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A&P (Blood vessels)
OSTM(save)
201
Anatomy
Not Applicable
10/25/2013

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Cards

Term
Vascular system
Definition
Closed system in which blood circulates
Term
What forms the vascular system?
Definition
Heart & blood vessels
Term
What parts of blood can pass through the capillary walls?
Definition
Blood plasma & tissue fluids
Term
Does whole blood leave blood vessels?
Definition
No
Whole blood does NOT leave blood vessels
Term
What do arteries do?
Definition
Carry blood away from the heart
Term
What pumps blood into the arteries?
Definition
Ventricles pump blood into arteries
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Small sub-divisions of arteries
(Carry blood into capillaries)
Term
What do arterioles do?
Definition
Carry blood into capillaries
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow exchanges to occur
Term
What is the bridge vessels that connects the arteries with the veins?
Definition
Capillaries
Term
Venules
Definition
Small vessels that receive blood from capillaries
Term
Where do venules carry blood?
Definition
Carry blood back towards the heart
Term
What forms the veins?
Definition
Formed by the merging of venules
Term
What do veins do?
Definition
Return blood towards the heart
Term
Blood vessels can be divided into what categorical circuits?
Definition
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit
Term
What is part of the pulmonary circuit?
Definition
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries & it's branches
Pulmonary veins
Term
What does the pulmonary circuit do?
Definition
Carry blood away from the right ventricle
Term
What do pulmonic capillaries do?
Definition
Exchange gases in the lungs
Term
What do pulmonary veins do?
Definition
Return blood to the left atrium
Term
What is part of the systematic circuit?
Definition
Aorta & it's branches
Systemic capillaries
Systemic veins
Term
What does the aorta & it's branches do?
Definition
Carry blood away from the left ventricle
Term
What do systemic capillaries do?
Definition
Exchange materials with tissue & cells
Term
What do systemic veins do?
Definition
Carry blood to the right atrium
Term
What is the hollow space inside the arteries & veins?
Definition
Lumen
Term
What are the tunic of the artery & veins?
Definition
Coats (deepest>superficial)
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica external
Term
What is a lining of simple, flat epithelial cells?
Definition
Tunica Intima
Term
What is the smooth muscle & elastic fibers that are contracted by the sympathetic nervous system (allowing vessels to dilate & contract)?
Definition
Tunica media
Term
What coat in the artery & veins is a fibrous connective tissue?
Definition
Tunica Externa
Term
What is the tunica Intima?
Definition
Smooth lining of simple, flat epithelial cells
(Deepest tunic [coat] layer)
Term
Tunica media
Definition
Smooth muscle & elastic fibers
(Middle tunica coat)
Term
What allows for the smooth muscle & elastic fibers in blood vessels to contract & dilate?
Definition
Sympathetic nervous system allows blood vessels (tunica media) to dilate & contract
Term
What is the outer most layer of blood vessels?
Definition
Tunica Externa
(Fibrous connective tissue)
Term
What is the middle tunic coat in blood vessels?
Definition
Tunica Media
Term
Which blood vessels have thicker middle layer?
Definition
Arteries have a thicker middle layer than veins
Term
Why do some layers of blood vessels have thicker middle layers (tunic)?
Definition
To withstand pressure of ventricles pumping blood
Term
What blood vessels have an elastic lamina & an additional sheet of elastic tissue within the tunica media?
Definition
Large arteries
Term
Why do arterioles have less tissue, but a relatively greater amount of smooth muscle?
Definition
So it...
1) Can regulate blood flow into the tissue

2) Helps control blood pressure
Term
What blood vessels have walls that are simple squamous epithelial cells?
Definition
Capillaries
(tunica Intima only)
Term
Why are some blood vessels thin?
Definition
1) To allow the exchange of
O2 & CO2 in the lungs
(pulmonary capillaries)

2) Exchange of blood with the body cells & tissues
(systemic capillaries)
Term
Which blood vessels are not under significant pressure?
Definition
Venous blood vessels
Term
What does venous return depend on?
Definition
1) Skeletal muscle contraction

