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A&P
Final
362
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/22/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

  1. Name the cells of the olfactory epithelium.
Definition
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal (stem) cells
Term

T/F

The olfactory receptors are modified neurons 

Definition
True
Term

  1. The receptors only can be stimulated by water and lipid soluble materials(T,F)
Definition
True
Term

  1. The knob of the Olfactory Receptor is a base for up to 20 cilia that extend to the surrounding mucosa. (T,F)
Definition
True
Term

a substance giving off a smell

Definition
odorants
Term

  1. Stem cells differentiate to produce new receptors. (T,F)
Definition
True
Term

  1. stem cell differentiation is one of the few examples of neuronal replacement in adult humans(T,F)
Definition
true
Term

  1. The total # of olfactory receptors decline with age (T,F)
Definition
True
Term

    its secretions absorb water and form a thick pigmented mucus
Definition
olfactory glands
Term
gustation, as the information recieved from taste buds is correlated with other sensory data
Definition
tasting
Term
where is the location of the taste receptors?
Definition
distributed over the superior surface of the tongue and adjacent portions of the pharynx and larynx
Term
what are the three types of lingual papillae?
Definition
filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate papillae
Term
nipple shaped projections on the tongue
Definition
lingual papillae
Term
provide friction that helps the tongue move objects around in the mouth but do not contain taste buds
Definition
filliform papillae
Term
what are the four primary taste sensations?
Definition
sweet,salty,sour,and bitter
Term

  1. The --------------- papillae form a V near the posterior margin of the tongue and contains as many as 100 taste buds?
Definition
circumvallate
Term

  1. The taste buds are innervated by ------------------and--------------cranial nerves.
Definition
VII (facial), IX(glossopharyngeal), and X(vagus)
Term

  1. The anterior 2/3 of tongue is innervated by  the -------------cranial nerve.(Sensory)
Definition
facial nerve (VII)
Term

  1. The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the --------------cranial n.(Sensory)
Definition
glossopharyngal (IX)
Term

less known taste sensation that has a pleasant taste corresponding to the flavor of beef broth, chicken broth, and parmesan cheese that is due to the presence of free glutamates (amino acid) in food

Definition
umami
Term

  1. Our taste abilities change with age (t or F).
Definition
true
Term

The palpebrae are the eyelids (T,F). 

Definition
true
Term
what eye feature's continual blinking keeps the surface of the eye lubricated, and remove dust and debri?
Definition
palpebrae
Term
where the two eyelids connect
Definition
lateral and medial canthus
Term
small modified sebaceous glands along the inner margin of the lid that secrete a lipid-rich product that helps keep the eyelids from sticking together
Definition
tarsal glands/meibomian glands
Term
cyst that generally results from the infection of a tarsal gland
Definition
chalazion
Term
location of lacrimal gland
Definition
nestles within a depression of the frontal bone just inside the orbit and superior and lateral to the eyeball
Term
gland that creates tears
Definition
lacrimal gland
Term
provide nutrient and oxygen and they mix with the products of accessory glands and the oily secretions of tarsal glands  which results in an oil slick that assists in lubriction and slows evaporation.
Definition
tears
Term
produces, distributes, and removes tears.  consists of canal, duct, and sac
Definition
lacrimal apparatus
Term
a mass of soft tissue that contains glands producing the thick secretions that contribute to the gritty deposits left somettimes after sleep
Definition
lacrimal caruncle
Term
epithelium covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye.  a mucous membrane covered by a specialized stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
conjunctiva
Term
a transparant part of the uter fibrous layer of the eye that is covered by a very delicate squamous corneal epithelium
Definition
cornea
Term
contains blood vessels, pigment cells, and two layers of smooth muscle fibers.  their muscles change the diameter of the pupil
Definition
iris
Term
the pocket created where the palpebral conjunctiva becomes continuous with the ocular conjunctiva is known as the
Definition
fornix
Term
central opening of the iris
Definition
pupil
Term
sympathetic activation in response to dim light causes this muscle to dilate the pupil
Definition
dilator muscle
Term
parasympathetic activation in response to bright light cause this muscle to constrict the pupil
Definition
constrictor muscle
Term

  1. The muscles that move the eyes are attached to the sclera.(T,,F)
Definition
true
Term

  1. Name the cranial nerves that innervate the muscles that move the eye.
Definition
oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), and abducens nerve (VI)
Term

