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A&P BSC 2085
Chapter One
144
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of structure
Term
Inspection
Definition
Simply looking at appearance
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of function
Term
Palpatation
Definition
Feeling a structure with the hands
Term

Auscultation

(AWS-cul-TAY-shun)

Definition
Listening to the natural sounds of the body
Term
Percussion
Definition
tapping the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening to the sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of air or fluid.
Term

Dissection

Definition

Careful cutting and separation of tissues to reviel their relationships.

 

Term
Cadaver
Definition
A dead human body
Term
Comparative Anatomy
Definition
The study of more than one speciesin order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.
Term
Exploratory Surgery
Definition
Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what is wrong and what can be done about it.
Term
Medical Imaging
Definition
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
Term
Radiology
Definition
Branch of medicine concerned with imaging
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Structire that can be seen with the naked eye
Term

Histology

(microscopic anatomy)

Definition
Thinly sliced tissue specimens, stained and observed under a microscope
Term
Histopathology
Definition
Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.
Term
Cytology
Definition
The study of the structure and function of the individual cells
Term
Ultrastructure
Definition
Fine detail down to the molecular level, reavealed by an electron microscope
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
Physiology of the nervous system
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
Physiology of hormones
Term
Pathophsyology
Definition
Mechanisisms of disease
Term
Comparative physiology
Definition
The study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction.
Term
Hippocrates
Definition

400-C 375 BC

Considered the father of medicine

He and his followers established a code of ethics, Hippocratic Oath, that is still recited by modern physicians.

Term

Aristolte

344-322 BCE

Definition
First philosopher to write about A&P. He believed that diseases and other natural evenets could have supernatiral causes or natural causes.
Term

Theologi

(Aristotle)

Definition
Supernatural causes of disease
Term

Physici or Physiologi

Aristotle

Definition
Natural causes of disease
Term

Claudius Galen

130-c-200

Definition
Physician to Roman Galdiators. Writer of the most influentioal medical textbook of the ancient era. He saw science as a method of discovery, not as a body of fact, to be taken on faith. He warned even his books could be wrong and to trust obeservations more than following any book.
Term

Moses ben Maimon

(1135-1204)

Known as Maimonides

Definition
Court physician to Sultan Saladin. Wrote 10 influential books on medicine and numerous treatises on specific diseases.
Term

Ibn Sina

9980-1037)

Known as Avicenna or Galen of Islam

Definition
Wrote the textbook The Canon of Medicine
Term

Andreas Vesalius

(1514–64) 

 

taught anatomy in Italy.In his time, the Catholic Church relaxed its prohibition against cadaver dissection, primarily to allow autopsies in cases of suspicious death. Dissections were conducted outdoors in a nonstop 4-day race against decay. barber–surgeon removed putrefying organs from the cadaver and held them up for the students to see. Barbering and surgery were considered to be “kindred arts of the knife”; today’s barber poles date from this era, their red and white stripes symbolizing blood and bandages. 

Definition


 Vesalius broke with tradition by coming down from the cathedra and doing the dissections himself. He was quick to point out that much of the anatomy in Galen’s books was wrong, and he was the first to publish accurate 

illustrations for teaching anatomy (fig. 1.3). When others began to plagiarize his illustrations, Vesalius published the first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body), in 1543. This book began a rich tradition of medical illustration that has been handed down to us through such milestones as Gray’s Anatomy (1856) and the vividly illustrated atlases and textbooks of today.

 

Term

William Harvey

(1578–1657)

What Vesalius was to anatomy, Harvey was to physiology.

Definition
known for studies of blood circulation and a little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart).
Term

Michael Servetus

(1511–53) 

along with Harvey

Definition

...were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again. This flew in the face of Galen’s belief that the liver converted 

food to blood, the heart pumped blood through the veins to all other organs, and those organs consumed it.

Term

Robert Hooke

(1635–1703)

an Englishman

Definition

designed scientific instruments of various kinds and made many improvements in the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end. Hooke improved the optics and invented several of the helpful features found in 

microscopes today—a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls. His microscopes magnified only about 30 times, but with them, he was the first to see and name cells. He published the first comprehensive book of microscopy, Micrographia, in 1665.