2) Breathing movements
Term
What blood vessels are most numerous in the extremities?
Definition
Venous blood vessels (veins)
Term
What prevents back flow in veins?
Definition
1-way valves prevent back flow in veins
Term
What do systemic arteries carry?
Definition
Oxygenated blood pumped by the left side of the heart
Term
What does the systemic arteries begin with?
Definition
Aorta
Term
What is the diameter of the aorta?
Definition
1 inch in diameter
Term
What is the largest artery?
Definition
Aorta (1 inch in diameter)
Term
What gives blood to the aorta?
Definition
Aorta receives blood from the left ventricle
Term
What blood vessel branches to reach all organs?
Definition
Aorta
Term
What are the sections of the aorta?
Definition
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Term
Where is the ascending aorta?
Definition
Inside the pericardial sac
Term
What does the ascending aorta leave?
Definition
Ascending aorta leaves the left ventricle going towards the right
Term
Where is the aortic arch & which way does it curve?
Definition
Aortic arch is deep to the sternum & curve to the left
Term
Where is the thoracic aorta?
Definition
Runs anterior to the vertebrae behind the heart & pleura
Term
Which part of the aorta is the longest?
Definition
Abdominal aorta
Term
Where is the abdominal aorta?
Definition
Runs from the diaphragm to about the level of the umbilicus
Term
What are the branches of the ascending aorta?
Definition
Right & left coronary artery
Term
What are the branches of the aortic arch?
Definition
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Term
What is the brachiocephalic artery & what does it bifurcate into?
Definition
A short, unpaired blood vessel;

Bifurcate into the...
Right common carotid artery
Right Subclavian Artery
Term
Where is the right common carotid artery?
Definition
To the right side of the head & neck
Term
Where is the right subclavian artery?
Definition
To the right upper extremity
Term
What does the left common carotid artery do?
Definition
Supply left side of the head & neck
Term
Where is the left subclavian artery?
Definition
To left of upper extremity
Term
What kind of artery is the thoracic artery?
Definition
Systemic artery
Term
What does the thoracic artery supply?
Definition
Structures in the mediastinum Pericardium
Esophagus
Lungs
Diaphragm
(superior phrenic arteries)
Term
Branches of what arteries are the source of 9-10 inter-coastal arteries, that supply the structures of the chest wall?
Definition
Branches of the thoracic Aorta
Term
Branches belonging to which arteries are unpaired & extend anteriorly to reach the viscera?
Definition
Branches of abdominal aorta
Term
What are the unpaired branches from the abdominal aorta?
Definition
Celiac trunk
Superior meseteric artery
Inferior meseteric artery
{CSI}
Term
What is the celiac trunk & what does it divide into?
Definition
A short artery that divides into the..

Left Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Hepatic Artery
Term
What does the left gastric artery supply?
Definition
Supplies the stomach
Term
What does the splenic artery supply?
Definition
Supplies spleen
Term
What does the hepatic artery supply?
Definition
Supplies O2-rich blood to the liver
Term
What do the coronary arteries supply?
Definition
Myocardium with blood
Term
What is the largest branch of the unpaired abdominal aorta?
Definition
Superior Meseteric Artery
Term
What does the superior meseteric artery supply?
Definition
Supplies small intestine & 1st half of large intestine
Term
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Definition
Supplies 2nd half of the large intestine
Term
What are the paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
Definition
1) Gonadal Arteries
(Ovarian/testicular; sex glands)
2) Renal Arteries (kidneys)
3) Inferior phrenic arteries (diaphragm)
4) Supra-renal arteries
(adrenal glands)
5) 4 pairs of Lumbar arteries
(Muscles of abdominal wall)

{GRIS4L or OTRIS4L}
Term
Where does the abdominal aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?
Definition
At about the level of the umbilical
Term
What is the size of the Iliac arteries & their subdivisions?
Definition
About 2 inches (~5cm) long
Term
What is the common iliac arteries subdivided into?
Definition
Internal Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Arteries
Term
What do the internal iliac arteries supply?
Definition
Supply pelvic organs
(Urinary bladder, rectum, some reproductive organs)
Term
What does the external iliac arteries supply?
Definition
Supply Lower extremity
Term
What does the external iliac arteries become in the thigh?
Definition
External iliac arteries become the FEMORAL artery in the thigh
Term
What does the femoral artery pass when going down the thigh?
Definition
Adductor hiatus
Term
What does the femoral artery run inferiorly behind which BLM of the femur?
Definition
Behinds the...
Medial epicondyle of the femur
Term
What does the femoral artery turn into in the back of the knee?
Definition
Popliteal Artery
Term
What does the popliteal artery become below the knee?
Definition
Posterior Tibial Artery

