Term
|
Definition
| Closed system in which blood circulates |
|
|
Term
| What forms the vascular system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of blood can pass through the capillary walls? |
|
Definition
| Blood plasma & tissue fluids |
|
|
Term
| Does whole blood leave blood vessels? |
|
Definition
No
Whole blood does NOT leave blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry blood away from the heart |
|
|
Term
| What pumps blood into the arteries? |
|
Definition
| Ventricles pump blood into arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small sub-divisions of arteries
(Carry blood into capillaries) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry blood into capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow exchanges to occur |
|
|
Term
| What is the bridge vessels that connects the arteries with the veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small vessels that receive blood from capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Where do venules carry blood? |
|
Definition
| Carry blood back towards the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by the merging of venules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Return blood towards the heart |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels can be divided into what categorical circuits? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit |
|
|
Term
| What is part of the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries & it's branches
Pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| What does the pulmonary circuit do? |
|
Definition
| Carry blood away from the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What do pulmonic capillaries do? |
|
Definition
| Exchange gases in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What do pulmonary veins do? |
|
Definition
| Return blood to the left atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is part of the systematic circuit? |
|
Definition
Aorta & it's branches
Systemic capillaries
Systemic veins |
|
|
Term
| What does the aorta & it's branches do? |
|
Definition
| Carry blood away from the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What do systemic capillaries do? |
|
Definition
| Exchange materials with tissue & cells |
|
|
Term
| What do systemic veins do? |
|
Definition
| Carry blood to the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the hollow space inside the arteries & veins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the tunic of the artery & veins? |
|
Definition
Coats (deepest>superficial)
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica external |
|
|
Term
| What is a lining of simple, flat epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smooth muscle & elastic fibers that are contracted by the sympathetic nervous system (allowing vessels to dilate & contract)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What coat in the artery & veins is a fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica Intima? |
|
Definition
Smooth lining of simple, flat epithelial cells
(Deepest tunic [coat] layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smooth muscle & elastic fibers
(Middle tunica coat) |
|
|
Term
| What allows for the smooth muscle & elastic fibers in blood vessels to contract & dilate? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system allows blood vessels (tunica media) to dilate & contract |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer most layer of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
Tunica Externa
(Fibrous connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle tunic coat in blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessels have thicker middle layer? |
|
Definition
| Arteries have a thicker middle layer than veins |
|
|
Term
| Why do some layers of blood vessels have thicker middle layers (tunic)? |
|
Definition
| To withstand pressure of ventricles pumping blood |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels have an elastic lamina & an additional sheet of elastic tissue within the tunica media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do arterioles have less tissue, but a relatively greater amount of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
So it...
1) Can regulate blood flow into the tissue
2) Helps control blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels have walls that are simple squamous epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
Capillaries
(tunica Intima only) |
|
|
Term
| Why are some blood vessels thin? |
|
Definition
1) To allow the exchange of
O2 & CO2 in the lungs
(pulmonary capillaries)
2) Exchange of blood with the body cells & tissues
(systemic capillaries) |
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessels are not under significant pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does venous return depend on? |
|
Definition
1) Skeletal muscle contraction
2) Breathing movements |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels are most numerous in the extremities? |
|
Definition
| Venous blood vessels (veins) |
|
|
Term
| What prevents back flow in veins? |
|
Definition
| 1-way valves prevent back flow in veins |
|
|
Term
| What do systemic arteries carry? |
|
Definition
| Oxygenated blood pumped by the left side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| What does the systemic arteries begin with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest artery? |
|
Definition
| Aorta (1 inch in diameter) |
|
|
Term
| What gives blood to the aorta? |
|
Definition
| Aorta receives blood from the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessel branches to reach all organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sections of the aorta? |
|
Definition
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| Where is the ascending aorta? |
|
Definition
| Inside the pericardial sac |
|
|
Term
| What does the ascending aorta leave? |
|
Definition
| Ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle going towards the right |
|
|
Term
| Where is the aortic arch & which way does it curve? |
|
Definition
| Aortic arch is deep to the sternum & curve to the left |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thoracic aorta? |
|
Definition
| Runs anterior to the vertebrae behind the heart & pleura |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the aorta is the longest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
| Runs from the diaphragm to about the level of the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the ascending aorta? |
|
Definition
| Right & left coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the aortic arch? |
|
Definition
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| What is the brachiocephalic artery & what does it bifurcate into? |
|
Definition
A short, unpaired blood vessel;
Bifurcate into the...