  1. The nerves: oculomotor, trochlear and abducens are Motor.(t,F)
Definition
True
Term

  1. The oculomotor nerve innervates the muscles:superior,inferior and medial rectus and the inferior oblique m.(T,F)
Definition
true
Term

  1. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique m.(T,F)
Definition
True
Term

  1. The abducens nerve innervates the lateral rectus m.(T,F)
Definition
true
Term
It supports and protects, serves as an attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles, and contains structures that assist in the focusing process
Definition
fibrous tunic
Term
outermost layer of the eye, consists of the sclera and cornea.
Definition
fibrous tunic
Term
pigmented region of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.  contains numerous blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and smooth muscles of the eye
Definition
vascular tunic
Term
the inner layer containing the retina and optic nerve is the innermost layer of the eye.  It consists of a thin outer layer called the pigmented art and a thick inner layer called the neural part.
Definition
the neural tunic
Term
photoreceptor that does not discriminate among colors of light and enable us to see in dim light
Definition
rods
Term
photoreceptor provide us with color vision
Definition
cones
Term
rods and cones synape with 6 million neurons called ___ which in turn synapse within the layer of neurons called ganglion cells
Definition
bipolar cells
Term
high concentration of cones in an area where a visual image arrives after it passes through the cornea and lens
Definition
macula
Term
highest concentration of cones occur at the center of the macula called
Definition
fovea
Term
axons from ganglion cells converge at the ___ a circular region where the optic nerve (II) originates
Definition
optic disc
Term
the ___ lies posterior to the cornea, held in place by suspensory ligaments.  The primary function is to focus the visual image on the photoreceptors and does so by changing its shape
Definition
lens
Term

  1. The shape of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscle (T,F)
Definition
true
Term
a gelatinous mass that hepls stabilize the shape of the eye.
Definition
vitreous humor
Term
a fluid that circulates within the anterior cavity, passes through the chambers via the pupil.  forms through active secretions by epithelial cells of the cilliary processes
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
provides an important route for nutrient and waste transport, fluid cushion, and fluid pressure which stabilizes the position of the retina and retains the eye's shape
Definition
aqueous humor
Term
a passageway that extends completely around the eye at the corneal limbus. channels aqueous humor to veins in the sclera
Definition
canal of schlemm
Term
a specific point or intersection on the retina
Definition
focal point
Term
th distance between the center of the eye lens and its focal point.   can be detrmined by the disctance of the object from the lens or the shape of the lens
Definition
focal distance
Term
the rounder the lens the more refraction occurs, o a very round lens has a shorter focal distance than a flatter one
Definition
focal distance measurement
Term
the closer an object is to the lens, the ___ the focal distance
Definition
greater
Term
automatic adjustment of the eye to give clear vision
Definition
accomodation
Term
light is bent when it passes from one medum to another with a different density
Definition
refraction
Term
pinkeye, an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infection, chemical, or allergic reaction
Definition
conjunctivitis
Term
when the lens of the eye loses transparancy
Definition
cataracts
Term
in a healthy eye when the ciliary muscle is relaxed and the lens is flattened, a distant image will be focused on the retina's surface.  this is considerd the normal vision
Definition
emmetropia
Term
if the eyeball is too deep or the resting curvature of the lens is too great, the image of a distant object is projected in front of the retina.  the person will see distant objects as blurry and out of focus.  vision at close range will be normal because the lens is able ti round as needed to focus the image on the retina
Definition
myopia (nearsightedness)
Term
if the eyeball is too shallow or the lens is too flat.  at a close range the lens cannot provide enough refraction to focus an image on the retina.
Definition
hyperobia (farsightedness)
Term
older people become farsighted as their lenses lose elasticity
Definition
presbyopia
Term
the level of detail seen at a distance of 20 feet by an individual with normal vision.  I.E. at 20 feet distance you see what the averga eperson sees at 20 feet distance
Definition
20/20 vision
Term
middle ear infection caused by an invasion of microorganisms
Definition
otitis media
Term

  1. Where are the sensory receptors of the semicircular canals located?
Definition
ampullae
Term

  1. The hair cells of the utricule and saccule are in the-------------
Definition
maculae
Term

  1. Where are the sensations of gravity and linear accelerations registered?
Definition
saccule and utricle
Term

  1. Where are the receptors for hearing and equilibrium?
Definition
inner ear
Term
which liquid is found betwen the bony and membranous labyrinth?
Definition
perilymph
Term
the membranous labyrinth contains which fluid?
Definition
endolymph
Term
provide equillibrium sensations whether the body is moving or stationary
Definition
utricle and saccule
Term