Anterior Tibial Artery
Term
What does anterior tibial artery become more distal down the leg?
Definition
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Term
What artery supplies the leg & foot?
Definition
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
(Through anterior tibial artery)
Term
What is often palpated to base the circulation of the foot?
Definition
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Term
What arteries travels upward through the neck; just anterior to the angle of the mandible (corner of the jaw)?
Definition
Left & right common carotid artery
Term
What does the left & right carotid artery branch out into?
Definition
External Carotid Artery

Internal Carotid Artery
Term
What does the external carotid artery supply?
Definition
Thyroid & skin, & muscles in the head & neck
Term
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
Definition
Blood to eye & anterior portion of the brain
Term
What is the source of the vertebral artery?
Definition
Subclavian artery is the source of the vertebral artery
Term
What does the vertebral artery pass through?
Definition
Foramina in transverse process of 1-6 cervical vertebrae
Term
What supplies the posterior brain?
Definition
Vertebral Artery
Term
What does the subclavian artery become in the armpit?
Definition
Axillary Arteries
Term
What does the subclavian artery become in the arm?
Definition
Subclavian artery becomes the brachial artery
(through the auxiliary artery)
Term
What artery is used to measure blood pressure in the arm?
Definition
Brachial Artery
Term
What does the brachial artery divide into in the elbow?
Definition
Radial Artery

Ulnar Artery
Term
Which artery continues through the forearm on the lateral side?
Definition
Radial Artery
Term
What artery extends through the medial side of the forearm?
Definition
Ulnar Artey
Term
Anastomosis
Definition
Connection between 2 vessels
Term
Where is the circle of Willis?
Definition
Underneath the brain
Term
What does the circle of Willis do?
Definition
Ensure blood reaches the brain by more than 1 route
Term
What forms the circle of Willis?
Definition
By blood vessels off the internal carotid arteries & vertebral arteries
Term
Where does the radial & ulnar arteries merge in the hand?
Definition
Superficial Palmar Arch
Term
How is the hand & fingers supplied with blood?
Definition
By the radial & ulnar arteries in the superficial palmar arch
Term
What blood vessels supply the intestinal tract?
Definition
Blood vessels in the
Mesenteric Arches
Term
What blood vessels supply the feet & toes?
Definition
Tibial arteries in the arterial arches
Term
What is Arteriovenous Anastomoses & where is it found?
Definition
Blood shunts found in the external ears, hands & feet
Term
What does the arteriovenous anastomoses do?
Definition
Connect arterial vessels directly to the venous system

Allows more rapid blood flow to these areas to protect them from cold
Term
What is the Metarteriole also know as & what does it do?
Definition
AKA thoroughfare channel
Allows blood to bypass (go past) the capillary bed
Term
Where are most arteries located?
Definition
In protected areas of the body & are deep
Term
Where are most veins?
Definition
Superficial to arteries
Term
What are the veins of the upper extremity?
Definition
Cephalic
Basilic
Median Cubital Veins
Term
What does the Cephalic vein do?
Definition
Drains blood from the lateral forearm
Term
What does the basilic vein do?
Definition
Drains blood from the medial forearm
Term
What veins is often used to draw blood?
Definition
Median Cubital vein
Term
What are the veins of the lower extremity?
Definition
Great saphenous vein
Term
What kind of names do deep veins, perellel to arteries have?
Definition
Corresponding names like...

