration of water anf soluble substances

Term

 

 

Where are the renal pyramids located?

Definition

 

Kidney(s):

Between the renal medulla and the renal capsule

Term

 

What hormone is produced in the kidney for RBC production?

Definition

 

 

Erythopoietin

Term

 

 

Describe 3 kidney functions

Definition


1. Produces Renin which regulates fluid & electrolyte balance by filtration, secretion and reabsorption.

2. Activates both erythopoeitin (RBC production) and vitamin D (which regulates Ca metabolism)

3. Converts waste products into urine so they can be excreted

Term

 

T/F

Potassium (K) is mostly found in the tissue fluid.

Definition

 

False: 

Mainly located inside the cell

Term

 

T/F

Sodium (Na) is mostly found in the interstitial fluid.

Definition

 

True:

Mainly in blood and fluid outside of a cell

Term

 

Which hormone prevents too much water loss in the renal system?

Definition

 

ADH:

Anti-diurectic Hormone

Term

 

 

Describe the 3 stages of urine production

Definition


1. Filtration: Blood is pumped into the kidneys where glucose, water, sodium and toxins are filtered to remove harmful substances from the bloodstream


2. Reabsorption: Glucose, some of the sodium and water are reabsorbed back into the blood


3. Secretion: Toxins are excreted into the holding area of the urinary tract where they are combined with water and excreted out of the body as urine  

Term

 

 

Which muscles are involved in breathing?

Definition


Diaphragm (at rest and other times)

External Intercostal (during exercise)

Internal Intercostal (active expiration)

 

Term

 

T/F

Boyle's Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportionate to its pressure

Definition

 

True:

Describes how the pressure of a gas tends to decrease as the volume of a gas increases

Term

 

 

How is the trachea adapted to prevent collapse?

Definition

 

It is made of muscle and elastic fibres with rings of cartilage which prevents the tubes of the trachea from collapsing

Term

 

 

Fully describe the mechanism of breathing

Definition

Consists of 2 stages: Inspiration and expiration 

1. Inspiration: is initiated by the contraction of the diaphragm which raises the ribs and the sternum causing an increase in the volume of thoraic chamber. As the volume increases, the intra-pulmonary pressure decreases as compared to the atmospheric pressure. Thus air enters the lungs.

2. Expiration: As the diaphragm relaxes, the ribs and sternum comes down and the volume of the thoriac chamber decreases. This leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure and the air from the lungs released out

 

Term

 

 

What process occurs at the alveolar surface?

Definition

 

 

Diffusion

Term

 

 

What is the surfactant?

Definition

 

A fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids 

Term

 

 

Which artery brings blood to the liver?

Definition

 

 

Hepatic Artery

Term

 

T/F

The oesophagus is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

Definition

 

True:

Does not process food (bolum) but delivers this substance to an organ capable of further digestion.

Term

 

 

Explain what mechanical digestion is

Definition

 

The aspects of digestion achieved through a mechanism or movement.

(Mastication - chewing; Peristalsis - involuntary muscular contractions)

Term

 

T/F

Pancreatic juice is acidic

Definition

 

False:

Alkaline as it has a high concentration of bicarbonate ions

Term

 

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Definition

 

 

Provide Oxygen to and remove Carbon dioxide from circulating blood

Term

 

T/F

Gaseous exchange starts in the nasal cavity

Definition

 

False:

Gaseous exchange is a process where gases diffuse across a gaseous exchange surface being the alveoli

Term

 

T/F

Sinuses function to produce mucus and traps bacteria.

Definition

 

 

True

Term

 

 

Where are the vocal cords located?

Definition

 

 

Within the larynx at the top of the trachea

Term

 

What function do the cilia serve in the respiration tract?

Definition

 

Protection of the nasal passageways/respiratory tract that filters out dust and other particles

Term

 

 

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

Definition

 

 

To return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Term

 

 

What is atelectasis?

Definition

 

 

Partial or complete collaspe of the lung

Term

 

 

What molecule is formed when Oxygen binds with its carrier in the blood

Definition

 

 

Oxyhaemoglobin

Term

 

 

What is the effect of high CO2 levels in the blood on pH?

Definition

 

 

pH decrease, causing blood acidification

Term

 

 

Where is the respiratory control center located?

Definition

 

 

Medulla Oblongata

Term

 

 

What is hyperventilation?

Definition

 

Overbreathing:

Occurs when the rate of breathing is greater than demanded by the body and causes CO2 levels to rise

Term

 

T/F

Low Oxygen levels stimulate the respiratory center in the brain

Definition

False:

Once CO2 levels increase, it is detected by the medullary chemoreceptors which stimulates respiratory muscles to increase gas exchanges

Term

T/F

Bronchitis and Emphysema are examples of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders).

Definition

 

 

True

Term

 

 

What is the function of renin?