  1. Name the 3 chambers of the cochlea.
Definition
vestibular, cochlear, and tympani
Term
sits on the basilar membrane in the cochlea.
Definition
location of the organ of corti
Term
produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.  an important organ that contains the sensory cells essential to hearing
Definition
organ of corti
Term
dialation of the pupils is the ___ response
Definition
sympathetic
Term
parasympathetic stimulation to the liver, stomach, and gall bladder is provided by fibers travelling with the:
Definition
vagus nerve
Term
the white ramus consists of
Definition
pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers
Term
receptors that open chemically gated sodium ion channels
Definition
nicotinic receptors
Term
the parasympathetic nervous system arises from the ___ area(s) of the spinal cord
Definition
cranial and sacral
Term

parasympathetic functions include all of the following:

(DOES NOT DILATE THE AIRWAYS)

Definition

- stimulation of defecation

- stimulation of urination

- constriction of the pupils

- decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction

Term
normally activated by acetylcholine
Definition
muscarinic receptors
Term

drugs that have effects similar to those of noroepinephrine and epinephrine are called sympathomimetic drugs.  which symptoms would you observe in a person who has taken an excess of sympathomimetic drugs?

(NOT DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE)

Definition

- decrease digestive activity

- dilation of the pupil

- rapid respiration

- sweating

Term
to say that most organs innervated by the ANS have dual innervation means that:
Definition
the organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
Term
post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter ____
Definition
noroepinephrine
Term
pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter _____
Definition
acetylcholine
Term

- actions are more localized than those of the sympathetic division

- the ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine

- preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord

- ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors

Definition
parasymathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Term
run from chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia
Definition
splanchnic nerves
Term
during sympathetic activation, ___ occurs
Definition

- elevated blood glucose

- sweating

- elevated heart rate

- elevated blood pressure

Term
the ___ division of the autonomic nervous sytem is said to function during "rest and digest"
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
noroepinephrine and epinephrine enter the bloodstream when sympathetic stimulation is provided to the:
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
most of the parasympathetic fibers come from the:
Definition
vagus nerve
Term
terminal ganglia are part of the:
Definition
parasympathetic system
Term
the first of the twomotor neurons in any autonomic pathway is called
Definition
preganglionic neuron
Term

1.     Name the three primary vesicles 

Definition

prosencephalon (forebrain)

mesencephalon (midbrain)

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Term

1.     Name the organs that originate from the prosencephalon vesicle.

Definition

cerebrum

diencephalon

Term
1.     Name the organs that originate from the mesencephalon vesicle.
Definition

midbrain

central canal

Term
1.     Name the organs that originate from the rhombencephalon vesicle.
Definition

cerebellum

pons

medulla oblongata

Term

1.     The Human Brain contains almost the-------. % of the body’s neural tissue.

Definition
97%
Term

1.     The average weight of the Human brain is about---------------.

Definition
3 lbs
Term

1.     The Human Brain ranges from --------cc to 2100 cc.

Definition
750 cc
Term

1.     There is not correlation between brain size and intelligence.( True or False)

Definition
false
Term

1.     The largest part of the brain is the-----------------------------

Definition
cerebrum
Term

1.     The Cerebrum controls higher mental functions (T, F)

Definition
true
Term

1.     Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, intelligence, rationalization and complex movements al originate in the cerebrum.

Definition
true
Term

1.     The gray matter in the surface of the cerebrum is called: -----------------------.

Definition
cerebral cortex
Term

1.     The hemispheres of the cerebrum are called --------------------------------hemispheres.

Definition
right and left
Term

1.     In the cerebrum, the right and left cerebral hemisphere are separated by the ------------

Definition
longitudinal fissure
Term

1.     Are the fissures deep or shallow grooves?

Definition
deep
Term

1.     The longitudinal fissure is a groove (deep or shallow?)

Definition
deep
Term
Sulcus are deep or shallow grooves?
Definition
shallow
Term

1.     The folds in the surface of the brain increase surface area(T ,F)

Definition
gyri, true
Term

1.     The grooves separate the cerebrum into how many lobes?

Definition
four
Term
Name the lobes of the brain
Definition

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

Term
What is the location of the frontal lobe?
Definition
anterior to the parietal lobe
Term
What is the location of the parietal lobe?
Definition
posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the occipital lobe
Term
What is the location of the occipital lobe?
Definition
inferior to the parietal lobe and posterior to the temporal lobe
Term
What is the location of the temporal lobe?
Definition
inferior to the frontal lobe and anterior to the occipital lobe
Term

Where is the insula?