Femoral & iliac veins
[from lower part of the body]

Brachial, auxiliary & subclavian veins [in the upper extremity]
Term
What blood vessels drain the head & neck?
Definition
2 pairs of jugular veins
Term
What does the larger internal jugular vein do?
Definition
Receives blood from the
cranial venous sinuses &
regions of the face & neck
Term
What does the smaller external jugular vein do?
Definition
Drains the areas supplied by the external carotid artery
Term
Which pairs of jugular veins drain into the subclavian veins?
Definition
Both
Larger internal jugular
&
Smaller external jugular
Term
Where is the brachiocephalic vein formed?
Definition
On each side of the body by the union of the subclavian & jugular veins
Term
How many brachiocephalic arteries are there?
Definition
1
Term
What smaller veins drain into the superior vena cava?
Definition
Right & Left
Brachiocephalic Vein
Term
What smaller veins drain into the right & left brachiocephalic veins?
Definition
Right & Left
Subclavian vein
Internal jugular
Vertebral vein
External jugular
{SIVE}
Term
Where does the vena cava drain blood from?
Definition
Systematic veins
Term
What does the vena cava empty into?
Definition
Into the right atrium
Term
Where does the superior vena cava drain blood from?
Definition
Areas above the diaphragm
Term
Azugos vein
Definition
Unpaired vein that drains the chest wall & empties it's blood into the superior vena cava
Term
What returns blood from areas below the diaphragm?
Definition
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
Term
What does the inferior vena cava begin?
Definition
Begins where the 2 common iliac veins join
Term
What blood vessel passes through the diaphragm to the right atrium?
Definition
Inferior Vena Cava
Term
Which vena cava is longer?
Definition
Superior Vena Cava
Term
What are the categories that the large veins below the diaphragm fall into?
Definition
Paired veins from left & right

Unpaired veins from digestive organs & spleen
Term
What do left & right paired veins from below the diaphragm do?
Definition
Drains blood from the paired parts & organs
Term
What do the unpaired veins from digestive organs & spleen do?
Definition
Empty blood into the
hepatic portal vein
(part of a special route to the liver)
Term
What are the paired veins below the diaphragm?
Definition
{GRILSH}
Gonadal (testicular/ovarian) veins
Renal veins
Iliac veins
Lumbar veins
Suprarenal veins
Hepatic veins
Term
What veins empty into the left renal vein?
Definition
Gonadal (testicular/ovarian) veins
Term
Venous sinus
Definition
A large channel that drains deoxygenated blood, but does not have the usual tubular structure of a vein
Term
What is an example of the venous sinus?
Definition
Coronary Sinuses
(returns blood to the right atrium from the myocardium)

Cranial Venous Sinuses
(Receive blood from veins in brain; drain into the internal jugular veins)
Term
What blood vessels drain into the hepatic portal vein?
Definition
Veins...
Gastric
Mesenteric (superior & inferior)
Pancreatic
Splenic
Term
What does blood drain into from the sinusoids?
Definition
Left & right hepatic veins
(That empties into the IFV)
Term
What does the left & right hepatic veins drain blood into?
Definition
Inferior vena cava
Term
What does inferior vena cava move blood into?
Definition
Right atrium
Term
What does blood carry?
Definition
O2, CO2 & other substances to move between the blood & the cells that live in tissues
Term
What is the salt concentration of tissue fluid or interstitial fluid?
Definition
All cells live in a slightly salty liquid (tissue fluid or interstitial fluid)
Term
What does tissue fluid or interstitial fluid allow cells to do?
Definition
Allow substances to move between the blood & the cells...

In the exchange medium
(tissue fluid or interstitial fluid)
Term
How do most substances move between cells & capillary blood?
Definition
Passive Transport
(Diffusion, osmosis & filtration)

*Diffusion is most common*
Term
What do substances depend on to move between the cells & capillary blood?
Definition
Depends on concentration gradient
Term
Passive transport
Definition
Substances move across the plasma membrane from an area of Higher concentration
To an area of
Lower concentration
Term
What pushes water & dissolved materials out through capillary walls into tissue fluid (filtration)?
Definition
Blood pressure
Term
How is fluid & dissolved substances drawn back into the capillaries?
Definition
Osmotic Pressure
(Solvent follows solute)
Term
What mains osmotic pressure?
Definition
Plasma proteins such as albumin
Term
Why is the movement of blood through capillaries relatively slow?
Definition
Allow time for exchange of materials to occur
Term
What is responsible for handling the "leftovers" (fluid left behind in tissues during capillary exchange & some proteins)?
Definition
Lymphatic system
Term
Why is blood flow regulated?
Definition
To supply tissue needs without placing unnecessary stress on the heart
Term
Why is blood flow regulated differently in areas of the body?
Definition
Different organs have different needs for blood & need may vary with activity
Term
How is blood flow to an organ regulated?
Definition
By controlling the diameter of the blood vessels supplying it (vasodilation & vasoconstriction)
Term
What responds messages from baroreceptors in large vessels such as the carotid artery & aorta?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata's vasomotor center
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Blood vessels diameter increases;
Increase blood flow
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Blood vessel diameter decrease; Decrease blood flow
Term
What does the pre-capillary sphincter control?
Definition
Flow of blood into capillary beds
Term
Why does the blood flow continually move forward as the heart contracts?
Definition
Blood flows in a closed system
Term
What are the challenges veins face when moving blood?
Definition
1) Little force from the pumping of the heart

