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A&P Exam 1
bones, articulations, tissues, and integument
139
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/24/2013

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Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
long bones
Definition
long and slender: femur, tibia, humerous, phalanges
Term
flat bones
Definition
increased surface area, common place for red blood cell production: sternum, ribs, scapula, parietal bones
Term
sutural bones (wormian bones)
Definition
small, ireegular, located in the skull, different in each person, form between sutures
Term
irregular bones
Definition
short, flat, notched, or ribbed, complex: vertebra, os coxa
Term
short bones
Definition
small and boxy: carpals and tarsals
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
develop inside tendons, sesame seed shape: patella
Term
epiphysis
Definition
each end of long bone, expanded region, spongy bone, light weight, avascular, contains red bone marrow, bony matrix forms trabeculae
Term
metaphysis
Definition
narrow region between epiphysis and diaphysis
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft, compact dense bone (outer layer), medullary cavity (inner layer)
Term
periosteum
Definition
outer covering, isolates bone from surrounding tissue, participates in bone growth, provides a route for blood vessels and nerves
Term
bone matrix
Definition
composition similar in compact and spongy bone: 2/3 mineral, 1/3 collagen
Term
osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cells, account for most of bone cell population
Term
lacuna
Definition
pocket sandwhiched between matrix
Term
lamellae
Definition
layers of matrix
Term
canalicouli
Definition
connect lacuna, narrow passageways that contain osetocyte cytoplasm
Term
osteon
Definition
all layers together (basic functional unit)
Term
osteoblast
Definition
produce new bony matrix
Term
osteocytes
Definition
osteoblasts that have become surrounded by matrix
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
pre-cursors to blasts, formed from pareostium
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
remove and recycle bony matrix, releasing minerals
Term
foramina
Definition
hole in bone where nutrient artery and vein enter
Term
endochondrial ossification
Definition
cartilage converted to bone
Term
epiphyseal plate/ cartilage
Definition
region of cartilage within metaphysis; separates epi from dia
Term
appositional growth
Definition
widening of bone, increasing diameter, periosteum cells differentiate to osteoblasts
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
forms flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle, occurs in deep layers of dermis: mesichymal tissue
Term
remodling
Definition
dynamic process of recycling and renewing bony matrix
Term
calcitriol
Definition
form of vitamin D, aids in calcium absorption
Term
rickets
Definition
vit D deficiency, bone becomes very soft
Term
scurvy
Definition
vit C deficiency, bones become brittle, bloody gums
Term
osteopenia
Definition
inadequate ossification; reduction in bone mass. we all have some of this as we age
Term
osteoperosis
Definition
severe osteopenia that alters daily living
Term
synarthrosis
Definition
immoveable joints
Term
sutures
Definition
(skull) edges interlocked together
Term
gomphosis
Definition
teeth bound to mandible, maxilla, fibrous connection
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
rigid, cartilaginous bridge between 2 articulating bones (1st pair of vertebrosternal ribs and sternum)
Term
synostosis
Definition
totally rigid, immoveable joint, forms when two bones fuse and their boundary disappears(epiphyseal lines), no cartilage
Term
amphiarthrosis
Definition
slightly moveable joints
Term
syndesmosis
Definition
bones connected by a ligament (tibia and fibula distally)
Term
symphysis
Definition
articulating bones separated by fibrocartilage (invertebral disk, pubic symphysis)
Term
diarthrosis
Definition
synovial joint, most motion possible, typically located at ends of long bones
Term
gliding joints
Definition
flattened faces "sliding" across one another, very slight movement; claviculosternal joint (sacroilliac joint, intertarsal joint)
Term
hinge joints
Definition
angular motion in a single plane (opening and closing of a door); elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints, ankle
Term
pivot joint
Definition
onlit permits rotation; alas-axis joint; proximal radioulnar joint
Term
ellipsoidal joint (condular joint)
Definition
an oval articular face is nestled within a depression in the opposing surface, angular motion occurs in 2 planes; radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal joints (wrist joints)
Term
saddle joints
Definition
fit together like a rider in a saddle, angular motion possible, NO rotation; first carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
Term
ball-and-socket joint
Definition
round head of bone fits into cup shaped depression of another, most movements possible; shoulder, hip joints
most movement= most injury
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
covers the bony articulating surfaces (so bone-bone contact does NOT occur)
Term
dislocation
Definition
articulating surfaces are forced out of positon
Term
subluxation
Definition
partial dislocation (double jointed, less stable joints)
injury is common
Term
arthritis
Definition
includes all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
Term
rheumatism
Definition
pain affecting skeletal/ muscle systems
Term
degenerative (osteoarthritis)
Definition
begins at the articular cartilage, eventually also effects underlying bone and inflammation of joint, cumulative wear and tear on bones
Term
inflammatory (rheumatoid) arthritis
Definition
initiated by inflammation at synovial joint, then damage spreads to articular cartilage, own immune system attacks synovial membrane
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
located within a synovial joint, clear, viscous (similar viscosity to molasses)
Term
meniscus
Definition
pad of fibrocartilage situated between opposing bones
Term
fat pads
Definition
protect articular cartilage and act as a packing material for a joint
Term
ligament
Definition
connects bone to bone
Term
tendons
Definition
connects muscle to bone
Term
bursae
Definition
small, fluid filled pockets within connective tissue, contain synovial fluid, reduces friction
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of bursae, form where tendons and ligaments rub profusely
Term
flexion
Definition
reduces angle between 2 bones
Term
extension
Definition
increases angle between 2 bones
Term
hyperextension
Definition
extension past the anatomical position
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away from the body
Term
adduction
Definition
moving back to the anatomical postition
Term
inversion/ eversion
Definition
twisting motion of the foot moves sole inward/ outward