Definition
an island of cortex that lies medial to the lateral sulcus
Term

1.     Name the sulcus that separate frontal from parietal lobe.

Definition
central sulcus
Term

1.     Name the sulcus that separate frontal and parietal from temporal lobe.

Definition
lateral sulcus
Term

1.     Name the sulcus that separate parietal from occipital lobe.

Definition
parieto-occiptial sulcus
Term

1.     The 2 hemispheres have different functions but their structures are alike (T ,F)

Definition
true
Term

1.     Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to the opposite side of the body (T,F)

Definition
true
Term

1.     In the cerebrum myelinated axons form the -----------matter (white or gray)?

Definition
white matter
Term

1.     Myelinated axons in the cerebrum form tracts of fibers classified into 3 groups called:

Definition

association fibers

arcuate fibers

longitudinal fibers

Term

1.     In the cerebrum _____ connect structures within a single cerebral hemisphere (T,F)

Definition
Association fibers
Term

1.     ____ are connecting structures between the hemispheres (T,F)

Definition
Commisural fibers
Term

1.    ____ connect the cerebral cortex to diencephalons, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord (T,F)

Definition
 Projection fibers 
Term

1.    The  ___________is a collection of projection fibers,(T,F)

Definition
The Internal capsule 
Term

1.     The ____ is a collection of commissural fibers (T,F)

Definition
Corpus Collosum
Term

1.     In the cerebrum, the gray matter is organized into ____ cortex and nuclei

Definition
neural(cerebral)
Term

1.     The nuclei are clusters of cell bodies (T,F)

Definition
Term

1.     The gray matter in the periphery of the cerebrum forms the ____.

Definition
neural (cerebral) cortex.
Term

1.     The gray matter inside the cerebrum forms the ____

Definition
basal nuclei
Term
The medulla oblongata regulates
Definition
blood pressure and respiration.
Term
The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain
balance and equilibrium are functions of the
Definition
cerebellum
Term
Which structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
What structure secretes the hormone melatonin?
Definition
pineal gland
Term
Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to
Definition
verbally identify an object placed in her left hand.
Term
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
Definition
III, IV, and VI.
Term
Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.
Definition
constriction; dilation
Term
Why must accommodation occur to view objects closer than 20 feet from the eye?
Definition
The light rays are divergent instead of parallel and require more refraction.
Term
25. The ____ is a collection of commissural fibers
Definition
Corpus Collosum
Term
26. In the cerebrum, the gray matter is organized into neural cortex and nuclei
Definition
neural cortex and nuclei
Term
The ____ in the periphery of the cerebrum forms the neural (cerebral) cortex.
Definition
gray matter
Term
The ____ inside the cerebrum forms the nuclei.
Definition
gray matter
Term
masses of gray matter that lie within each hemisphere
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
The ____ are clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system
Definition
nuclei
Term
The ____ are involved in subconscious activities.
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
The ____ are involved and the coordination of learned movements patterns.
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
The ____ are involved in the subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone.
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
The basal nuclei are: ____ and ____.
Definition
Caudate nucleus and Lentiform.nucleus.
Term
The lentiform nucleus consist of: ____ and ____.
Definition
Globus pallidus and Putamen
Term
What is the location of the primary motor cortex?
Definition
the surface of the pre central gyrus anterior border of the central sulcus on the frontal lobe
Term
What is the Function of the primary motor cortex?
Definition
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Term
Location of the primary sensory cortex?
Definition
parietal lobe, surface of the postcentral gyrus
Term
function of the primary sensory cortex?
Definition
conscious perception of:
touch
pressure
pain
vibration
taste
temperature
Term
Location of the somatic sensory association area?
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
Function of the somatic sensory association area?
Definition
allows you to recognize a touch as light as an ant to swat it away
Term
Give the location of the Pyramidal cells.
Definition
the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala
Term
Visual Information is given through _______
Definition
sight receptors
Term
Location of sight receptors.
Definition
back of the retina in the eye
Term
the _____ of the occipital lobe receives visual information
Definition
visual cortex in occipital lobe
Term
Auditory information is given through
Definition
sound receptors
Term
Location of the sound receptors?
Definition
cochlea of inner ear
Term
monitors sensory activity in the auditory cortex , word recognition occurs in this association area.
Definition
auditory association area
Term
where is the auditory association area located?
Definition
auditory cortex in temporal lobe
Term
receives information about smell
Definition
olfactory cortex
Term
Location of odor receptors?
Definition
nose
Term
location of olfactory cortex?
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
receives information from taste receptors of the tongue and pharynx lies in the anterior portion of the insula and adjacent portions of the frontal lobe
Definition
gustatory cortex
Term
The ____ is located in the Occipital lobe
Definition
visual cortex
Term
Auditory Cortex and olfactory cortex are located in the
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
The gustatory cortex is located in the
Definition
insula
Term