Right common carotid artery
Right Subclavian Artery |
|
|
Term
| Where is the right common carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| To the right side of the head & neck |
|
|
Term
| Where is the right subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
| To the right upper extremity |
|
|
Term
| What does the left common carotid artery do? |
|
Definition
| Supply left side of the head & neck |
|
|
Term
| Where is the left subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
| To left of upper extremity |
|
|
Term
| What kind of artery is the thoracic artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the thoracic artery supply? |
|
Definition
Structures in the mediastinum Pericardium
Esophagus
Lungs
Diaphragm
(superior phrenic arteries) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of what arteries are the source of 9-10 inter-coastal arteries, that supply the structures of the chest wall? |
|
Definition
| Branches of the thoracic Aorta |
|
|
Term
| Branches belonging to which arteries are unpaired & extend anteriorly to reach the viscera? |
|
Definition
| Branches of abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| What are the unpaired branches from the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
Celiac trunk
Superior meseteric artery
Inferior meseteric artery
{CSI} |
|
|
Term
| What is the celiac trunk & what does it divide into? |
|
Definition
A short artery that divides into the..
Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Hepatic Artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the left gastric artery supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the splenic artery supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hepatic artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Supplies O2-rich blood to the liver |
|
|
Term
| What do the coronary arteries supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest branch of the unpaired abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
| Superior Meseteric Artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the superior meseteric artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Supplies small intestine & 1st half of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Inferior Mesenteric Artery |
|
Definition
| Supplies 2nd half of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are the paired branches of the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
1) Gonadal Arteries
(Ovarian/testicular; sex glands)
2) Renal Arteries (kidneys)
3) Inferior phrenic arteries (diaphragm)
4) Supra-renal arteries
(adrenal glands)
5) 4 pairs of Lumbar arteries
(Muscles of abdominal wall)
{GRIS4L or OTRIS4L} |
|
|
Term
| Where does the abdominal aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries? |
|
Definition
| At about the level of the umbilical |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the Iliac arteries & their subdivisions? |
|
Definition
| About 2 inches (~5cm) long |
|
|
Term
| What is the common iliac arteries subdivided into? |
|
Definition
Internal Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Arteries |
|
|
Term
| What do the internal iliac arteries supply? |
|
Definition
Supply pelvic organs
(Urinary bladder, rectum, some reproductive organs) |
|
|
Term
| What does the external iliac arteries supply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the external iliac arteries become in the thigh? |
|
Definition
| External iliac arteries become the FEMORAL artery in the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral artery pass when going down the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral artery run inferiorly behind which BLM of the femur? |
|
Definition
Behinds the...
Medial epicondyle of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral artery turn into in the back of the knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the popliteal artery become below the knee? |
|
Definition
Posterior Tibial Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery |
|
|
Term
| What does anterior tibial artery become more distal down the leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the leg & foot? |
|
Definition
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
(Through anterior tibial artery) |
|
|
Term
| What is often palpated to base the circulation of the foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries travels upward through the neck; just anterior to the angle of the mandible (corner of the jaw)? |
|
Definition
| Left & right common carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the left & right carotid artery branch out into? |
|
Definition
External Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the external carotid artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid & skin, & muscles in the head & neck |
|
|
Term
| What does the internal carotid artery supply? |
|
Definition
| Blood to eye & anterior portion of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of the vertebral artery? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian artery is the source of the vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
| What does the vertebral artery pass through? |
|
Definition
| Foramina in transverse process of 1-6 cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the posterior brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the subclavian artery become in the armpit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the subclavian artery become in the arm? |
|
Definition
Subclavian artery becomes the brachial artery
(through the auxiliary artery) |
|
|
Term
| What artery is used to measure blood pressure in the arm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the brachial artery divide into in the elbow? |
|
Definition
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery |
|
|
Term
| Which artery continues through the forearm on the lateral side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery extends through the medial side of the forearm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connection between 2 vessels |
|
|
Term
| Where is the circle of Willis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the circle of Willis do? |
|
Definition
| Ensure blood reaches the brain by more than 1 route |
|
|
Term
| What forms the circle of Willis? |
|
Definition
| By blood vessels off the internal carotid arteries & vertebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where does the radial & ulnar arteries merge in the hand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the hand & fingers supplied with blood? |
|
Definition
| By the radial & ulnar arteries in the superficial palmar arch |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels supply the intestinal tract? |
|
Definition
Blood vessels in the
Mesenteric Arches |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels supply the feet & toes? |
|
Definition
| Tibial arteries in the arterial arches |
|
|
Term
| What is Arteriovenous Anastomoses & where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Blood shunts found in the external ears, hands & feet |
|
|
Term
| What does the arteriovenous anastomoses do? |
|
Definition
Connect arterial vessels directly to the venous system
Allows more rapid blood flow to these areas to protect them from cold |
|
|
Term
| What is the Metarteriole also know as & what does it do? |
|
Definition
AKA thoroughfare channel
Allows blood to bypass (go past) the capillary bed |
|
|
Term
| Where are most arteries located? |
|
Definition
| In protected areas of the body & are deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the veins of the upper extremity? |
|
Definition
Cephalic
Basilic
Median Cubital Veins |
|
|
Term
| What does the Cephalic vein do? |
|
Definition
| Drains blood from the lateral forearm |
|
|
Term
| What does the basilic vein do? |
|
Definition
| Drains blood from the medial forearm |
|
|
Term
| What veins is often used to draw blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the veins of the lower extremity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of names do deep veins, perellel to arteries have? |
|
Definition
Corresponding names like...