Term

Microscope

objective lens

Definition
which produces an initial magnified image,
Term

Microscope

ocular lens (eyepiece)

Definition

near the observer’s eye, which magni-

fies the first image still further.

Term

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(an-TOE-nee vahn LAY-wen-hook)

(1632–1723)

a Dutch textile merchant

Definition

invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of 

examining the weave of fabrics. His microscope was a bead-like lens mounted in a metal plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke’s, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200 ! )  owing to Leeuwenhoek’s superior lens-grinding skill. 

Term
spherical aberration
Definition
poor images with blurry edges
Term
chromatic aberration
Definition
rainbowlike distortions
Term

Carl Zeiss

(1816–88) 

German

Definition
greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condenser and developing superior optics
Term

 Ernst Abbe

(1840–1905)

physicist

partner of Carl Zeiss

Definition
greatly improved the compound microscope, adding the condenser and developing superior optics
Term

Matthias Schleiden

(1804–81)

botanist 

Definition

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells. Although it took another century for 

this idea to be generally accepted, it became the first tenet of the cell theory, added to by  later biologists

Term

 

Theodor Schwann

(1810–82) 

zoologist 

Definition
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells. Although it took another century for this idea to be generally accepted, it became the first tenet of the cell theory, added to by  later biologists. 
Term
Cell theory
Definition

The cell theory was perhaps the most impor-

tant breakthrough in biomedical history; all functions of the body are now interpreted as the effects of cellular activity.

Term

Francis Bacon

(1561–1626)

English philosopher

Definition

envisioned science as a far greater, systematic enterprise with enormous possibilities for human health and welfare. He detested those who endlessly debated ancient philosophy without creating anything new. Bacon argued against biased thinking and for more objectivity in science. He outlined a systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and drawing useful generalizations from observable facts. He is credited with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new in nature or 

inventing any techniques—for neither man was a scientist—but by inventing new habits of scientific thought.

Term

 René Descartes

(1596–1650)

French philosopher

Definition

envisioned science as a far greater, systematic enterprise with enormous possibilities for human health and welfare. He detested those who endlessly debated ancient philosophy without creating anything new. Bacon argued against biased thinking and for more objectivity in science. He outlined a systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and drawing useful generalizations from observable facts. He is credited with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new in nature or 

inventing any techniques—for neither man was a scientist—but by inventing new habits of scientific thought

Term
Scientific method
Definition

refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest analysis 

of one’s observations and conclusions. It is especially important in health science to understand these habits.

Term
Inductive method
Definition

first prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Term
beyond reasonable doubt
Definition

if it was arrived at by reliable methods of observation, tested and confirmed 

repeatedly, and not falsified by any credible observation. 

Term
Hypothetico–Deductive Method
Definition

An investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis—an

educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. Falsifiability means that if we claim 

something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.

Term
Hypothesis
Definition

must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answer ing a question. From the hypothesis, a 

researcher makes a deduction, typically in the form of an “if-then” prediction: If my hypothesis on epilepsy is correct and I record the brain waves of patients during seizures, then I should observe abnormal bursts of  activity. Hypothesis testing operates in cycles of conjecture and disproof until one is found that is supported by the evidence.

Term
Falsifiability
Definition

means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.

Term
Experimental Design
Definition

Sample size, Controls, Psychosomatic effects, placebo, Experimenter bias, double-blind method, Statistical testing, 

Term
Sample size
Definition

The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study is the sample size. An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome. For 

example, would you rather trust your health to a drug that was tested on 5 people or one tested on 5,000? 

Term
Controls
Definition

 Biomedical experiments require comparison between treated and untreated individuals so that we can judge whether the treatment has any effect. 

A control group consists of subjects that are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested.

Term
Psychosomatic effects
Definition

(effects of the subject’s state of mind on his or her physiology) can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them. 

Term

placebo

(pla-SEE-bo)

Definition
a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body. 
Term
Experimenter bias
Definition

experimenters may want certain results so much that their biases, even subconscious ones, can affect their interpretation of the data.

Term
Double-blind method
Definition

neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo. 