Where is the Broca’s area?
Definition
left cerebral hemisphere along the edge of the premotor cortex
Term
Function of the Broca’s area?
Definition
regulates the pattern of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech
Term
Where is the pre frontal cortex?.
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
Function of the prefrontal cortex?
Definition
coordinates information relayed from the association areas of the entire cortex. predicts the consequences of events or actions.
Term
What is the Wernicke’s area?
Definition
general interpretive area: receives information from all the sensory association areas
Term
Function of the Wernicke area.
Definition
integrates sensory information and coordinates acces to complex visual and auditory memories. gives the ability to interpret what is seen or heard.
Term
What is hemispheric lateralization?
Definition
each of two cerebral hemispheres is responsible for specific functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere.
Term
The ___ hemisphere (in most people) controls : reading , writing, math, decision making, speech and language
Definition
left
Term
The ____ hemisphere is related to sense (touch, smell, sight, taste , feel and recognition (faces, voice inflections)
Definition
right
Term
The ____ is the second largest part of the brain (T,F)
Definition
cerebellum
Term
The ____ coordinates repetitive body movements.
Definition
cerebellum
Term
The hemispheres of the cerebellum are called: ---------------------hemispheres.
Definition
anterior/posterior lobes left/right hemispheres
Term
The neural cortex that covers the cerebellum is called …………………cortex.
Definition
cerebellar cortex
Term
In the ____ the gray matter is organized into the cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei
Definition
cerebellum
Term
58. The ____ is an autonomic processing center
Definition
cerebellum
Term
The ____ adjusts postural mm (muscles)
Definition
cerebellum
Term
60. The ____ fine tunes conscious and subconscious movements.
Definition
cerebellum
Term
61. Name the three parts of the cerebellum.
Definition
superior/middle/inferior cerebellar peduncles
Term
The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by the ____
Definition
vermis
Term
63. Where are the Purkinje cells found?
Definition
cerebellar cortex
Term
64. The ____ is the highly branched internal white matter of the cerebellum.
Definition
Arbor vitae
Term
65. The ___ relay information to the purkinje cells.
Definition
arbor vitae
Term
67. The ____ link the cerebellum with the pons.
Definition
middle cerebellar peduncles
Term
68. The ____ link the cerebellum with the MO and Spinal cord.
Definition
inferior cerebellar peduncles
Term
66. The ____ are tracts that link cerebellum with structures that are above( diencephalon, cerebrum)
Definition
superior cerebellar peduncles
Term
a disturbance in muscular coordination in the cerebellum usually due to alcohol or drug consumption
Definition
ataxia
Term
70. The ____ consists of: thalamus and hypothalamus.
Definition
diencephalon
Term
71. The ____ is located under the corpus collosum.
Definition
diencephalon
Term
72. The third ventricle is the ___ of the diencephalon.
Definition
cavity
Term
73. The ____ (projection of gray matter ) connects both thalamus.
Definition
intermediate mass
Term
74. The____ relays and processes sensory information.
Definition
thalamus
Term
75. The pineal gland is located in the ____.
Definition
epithalamus.
Term
76. The pineal gland secretes the hormone ____
Definition
melatonin
Term
77. The ____ is related to: -hormone production, -emotions and autonomic functions.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
78. The ____ is the major endocrine gland (T,F)
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
79. The ____ is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum.
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
80. The ____ and ____ are responsible for the integration of the nervous and the endocrine system.
Definition
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Term
81. The ____ secretes ADH and Oxytocin (hormones)
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
82. The ____ regulates body temperature.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
83. The ____ is the feeding and thirst center.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
84. The ____ is located below the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Definition
brain stem
Term
85. The brain stem consist of three organs that are:
Definition
1-:mesencephalon, 2-pons and 3-medulla oblongata.
Term
86. The ____ processes information between the spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum.
Definition
brain stem
Term
link the cerebellum with nuclei in the midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum
Definition
cerebral peduncles
Term
sensory nuclei named the superior and inferior colliculi, process visual and auditory sensations
Definition
corpora cuadrigemina
Term
receives visual inputs from the thalamus on that side
Definition
superior colliculus
Term
receives auditory data from nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons
Definition
inferior colliculus
Term
89. The ____ processes sight and sound associated reflexes
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
90. The ____ is also called mid brain.
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
The ____ maintains consciousness.
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
The ____ contains nuclei that process visual info
Definition
superior colliculi
Term
The ____ contains nuclei that process auditory info.
Definition
inferior colliculi
Term
93. Describe the position of the pons.
Definition
links the cerebellum with the brain
Term
Describe the location of the medulla oblongata
Definition
the most inferior of brain regions
Term
94. In The medulla oblongata the ____ centers adjust the heart rate and blood pressure .
Definition
cardiovascular
Term