Definition

 

 

Regulates blood pressure by catalysing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Term

 

 

Where in the kidneys is renin secreted from?

Definition

 

 

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

Term

 

 

What is the function of Angiotensin II?

Definition


1. Constrict arterioles thus increasing blood pressure

2. Stimulates ADH secretion from the anterior pituitary

3. Stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex

Term

 

 

What affect does alcohol have on ADH?

Definition

 

 

Inhibits the pituitary secretion of ADH

Term

 

T/F

The main method of controlling potassium levels in the body is through defecation and sweating

Definition

 

False:

Healthy kidneys will regulate potassium levels in the body

Term

 

T/F

Strong emotions affect the respiratory center through the limbic system and hypothalamus

Definition

 

 

True

Term

 

T/F

Cholecystokinin is secreted by the pancreas 

Definition

 

False:

Secreted in the duodenum

Term

 

 

Where are sperm produced?

Definition

 

 

In the Seminiferous tubules located within the testes

Term

 

 

Which 3 glands are responsible for semen production?

Definition

1. Seminial Vesicles - secretes seminal fluid

2. Prostate Gland - responsible for clear liquid to transport and protect sperm during intercourse 

3. Cowpers Glands - Lubricates urethra

Term

 

 

Why are the testes outside the body?

Definition

 

Temperature control:

Temperature of body is not compatible for sperm production

Term

 

 

Where are the sperm stored?

Definition

 

 

Epididymis

Term

 

T/F

The male urethra only carries urine 

Definition

 

False:

Used for urination and ejaculation

Term

 

 

Where does fertilisation occur?

Definition

 

 

Fallopian tubes

(Sometimes the upper uterus)

Term

 

 

What is ovulation?

Definition

 

 

Expulsion of an ovum from the ovary on day 14 of the menstral cycle

Term

 

 

Name the phases of the ovarian cycle

Definition

 

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

Term

 

 

What function does the uterus play in female reproduction?

Definition

Nurturing the fertilised ovum that develops into a fetus and holds it till ready for birth

 

If no fertilised ovum, the lining of the uterus sheds resulting in menstration

 

Term

 

 

What are teratogens?

Definition

 

 

An agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo

Term

 

 

Which hormone is repsonsible for ovulation?

Definition

 

 

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

aka Lutropin

Term

 

 

What structure is responsible for secreting progesterone and estrogen after ovulation?

Definition

 

 

Corpus luteum (CL) 

Term

 

 

What occurs if an egg is NOT fertilised?

Definition

Corpus luteum will dry up and scar tissue will form

Endometrium lining will shed as hormone levels fall and menstration will commence signifying the beginning of the next cycle

Term

 

 

What are the genotypes for men and women?

Definition

Diploid genome which contains 22 pairs of chromosomes and one allosome pair.

 

Autosome pairs are labeled with numbers

Allosomes with letters XX or XY

Term

 

 

Name the 3 stages of labour

Definition

 

1. Full Cervical Dilation

2. Delivary of Infant

3. Passage of the Placenta

Term

 

 

Which hormone declines with menopause?

Definition

 

 

Estrogen

Term

 

 

What are Essential nutrients?

Definition

 

Nutrients required for bodily functions that cannot be either synthesised from the body in significant amount or synthesised at all

Term

 

 

Which macro-nutrient provides the highest level of energy per gram?

Definition

 

 

Fats

Term

 

What factors do we look for to determine the amount of protein an individual needs?

Definition
  • Overall energy intake
  • Body's need for nitrogen
  • Individuals energy & CHO input
  • Presence of illness or injury
Term

 

 

What are the 3 major essential nutrients in our diet?

Definition

 

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Proteins

Fats

Term

 

 

Which ion is responsible for our body's fluid balance?

Definition

 

 

Sodium (Na+)

Term

 

 

What are benign tumors?

Definition

 

Non-cancerous

Mass of cells that lack the ability to invade neighbouring tissues or metastasize.

Term

 

 

Malignant disease spreads by means of...

Definition

 

 

... invading neighbouring tissue

Term

 

 

Cells can be damaged by...

(List as many as possible)

Definition

Radiation, Smoking, Chemotherapy,

Alcohol, Viruses, In water,

Loud noise, UV, Temperature,

Hypnotonic solution, pH

 

Term

 

 

Name 3 ways the body produces heat

Definition

Exercise

Biochemical reactions (mainly in liver)

Cellular respiration

Muscular Contractions (shivering)

Inflammation

Term

 

T/F

For recessive genes to be expressed the genes have to be heterozygous

Definition

 

False:

Both alleles are exactly the same, homozygous 

Term

 

 

Why are recessive disorders passed on more often than dominant disorders?

Definition


A person that has one abnormal gene of a recessive disorder is a carrier and whilst they may show no signs, they pass this onto their children.


Most common with parents that are close blood relatives

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