Term
Statistical testing
Definition

 Perhaps you have heard of the chi-square test, the t test, or analysis of variance, for example. 

Term
Peer Review
Definition

a critical 

evaluation by other experts in that field

Term
Scientific fact
Definition
information that can be independently verified by any trained person
Term
Law of nature
Definition

a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave. It is the result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations. 

Term
Law of complementary base-pairing
Definition
In the double helix of DNA, a chemical base called adenine always pairs with one called thymine, and a base called guanine always pairs with cytosine 
Term
Boyle’s law
Definition

expressed as mathematical formulae. (BL) used in respiratory physiology: Under speci-

fied conditions, the volume of a gas (V) is inversely proportional to its pressure (P)—V µ 1/P.

Term
Theory
Definition

explanatory statement or set of  statements 

derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses. 

Term
Law
Definition

In common usage, a law is a rule created and enforced by people; we must obey it or risk a penalty. A law of nature, however, is a description; laws do not govern the universe, they describe it.

Term
Theory
Definition
as a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts. 
Term
Theory of natural selection.
Definition

an explanation of how species originate and change through time, was the brainchild of Charles Darwin (1809–82)—probably the most influential biolo

gist who ever lived. His book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), has been called “the book that shook the world.” On the Origin of Species scarcely touched upon human biology, but its unmistakable implications for humans created an intense storm of controversy that continues even today. In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin directly addressed the issue of human evolution and emphasized features of anatomy and behavior that reveal our relationship to other animals. No understanding of human form and function is complete without an understanding of our evolutionary history.

Term
Evolution
Definition

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms. Examples include the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the appear-

ance of new strains of the AIDS virus, and the emergence of new species of organisms.

Term
Natural selection
Definition

the principal theory of how evolution works. It states essentially this: Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their 

competitors—for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates—that enable them to produce more offspring. They pass these advantages on to their offspring, and such characteristics therefore become 

more and more common in successive generations. This brings about the genetic change in a population that constitutes evolution.

Term
Selection pressures
Definition

Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others. They include such things as climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food.  

 

Term
Adaptations
Definition

eatures of an organism’s anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to 

these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment. 

Term
DNA hybridization
Definition

suggests a difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure between humans and chimpanzees. Chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%. DNA structure suggests that a chimpanzee’s closest living relative is not the gorilla or any other ape—

it is us.

Term
Model
Definition

An animal species or strain selected for research on a particular problem 

Term
Primates
Definition
We belong to an order of mammals called the Primates, which also includes the monkeys and apes.
Term
Arboreal
Definition

treetop habitat

Term

Opposable

(thumbs)

Definition

cross the palm to touch the fingertips—and enabled primates to hold small objects and 

manipulate them more precisely than other mammals can

Term
Prehensile
Definition

able to grasp branches by encircling them with the thumb and fingers (fig. 1.5). The thumb is so important that it receives highest priority in the repair of hand injuries. If the thumb can be saved, the hand can be reasonably functional; if it is lost, hand functions are severely diminished.

Term

Stereoscopic vision 

stereo = solid + scop = vision

Definition

depth perception This adaptation provided better 

hand–eye coordination in catching and manipulating prey, with the added advantage of making it easier to judge distances accurately in leaping from tree to tree. 

Term

Bipedalism

bi = two + ped = foot

Definition

standing and walking on two legs.

Fossil evidence indicates that bipedalism was firmly established more than 4 million years ago

Term

Genus

Australopithecus

(aus-TRAL-oh-PITH-eh-cus)

Definition
Most of the oldest bipedal primates are classified as this.
Term

Genus

Homo

Definition

About 2.5 million years ago, hominids appeared with taller stature, greater brain volumes, simple stone tools, and probably articulate speech

Term
Homo erectus
Definition
By at least 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus migrated from Africa to parts of Asia.
Term
Homo sapiens
Definition

originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago and is the sole surviving hominid species.

 

Our own species, Homo sapiens, has been notoriously difficult to define. Some authorities apply this name to various forms of “archaic Homo” dated as far back as 600,000 years, whereas others limit it to anatomically 

modern humans no more than 200,000 years old. Several other species of Homo between Homo erectus and modern Homo sapiens have been named in recent decades; their naming, classification, and relationships are still 

a matter of considerable debate.