in the medulla oblongata The ___ rhytmicity centers set the basic pace for respiratory movements.
Definition
respiratory
Term
95. Name the cavities of the Cerebral hemispheres.
Definition
lateral ventricles,
third ventricle,
fourth ventricle
Term
96. The wall that separates the lateral ventricles (1, and 2)is the ____
Definition
septum pellucidum
Term
97. The cavity of the diencephalon is the
Definition
Third ventricle
Term
98. The ____ is located between both thalamus
Definition
3rd ventricle
Term
99. The lateral ventricules communicate with the third ventricle via ____.
Definition
Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
Term
100. The cavity of the mesencephalon is the ____ aqueduct.
Definition
cerebral
Term
101. The mesencephalic aqueduct is also called:-------------and----------------
Definition
The cerebral aqueduct,
the aqueduct of Sylvius
Term
102. The cavity that belong to the pons, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum is the
Definition
Fourth ventricule.
Term
103. The roof of the ____ contains the apertures (1 median and 2 lateral) that communicate with the subarachnoid space.
Definition
fourth ventricle
Term
104. The ____ becomes continuous with the central canal of spinal cord.
Definition
fourth ventricle
Term
105. The structures that protect and support the brain are :
Definition
1-bones of the cranium,
2 cranial meninges,
3- cerebrospinal fluid and the blood brain barrier.
Term
106. Name the three cranial meninges.
Definition
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
Term
107. The ____ contains blood vessels and is the innermost layer.
Definition
pia mater
Term
108. The subarachnoid space contains --------------------
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
109. Name the layers of the dura matter .
Definition
endosteal
meningeal
Term
outer layer is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones
layers are separated by a slender gap
Definition
dura mater
Term
covers the brain
in contact with the inner epithelial layer of the dura mater
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
sticks to the surface of the brain and extends into every fold
Definition
pia mater
Term
contains outer and inner fibrous layers. gap between layers consist of tissue fluids and blood vessels including venous sinuses
Definition
dura mater
Term
contains membrane, cells, and fibers
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
anchored by the processes of astrocytes
Definition
pia mater
Term
111. Name the dural folds.
Definition
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
Term
112. The choroids plexus consists of:------------and--------------
Definition
ependymal cells and permeable capillaries
Term
involved in forming CSF. Found in all ventricles of the brain
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
Where is the CSF reabsorbed ?
Definition
into the venous circulation at the arachnoid granulations
Term
regulates extracellur milieu, protect the CNS, supplies water, certain types of amino acids, specific ions to the extracellar fluid, removes metabolies from the brain, CSF and extracelllular fluids communicate freely with the brain, protect brain from shock
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid
Term
114. The arteries that deliver blood to the brain are:
Definition
carotids and vertebral arteries
Term
115. The ____ drain blood from the brain (from the dural sinuses)
Definition
jugular veins
Term
Acts as a barrier in the CNS capillaries which restricts passage of substances into the CNS.
Definition
blood brain barrier (bbb)
Term
Difficulty in learning to read despite traditional instruction, average intelligence, an adequate opportunity to learn. Not associated with vision or hearing problems, not due to mental retardation, brain damage, etc.
Definition
dyslexia
Term
Pathological condition marked by the enlargement of CSF
-due to an increase in the pressure of the CSF
-Invariably there is a ventricular enlargement in these situations
-Usually there is only 20-25 ml in the ventricles and 150cc in the whole system
Definition
hydrocephalus
Term
olfactory nerve #
Definition
N I
Term
Acute paralysis of cranial nerve 7 but may also affect cranial nerves 5 (trigeminal) and 8 (vestibulocochlear [auditory]). aka cranial polyneuritis.
- results in a unilateral paralysis in the facial muscle of expression
Definition
bells palsy
Term
Inflammation of the subarachnoid space or spinal fluid. Can end up with seizures or comas.
Definition
meningitis
Term
inflammation of the brain resulting from a viral infection
Definition
encephalitis
Term
a printed report of electrical activity in the brain
Definition
electroencephalograph
Term
optic nerve #
Definition
N II
Term
oculomotor nerves #
Definition
N III
Term
Trochlear nerves #
Definition
N IV
Term
Abducens Nerves #
Definition
N VI
Term
Trigeminal nerves #
Definition
N V
Term
Facial Nerves #
Definition
N VII
Term
vestibulocochlear nerves #
Definition
N VIII
Term
Glossopharyngeal Nerves #
Definition
N IX
Term
Vages Nerves #
Definition
N X
Term
Accessory Nerves #
Definition
N XI
Term
Hypoglossal nerves #
Definition
N XII
Term
innervation olfactory
Definition
olfactory epithelium
Term
innervation optic
Definition
retina of the eye
Term
innervation oculomotor
Definition
inferior, medial, superior rectus
inferior oblique and levator palpebrae
intrinsic eye muscles
Term
innervation trochlear
Definition
superior oblique muscle
Term
innervation trigeminal
Definition
areas associated with the jaws
Term
innervation abducens
Definition
lateral rectus muscle
Term
innervation facial
Definition
sensory: taste receptors on anterior tongue
motor: muscles of facial expression
Term
innervation vestibulocochlear
Definition
cochlea
vestibule
Term
innervation glossopharyngeal
Definition
sensory: posterior tongue, pharynx, and palate
receptors for blood pressure, PH, oxygen, and co2
motor: pharyngeal muscles
Term
innervation vagus
Definition
sensory: pharynx, pinna, external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