Femoral & iliac veins
[from lower part of the body]
Brachial, auxiliary & subclavian veins [in the upper extremity] |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels drain the head & neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the larger internal jugular vein do? |
|
Definition
Receives blood from the
cranial venous sinuses &
regions of the face & neck |
|
|
Term
| What does the smaller external jugular vein do? |
|
Definition
| Drains the areas supplied by the external carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| Which pairs of jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins? |
|
Definition
Both
Larger internal jugular
&
Smaller external jugular |
|
|
Term
| Where is the brachiocephalic vein formed? |
|
Definition
| On each side of the body by the union of the subclavian & jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| How many brachiocephalic arteries are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What smaller veins drain into the superior vena cava? |
|
Definition
Right & Left
Brachiocephalic Vein |
|
|
Term
| What smaller veins drain into the right & left brachiocephalic veins? |
|
Definition
Right & Left
Subclavian vein
Internal jugular
Vertebral vein
External jugular
{SIVE} |
|
|
Term
| Where does the vena cava drain blood from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vena cava empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the superior vena cava drain blood from? |
|
Definition
| Areas above the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpaired vein that drains the chest wall & empties it's blood into the superior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What returns blood from areas below the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior vena cava begin? |
|
Definition
| Begins where the 2 common iliac veins join |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessel passes through the diaphragm to the right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vena cava is longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the categories that the large veins below the diaphragm fall into? |
|
Definition
Paired veins from left & right
Unpaired veins from digestive organs & spleen |
|
|
Term
| What do left & right paired veins from below the diaphragm do? |
|
Definition
| Drains blood from the paired parts & organs |
|
|
Term
| What do the unpaired veins from digestive organs & spleen do? |
|
Definition
Empty blood into the
hepatic portal vein
(part of a special route to the liver) |
|
|
Term
| What are the paired veins below the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
{GRILSH}
Gonadal (testicular/ovarian) veins
Renal veins
Iliac veins
Lumbar veins
Suprarenal veins
Hepatic veins |
|
|
Term
| What veins empty into the left renal vein? |
|
Definition
| Gonadal (testicular/ovarian) veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large channel that drains deoxygenated blood, but does not have the usual tubular structure of a vein |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of the venous sinus? |
|
Definition
Coronary Sinuses
(returns blood to the right atrium from the myocardium)
Cranial Venous Sinuses
(Receive blood from veins in brain; drain into the internal jugular veins) |
|
|
Term
| What blood vessels drain into the hepatic portal vein? |
|
Definition
Veins...
Gastric
Mesenteric (superior & inferior)
Pancreatic
Splenic |
|
|
Term
| What does blood drain into from the sinusoids? |
|
Definition
Left & right hepatic veins
(That empties into the IFV) |
|
|
Term
| What does the left & right hepatic veins drain blood into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does inferior vena cava move blood into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O2, CO2 & other substances to move between the blood & the cells that live in tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the salt concentration of tissue fluid or interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
| All cells live in a slightly salty liquid (tissue fluid or interstitial fluid) |
|
|
Term
| What does tissue fluid or interstitial fluid allow cells to do? |
|
Definition
Allow substances to move between the blood & the cells...