Term

 Evolutionary

(darwinian) medicine 

Definition
traces some of our diseases and imperfections to our evolutionary past.
Term
The Hierarchy of Complexity
Definition

Humans have an 

analogous hierarchy of complexity, as follows (fig. 1.7):

The organism is composed of organ systems,

 

organ systems are composed of organs,

 

 organs are composed of tissues,

 

  tissues are composed of cells,

 

   cells are composed partly of organelles,

 

    organelles are composed of molecules, and

 

     molecules are composed of atoms.

Term
Organism
Definition
a single, complete individual
Term
Organ system
Definition

a group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration, or digestion. The human body has 11 organ systems, illustrated in atlas A immediately following this chapter: the integumentary, skel-

etal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. Usually, the organs of one system are physically interconnected, such as the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and 

urethra, which compose the urinary system.

Term
Organ
Definition

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Organs have definite anatomical boundaries 

and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures. Most organs and higher levels of structure are within the domain of gross anatomy. However, there are organs within organs—the large organs visible to the naked eye 

often contain smaller organs visible only with the microscope. The skin, for example, is the body’s largest organ. Included within it are thousands of smaller organs: each hair, nail, gland, nerve, and blood vessel of the skin is an organ in itself. A single organ can belong to two organ systems. For example, the pancreas belongs to both the endocrine and digestive systems.

Term
Tissue
Definition

a mass of similar cells and cell products 

that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function. The body is composed of only four primary classes of tissue: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue. 

Term
Cells
Definition

he smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. A cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains its DNA. 

Term
Organelles
Definition

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.

Term
Molecules
Definition
a particle composed of at least two atoms, the smallest particles with unique chemical identities.
Term
Macromolecules
Definition

largest molecules, such as proteins, fats, 

and DNA,

Term
Atoms
Definition

the smallest particles 

with unique chemical identities.

Term
Reductionism
Definition
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components 
Term
Holism
Definition

the complementary theory that there are “emergent properties” of 

the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts—human beings are more than the sum of their parts. To be most effective, a health-care provider treats not merely a disease or an 

organ system, but a whole person. A patient’s perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. In fact, these psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient’s recovery than the physical treatments administered.

Term
Anatomical Variation
Definition
how much one body can differ from another
Term
Situs (SITE-us) Solitus
Definition

In most people, the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart are on the left, while the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver are on the right. The normal arrangement of these and other internal organs 

Term
Situs Inversus
Definition
the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are reversed between right and left.
Term
Dextrocardia
Definition

selective right-left reversal of 

the heart

Term
Situs perversus
Definition
a single organ occupies an atypical position—for example, a kidney located low in the pelvic cavity instead of high in the abdominal cavity.
Term
Characteristics of Life
Definition

Organization, Cellular composition, Metabolism, Responsiveness and movement, Homeostasis, Development, Reproduction, Evolution.

Term
Organization
Definition

Living things exhibit a far higher 

level of organization than the nonliving world 

around them. They expend a great deal of energy

to maintain order, and a breakdown in this order 

 

is accompanied by disease and often death.

Term
Cellular composition
Definition

Living matter is always 

 

compartmentalized into one or more cells.

Term
Metabolism
Definition

Living things take in molecules from the environment and chemically change them into molecules that form their own structures, control their physiology, or provide them with energy. Metabolism is the sum of all this internal chemical change. It consists of two classes of reactions: anabolism,16 in which relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones (for example, protein synthesis), and catabolism,17in which relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones (for example, protein diges-

tion). Metabolism inevitably produces chemical wastes, some of which are toxic if they accumulate. Metabolism therefore requires excretion, the separation of wastes from the tissues and their  elimination from the body. There is a constant turnover of molecules in the body; few of the molecules now in your body have been there for more than a year. It is food for thought that although you sense a continuity of personality and experience from your childhood to the present, nearly all of your body has been replaced within the past year.