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
flex ankle
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
ankle extenion, "point toes"
Term
opposition
Definition
movement of thumbs toward other fingers or palms, important for daily tasks
Term
protraction
Definition
moving part of the body anterior in one plane
ex) pushing mandible forward
Term
retraction
Definition
reverse of protraction
ex) bringing it back
Term
elevation/ depression
Definition
superior/ inferior movement
ex) chewing, shrugging your shoulders
Term
lateral flexion
Definition
vertebral column moving side to side
Term
pronation
Definition
moving palms/ forearms away from anatomical positoin (towards body)
Term
supination
Definition
moving palms/ forearms back to anatomical position
Term
tissues
Definition
collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited # of functions
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports materials, stores energy reserves
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
specialized for contractions
Term
neural tissue
Definition
carries info from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses
Term
epithelia
Definition
covers every exposed surface of the body (skin, digestive tract, lining of respiratory tract, urinary tract)
Term
microvilli
Definition
for increased surface area on the apical side
Term
cilia
Definition
for moving substances along the apical membrane
Term
tight junctions (occluding junctions)
Definition
phospholipids membrane between cells is so tight water and solutes cannot pass through (epithelial cells)
Term
gap junctions
Definition
cells held together by connexons, small molecules can pass from cell to cell
Term
connexons
Definition
channel proteins, connect one cell's cytosol to another through "channels"
Term
desmosomes
Definition
link opposing cell membranes, strong, resists stretching; abundant in skin cells, why sunburns peel, for strength, does not allow cytosol interaction from cell to cell
Term
squamous
Definition
thin, flat, irregular, "scaly"
Term
cuboidal
Definition
appear square in structure
Term
columnar
Definition
appear rectangular in section
Term
simple epithelium
Definition
one layer thick
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
more than one layer covers the basal lamina
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
columnar epi includes several types of cells with verying shapes and functions. Not truely stratified, b/c each cell is in contact with the basal lamina
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
appearance of the epithelia change, depending on the amount of stretch
Term
connective tissue
Definition
connects the epithelia with the rest of the body (basal lamina), also provides structure, stores energy reserves and transports materials
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
most abundant in connective tissue, always present in connective tissue, secrete polysaccharides
Term
fibrocytes
Definition
maintain connective tissue fibers
Term
macrophages
Definition
engulf pathogens
Term
adipocytes
Definition
fat cells
Term
mesenchymal cell
Definition
can divide to produce additional cells and can differentiate into a cell type that is needed
Term
melanocytes
Definition
synthesize and store melanin (pigment that gives tissues dark color)
Term
mast cells
Definition
common near blood vessels, secrete heparin, histamine. Histamine stimulates inflammation, heparin slows blood clotting
Term
collagen
Definition
long, straight, unbranched, bundle of fibrous proteins wound together like a rope
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
branching interwoven, tough, flexible
resist forces from many directions
stabilize blood vessels and nerves
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
contain protein elastin, branched, wavy
Term
fasciae
Definition
connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
Term
necrosis
Definition
tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been hurt/killed
Term
necrotic tissue
Definition
dead/ dying tissue
Term
integument
Definition
includes skin and accessory organs: hair, nails, exocrine glands
Term
epidermis
Definition
most superficial; avascular, dry, relatively not suitable for microorganisms, dominated by keratinocytes (cells that contain keratin)
Term
keratin
Definition
tough, fibrous protein
thin skin has 4 layers of keratinocytes, thick skin has 5
Term
2 point discrimination
Definition
can only tell on face, hands, and fingers when the points are very close
Term
stratum germinativum
Definition
deepest layer of skin
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
spiny layer, cell from stratum germinativum is pushed to this layer and continues to divide
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
grainy layer, cells stop diving in this layer
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
only in thick skin of palms and soles, flattened cells, densely packed
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
exposed skin surface
Term
dermis
Definition
contain extensive vascular network, papillary layer (superficial), reticular layer (deeper)
Term
hypodermis
Definition
subcutaneous layer, not technically part of the integument. Used clinically for subcutaneous injections because it has a good blood supply but no major organs
Term
insensible perspiration
Definition
water lost each day that we are unaware of, water leaves through the stratum corneum
Term
sensible perspiration
Definition
water lost through sweat gland
Term
root hair plexus
Definition
sensory nerves around follicle
Term
club hair
Definition
follicle becomes inactive, hair is at end of growth cycle
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
discharge sebum into hair follicle
Term
sebaceous follicle
Definition
discharge sebum directly onto skin
Term
sebum
Definition
mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes
Term
apocrine sweat gland
Definition
secrete sweat into hair follicle (armpits, nipples, pubic region)
Term
eccrine sweat glands
Definition
discharge directly onto skin surface, widely distributed, smaller than apocrine glands
Term
nails
Definition
protect exposed surface of tips of fingers and toes
Term
scar
Definition
fibrous tissue at injury site
Term
keloid
Definition
scar tissue in dermis with shiny, smooth epidermis
Term
burns
Definition
exposure of skin to heat, friction, radiation, electrical shock, or strong chemical agents
Term
1st degree burn
Definition
surface epidermis affected, results in erythema (red, painful skin)
Term
2nd degree burn
Definition
entire epidermis, some dermis, more fluid loss
Term
3rd degree burn
Definition
destroy epidermis and dermis and some hypodermis
Term
sepsis
Definition
global bacterial infection, leading cause of death in burn victims
Term
liposuction
Definition
subcutaneous adipose tissue is torn and sucked with a tube
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