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A&P
Ch 6 Flash Cards
18
Anatomy
Graduate
05/31/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition

Skull, thorax, and vertebral column

 

80 Bones

 

Form Longitudinal Axis of Body

Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition

Bones of limbs and girdles that attach them

to the axial skeleton

 

126 bones

Term
Functions of the skeletal system
Definition

Support

 

Storage of Minerals (calcium and phosphate, most abundant minerals in body, approx. 2-4 lbs.)

98% stored in bones

 

Blood cell production (all formed elements of blood)

 

Protection (organs and delicate tissue surrounded by bone)

 

Leverage (acts as levers with skeletal muscle to move body)

 

 

 

 

Term
Six types of bones
Definition

Flat bones- Thin, roughly parallel bones

 

Sutural Bones- Wormian- Irregular Bones formed between  cranial bones)

 

Long Bones - Relatively long and slender, limb bones

 

Irregular bones- complex shapes, vertebrae, pelvic bones, facial bones.

 

Sesamoid bones- Small, flat, shaped like a sesame seed. Developed in tendons of hands, knees, and feet.

 

Short bones- Small and boxy (wrist bones)

Term
Bone Surface Features
Definition

Also known as bone markings

 

External and internal features related to functions

 

Elevations/projections for ligament and tendon attachment

 

Depressions/grooves/tunnels for blood vessels or nerves to lie alongside or penetrate

Term
Tubercle vs Tuberosity
Definition

Tubercle- Small rounded projection

 

Tuberosity- Small, rough projection; may occupy broad area.

 

 

Term

Long Bone Features

 

Definition

Epiphysis (expanded ends)

 

Mostly spongy bone (trabecular bone)

 

-Network of struts and plates

-Resists forces from various directions, directs body weight to diaphysis and joints.

 

Outer covering of compact bone (strong, organized bone)

 

Articular cartilage- Avascular, recieves resources from synovial fluid

-Covers portions of epiphysis that forms articulations

Metaphysis-connects epiphysis to shaft

Diaphysis (shaft)- contains medullary cavity filled with marrow

-Red bone marrow (red blood cell production)

-Yellow bone marrow (adipose storage)

 

 

Term
Bone Vasculature
Definition

Bone growth and maintenance requires extensive blood supply.

 

-Nutrient artery/vein (one per bone) 

Has nutrient foramen (tunnel providing access to marrow cavity)

 

-Metaphyseal artery/vein

Carries blood to and from metaphysis, connects to epiphyseal arteries/veins

Term
Four types of bone cells
Definition

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that cannot divide

Most numerous bone cell type

Maintain protein and mineral content of adjacent matrix

-Dissolve matrix to release minerals

-Rebuild matrix to deposit minerals

Occupy lacunae

-Seperated by layers of matrix (lamellae)

-Connected with canaliculi

Osteoblasts (blast, precursor)

-Produce new bony matrix (osteogenesis, ossification)

Begins with release of proteins and other organic compounds to produce unmineralized matrix (osteoid)

Then assists in depositing calcium salts to convert osteoid to bone

Become osteocytes once surrounded by bony matrix

Osteoprogenitor cells

Mesenchymal (stem) cells that differentiate to become osteoblasts

Important in fracture repair

Locations-

Inner lining of periosteum

Lining endosteum in medullar cavity

Lining passageways containing blood vessels

Osteoclasts (clast, break)

Remove/remodel bone matrix

Giant cells w/ 50+ nuclei, derived from same stem cells as macrophages

Release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals (Osteolysis, loosening)

 

 

Term
Bone matrix components
Definition

Collagen fibers account for approx 1/3 bone weight, calcium phosphate accounts for 2/3 bone weight

 

Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite, which provides bone strength

Term
Compact bone
Definition

Functional unit is osteon

Organized concentric lamellae around a central canal

-Osteocytes(in lacunae) lie between lamellae

-Central canal contains small blood vessels

Canaliculae connect lacunae with each other and central canal

-Strong along its length

 

Term
Long bone organization
Definition

Periosteum (outermost layer) 

Compact bone (outer bone tissue layer)

Circumferential lamellae (Outer and inner surfaces of compact bone)

Interstitial lamellae

-Fills spaces between osteons

Osteons

-Contain central canals(Parallel to bone structure)

-Connected by perforating canals(Perpendicular)

Spongy bone (innermost layer)

-Located where bones are not heavily stressed

-Lamellae form struts and plates (trabeculae)creating an open network (creates open network, reduces bone weight, no blood vessels in matrix, recieve nutrients through canaliculi open to trabeculae surfaces)

Term
Periosteum
Definition

Two layers

-Two layers, Fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

 

Functions:

Isolates bone from surrounding tissue

Route for blood and nerve supply

Actively participate in bone growth and repair

Term

Perforating fibers

 

Definition

Created by osteoblasts in periosteum cellular layer

Strongly connects tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum

Term
Endosteum
Definition

Incomplete cellular layer lining medullar cavity

Covers spongy bone and lining central canals

Consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells

Where incomplete, osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel matrix

 

Term
Appositional growth
Definition

Increases bone diameter but does not form original bones

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts that add bone matrix under periosteum, adds successive layers of circumferential lamellae. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

Deeper lamellae is recycled and replaced by osteons

Osteoclasts remove matrix at inner surface to enlarge medullar cavity.

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