Term
Excretion
Definition
the separation of wastes from the tissues and their  elimination from the body. 
Term
Responsiveness
Definition

The ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli (changes in their 

environment) is called responsiveness, irritability, or excitability. It occurs at all levels from the single cell to the entire body, and it characterizes all living 

things from bacteria to you. Responsiveness is especially obvious in animals because of nerve and muscle cells that exhibit high sensitivity to environ-

mental stimuli, rapid transmission of information, and quick reactions. Most living organisms are capable of self-propelled movement from place to place, and all organisms and cells are at least capable of moving substances internally, such as moving food along the digestive tract or moving molecules and organelles from place to place within a cell.

Term
Movement
Definition
self-propelled movement from place to place
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
ability to maintain internal stability,
Term
Development
Definition

Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. In most organisms, it involves two major processes: 

(1) differentiation, the transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task, and

(2) growth, an increase in size. Some 

nonliving things grow, but not in the way your body does.

Term
Differentiation
Definition

the transformation of cells with no 

specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task

Term
Growth
Definition
an increase in size
Term
Reproduction
Definition
produce copies of themselves
Term
Evolution
Definition

 genetic change from generation to generation. This occurs because mutations (changes in DNA structure) are inevitable and because environmental selection pressures endow some individuals with greater reproductive success than others. 

Term
Physiological Variation
Definition

Physiological variables differ with sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, and environment, among other things. Failure to consider such variation leads to medical 

mistakes such as overmedication of the elderly or medicating women on the basis of research that was done on men. 

Term
Reference man
Definition

defined as a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), living at a mean ambient 

(surrounding) temperature of 20°C, engaging in light physical activity, and  consuming 2,800 kilocalories (kcal) per day. 

Term
Reference woman
Definition

same as a reference man except  for a weight 

of 58 kg (128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 kcal/day.

Term

Homeostasis

(HO-me-oh-STAY-sis)

Definition

the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and 

thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.

Term

Claude Bernard

(1813–78)

French physiologist

Definition
observed that the internal conditions of the body remain quite constant even when external conditions vary greatly. 
Term

Walter Cannon

(1871–1945) 

American physiologist

Definition
coined the term homeostasis for this tendency to maintain internal stability. 
Term
Dynamic equilibrium
Definition
balanced change
Term
Set point
Definition

 average value for a given variable (such as 37°C for body temperature) and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point.

Term
Negative feedback
Definition

The fundamental mechanism that keeps a variable close to its set point. a process in 

which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it. By maintaining stability, negative feedback is the key mechanism for maintaining health.

Term
Feedback loops
Definition

feedback mechanisms that alter the original 

changes that triggered them 

Term

Vasodilation

(VAY-zo-dy-LAY-shun)

Definition
the widening of blood vessels
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition

a narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin, which serves to retain warm blood deeper in your body and reduce heat loss. If this is not enough, the brain activates shivering—muscle tremors that generate heat.

Term
Baroreceptors
Definition

sensory nerve endings in the large arteries 

near the heart.

Term
Cardiac center
Definition

nerve signals to the brainstem, that regulates the 

heart rate.

Term
Baroreflex
Definition
reflexive correction of blood pressure
Term
Receptor
Definition

a structure that senses a 

change in the body

Term
Integrating (control) center
Definition

a mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and “makes a decision” about what the appropriate response should be. 

Term
Effector
Definition

the cell or organ that carries out the final cor-

rective action

Term
Positive feedback
Definition

a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective 

effects of negative feedback.

Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
a brain structure
Term
ligamentum arteriosum
Definition

a small fibrous band 

near the heart

Term
extensor carpi radialis longus
Definition
a forearm muscle
Term

Terminologia Anatomica

(TA)

Definition

The TA was codified in 1998 by an international body of anatomists, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, and approved by professional associations of anatomists in more than 50 countries

Term
Eponyms
Definition
terms coined from the names of people
Term

Nomina Anatomica 

(NA)

Definition
which rejected all eponyms and gave each structure a unique Latin name to be used worldwide.
Term

Scientific terms are typically composed of one or 

more of the following elements:

Definition

At least one root (stem) that bears the core meaning of the word. Combining vowels that are often inserted to join roots and make the word easier to pronounce.A prefix may be present to modify the core meaning 

of the word.A suffix may be added to the end of a word to modify 

its core meaning. 

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