motor: palatal and pharyngeal muscles and visceral organs
Term
innervation accessory
Definition
skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
Term
innervation hypoglossal
Definition
tongue musculature
Term
motor or sensory? olfactory
Definition
special sensory
Term
motor or sensory? optic
Definition
special sensory
Term
motor or sensory? oculomotor
Definition
motor
Term
motor or sensory? trochlear
Definition
motor
Term
motor or sensory? trigeminal
Definition
mixed
Term
motor or sensory? abducens
Definition
motor
Term
motor or sensory? facial
Definition
mixed
Term
motor or sensory? vestibulocochlear
Definition
special sensory
Term
motor or sensory? glossopharyngeal
Definition
mixed
Term
motor or sensory? vagus
Definition
mixed
Term
motor or sensory? accessory
Definition
motor
Term
motor or sensory? hypoglossal
Definition
motor
Term
1- The Somatic N. System and the Autonomic Nervous System belong to the ____ of the Nervous System.
Definition
Efferent Division
Term
2- Th Somatic NS controls ____ muscles
Definition
skeletal
Term
3- The Autonomic NS controls ____ effectors
Definition
visceral
Term
4- The Autonomic NS coordinates the systems: (Name them all.)
Definition
cardiovascular
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
Term
5- The ____ adjusts water, electrolytes,nutrients , dissolved gases in body fluids
Definition
Autonomic NS
Term
visceral motor neurons that extend to ganglia
Definition
preganglionic neurons
Term
7- Location of the preganglionic neurons.
Definition
in the brain stem and spinal cord
Term
the axons of preganglionic neurons
Definition
preganglionic fibers
Term
ganglia that contain hundreds to thousands of ganglionic neurons
Definition
autonomic ganglia
Term
axons of ganglionic neurons that begin at the autonomic ganglia and extend to the peripheral target organs
Definition
postganglionic fibers
Term
11- Name the two divisions of the ANS.
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
12- What is the thoracolumbar division of the ANS?
Definition
sympathetic division-preparing for stress
Term
13- General function of the ____ division of the ANS related to: mental alertness, metabolic rate, digestive and urinary functions, energy reserves, respiratory rate , heart rate, blood presssure , activation of sweat glands.
Definition
sympathetic
Term
14- General functions of the ____ division include decreased:
metabolic rate
heart rate
blood pressure
increased:
secretion by salivary and digestive glands
motility and blood flow to the digestive tract
stimulation of urination and defecation
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
lie on both sides of the vertebral column. neurons control effectors in the body wall, inside the thoracic cavity, and in the head and limbs
Definition
sympathetic chain ganglia
Term
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on
Definition
ganglionic neurons
Term
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.
Definition
collateral
Term
Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to
Definition
hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves.
Term
bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.
Definition
sympathetic nerves
Term
The suprarenal medullae secrete
Definition
both norepinephrine and epinephrine
Term
26- Anatomical differences between Somatic NS and Autonomic NS
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System:
ANS = Involuntary Nervous System (this can be split further into the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic)
Sympathetic = Fight or Flight response (increased H.R. etc..)
Parasympathetic = It "relaxes" the body after a sympathetic response
SNS = Voluntary Nervous System (mainly Skeletal Muscle)
Term
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are ________
Definition
short
Term
17- What fibers are long in the sympathetic division?
Definition
postganglionic
Term
18- Name the organs innervated by the sympathetic chain ganglia.
Definition
sweat glands of the skin
smooth muscle in blood vessels