2) Gravity works against flow of blood from regions below the heart
Term
What makes veins expand?
Definition
Pressure
(So blood tends to pool in veins)
Term
What are the mechanisms that promote venous return?
Definition
Contraction of skeletal muscles

Valves prevent back flow

Respiratory Pump
Term
Respiratory Pump
Definition
Pressure changes in the abdomen & thorax as we breathe "push" & "pull" blood through these cavities toward the heart
Term
Pulse
Definition
"Wave"=Pulse
Force of ventricular contraction starts a wave of increased pressure that travels along the arteries
Term
Where can a pulse be felt?
Definition
In arteries
(Especially if the artery is relatively superficial & can be compressed against bone)
Term
Pulse Rate
Definition
Heart Rate
Term
What are the factors that influence the body pulse rate which affects heart rate?
Definition
Body size (smaller=faster)
Sex
Age
Muscular Activity
Emotion
Body Temperature
Thyroid Secretion
Term
Blood pressure
Definition
Force excreted by blood against vessel walls
Term
What determines blood pressure?
Definition
Heart's output & resistance to blood flow in the vessels
(Peripheral resistance)
Term
Cardiac output
Definition
Volume of blood pumped out by the ventricles in 1 minute
Term
Heart Rate
Definition
Beats per minute
Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles in a single cardiac cycle
Term
What is cardiac output equation?
Definition
CO=Heart rate x stroke volume
Term
What can stimulate more forceful contractions to increase blood ejection?
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
Term
What does increased venous return lead to?
Definition
More stretching of the heart muscle, producing a more forceful contraction
Term
Resistance
Definition
"Opposition to blood flow"
Term
What causes resistance to blood flow?
Definition
Due to friction as blood slides along vessel walls
Term
Where are the effects of resistance to blood mostly seen?
Definition
In small arteries & arterioles that are at a distance from the heart
Term
What does the resistance to blood flow A.K.A?
Definition
Peripheral Resistance
Term
What is the resistance to blood flow affected by?
Definition
Vasomotor changes
Elasticity of blood vessels
Blood viscosity
Total blood volume
Term
How do vasomotor changes affect the resistance of blood flow?
Definition
Narrow vessels provide more resistance
Term
How does the elasticity of blood vessels affect the resistance of blood flow?
Definition
Less elastic vessels produce more resistance
Term
How does blood viscosity affect the resistance of blood flow?
Definition
Increased viscosity increases resistance
Term
How does the total blood volume affect the resistance of blood flow?
Definition
Increased volume increases the pressure

Increased cardiac output (Increases venous return)
Term
What is the equation for blood pressure?
Definition
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
Term
What varies the blood pressure through the day?
Definition
Different conditions placed on the body
Term
How is blood pressure measured in the brachial artery?
Definition
Sphygmomanometer
(blood pressure cuff)
Term
Systolic pressure
Definition
Occurs during heart contraction
Term
Diastolic Pressure
Definition
Occurs during heart relaxation
Term
What is a normal systolic & diastolic pressure?
Definition
Normal Systolic: 120 mmHG

Normal Diastolic: 80 mmHG
Term
What is a normal blood pressure reported as systolic over diastolic?
Definition
120/80
Systolic/ diastolic
Term
What is the purpose if the hepatic portal system?
Definition
Being blood from the digestive organs & the spleen to the liver
So...
That the materials they are carrying
(nutrients from digestive food; iron & bile pigments from broken down erythrocytes)
can be processed, stored or eliminated
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