In the exchange medium
(tissue fluid or interstitial fluid) |
|
|
Term
| How do most substances move between cells & capillary blood? |
|
Definition
Passive Transport
(Diffusion, osmosis & filtration)
*Diffusion is most common* |
|
|
Term
| What do substances depend on to move between the cells & capillary blood? |
|
Definition
| Depends on concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substances move across the plasma membrane from an area of Higher concentration
To an area of
Lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| What pushes water & dissolved materials out through capillary walls into tissue fluid (filtration)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is fluid & dissolved substances drawn back into the capillaries? |
|
Definition
Osmotic Pressure
(Solvent follows solute) |
|
|
Term
| What mains osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| Plasma proteins such as albumin |
|
|
Term
| Why is the movement of blood through capillaries relatively slow? |
|
Definition
| Allow time for exchange of materials to occur |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for handling the "leftovers" (fluid left behind in tissues during capillary exchange & some proteins)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is blood flow regulated? |
|
Definition
| To supply tissue needs without placing unnecessary stress on the heart |
|
|
Term
| Why is blood flow regulated differently in areas of the body? |
|
Definition
| Different organs have different needs for blood & need may vary with activity |
|
|
Term
| How is blood flow to an organ regulated? |
|
Definition
| By controlling the diameter of the blood vessels supplying it (vasodilation & vasoconstriction) |
|
|
Term
| What responds messages from baroreceptors in large vessels such as the carotid artery & aorta? |
|
Definition
| Medulla Oblongata's vasomotor center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood vessels diameter increases;
Increase blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood vessel diameter decrease; Decrease blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What does the pre-capillary sphincter control? |
|
Definition
| Flow of blood into capillary beds |
|
|
Term
| Why does the blood flow continually move forward as the heart contracts? |
|
Definition
| Blood flows in a closed system |
|
|
Term
| What are the challenges veins face when moving blood? |
|
Definition
1) Little force from the pumping of the heart
2) Gravity works against flow of blood from regions below the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pressure
(So blood tends to pool in veins) |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms that promote venous return? |
|
Definition
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Valves prevent back flow
Respiratory Pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure changes in the abdomen & thorax as we breathe "push" & "pull" blood through these cavities toward the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Wave"=Pulse
Force of ventricular contraction starts a wave of increased pressure that travels along the arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where can a pulse be felt? |
|
Definition
In arteries
(Especially if the artery is relatively superficial & can be compressed against bone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that influence the body pulse rate which affects heart rate? |
|
Definition
Body size (smaller=faster)
Sex
Age
Muscular Activity
Emotion
Body Temperature
Thyroid Secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force excreted by blood against vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| What determines blood pressure? |
|
Definition
Heart's output & resistance to blood flow in the vessels
(Peripheral resistance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles in 1 minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles in a single cardiac cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac output equation? |
|
Definition
| CO=Heart rate x stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| What can stimulate more forceful contractions to increase blood ejection? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| What does increased venous return lead to? |
|
Definition
| More stretching of the heart muscle, producing a more forceful contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Opposition to blood flow" |
|
|
Term
| What causes resistance to blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Due to friction as blood slides along vessel walls |
|
|
Term
| Where are the effects of resistance to blood mostly seen? |
|
Definition
| In small arteries & arterioles that are at a distance from the heart |
|
|
Term
| What does the resistance to blood flow A.K.A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resistance to blood flow affected by? |
|
Definition
Vasomotor changes
Elasticity of blood vessels
Blood viscosity
Total blood volume |
|
|
Term
| How do vasomotor changes affect the resistance of blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Narrow vessels provide more resistance |
|
|
Term
| How does the elasticity of blood vessels affect the resistance of blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Less elastic vessels produce more resistance |
|
|
Term
| How does blood viscosity affect the resistance of blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Increased viscosity increases resistance |
|
|
Term
| How does the total blood volume affect the resistance of blood flow? |
|
Definition
Increased volume increases the pressure
Increased cardiac output (Increases venous return) |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output x peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| What varies the blood pressure through the day? |
|
Definition
| Different conditions placed on the body |
|
|
Term
| How is blood pressure measured in the brachial artery? |
|
Definition
Sphygmomanometer
(blood pressure cuff) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs during heart contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs during heart relaxation |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal systolic & diastolic pressure? |
|
Definition
Normal Systolic: 120 mmHG
Normal Diastolic: 80 mmHG |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal blood pressure reported as systolic over diastolic? |
|
Definition
120/80
Systolic/ diastolic |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose if the hepatic portal system? |
|
Definition
Being blood from the digestive organs & the spleen to the liver
So...
That the materials they are carrying
(nutrients from digestive food; iron & bile pigments from broken down erythrocytes)
can be processed, stored or eliminated |
|
|