heart
lungs
Term
20- Name the organs inervated by the celiac ganglia.
Definition
stomach
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
spleen
Term
21- Name the organs inervated by the superior mesenteric ganglia.
Definition
small intestine
some of the large intestine
Term
22- Name the organs innervated by the inferior mesenteric ganglia.
Definition
kidney
urinary bladder
sex organs
terminal portions of the large intestine
Term
23- The suprarenal medula is a modified ____ ganglion.
Definition
sympathetic
Term
24- ____ cells in the suprarenal gland are specialized neurons that secrete hormones chemical messengers in the blood stream.
Definition
Neuroendocrine
Term
25- The neurotransmitters released by the adrenal medula are : …………………..and ………………………….
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
27- Anatomical differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
Definition
the sympathetic nervous system pathways exit the spinal cord at the thoracic and lumbar regions.
the parasympathetic nervous system pathways exit through the cranial and sacral regions.
PNS. ganglia are located by the organ
SNS ganglia are located near the spinal cord
PNS have long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic
SNS is short preganglionic and long postganglionic
Term
Where are the ganglia in both Sympathetic found?
Definition
chain just outside the spinal column
Term
Where are the ganglia in both paraSympathetic found?
Definition
closer to the target organs
Term
changes the activities of tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine and by distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine throughout the body in the bloodstream. controlled by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus.
Definition
sympathetic activation
Term
relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption
Definition
parasympathetic function
Term
involves using energy and increasing metabolic rate
Definition
sympathetic division
Term
stimulation leads to a general increase in in the nutrient content of the blood. in response to this increase, cells throughout the body absorb nutrients and use them to support growth, cell division, and to create energy reserves
Definition
parasympathetic activation
Term
occor on both symp. and para. ACh always causes excitation of the ganglionic neuron or fiber. it works by opening chemically gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane
Definition
nicotinic receptors
Term
are G proteins. their stimulation produces long-lasting effects than that of nicotinic receptors. response of this can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the activation or inactivation of specific enzymes
Definition
muscarinic receptors
Term
all parasympathetic neurons release ____ as a neurotransmitter
Definition
ACh
Term
reflexes that typically coordinate the activities of the entire organ
Definition
long reflexes
Term
cardiac plexus contains sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers to the heart. example of : ____
Definition
dual innervation of the heart
Term
receptor for excitation, stimulation of the metabolism
Definition
alpha 1 receptor
Term
receptor for inhibition of neurotransmitter release
Definition
alpha 2 receptor parasympathetic
Term
receptor for inhibition of effector cell
Definition
alpha 2 receptor sympathetic
Term
receptor for stimulation, increased energy consumption
Definition
beta 1 receptor
Term
inhibition, relaxation
Definition
beta 2 receptor
Term
reflexes that control very simple motor responses with localized effects.
may control patterns of activity in one small part of a target organ
Definition
short reflexes
Term
gastric and intestinal
defecation
urination
constriction of pupils
swallowing
coughing
reduction in heart rate
sexual arousal
Definition
parasympathetic reflexes
Term
increase of heart rate
changes in diameter of peripheral vessels
dilation of pupil
ejaculation
Definition
sympathetic reflexes
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