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A&P
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/28/2013

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Term
FSH stimulates ?
Definition
the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm more easily
Term
LH stimulates?
Definition
the interstitial cells to increase their secretion of testosterone in males
Term
The ___?____ gland controls the testes by means of its gonadotropic hormones-- specifically, FSH & luteinizing hormone LH.
Definition
Anterior pituitary gland
Term
If blood concentration of testosterone reaches a high level it will inhibit hypothalamic secretion of ________? as a result the anterior pituitary secretion LH will ______? & testosterone levels will return to the normal set point.
Definition
Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH, decrease
Term
increasing blood levels of ___? will selectively _____? GnRH secretions by the hypothalamus & FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary- thus decreasing the rate of sperm production.
Definition
Inhibin, decrease
Term
what happenes if sperm count decreases BELOW normal set point?
Definition
inhibin secretion will drop
FSH secretion will increase
sperm number will increase to normal levels
Term
the negative feedback mechanism works between what?
Definition
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland & the hormone producing cells of the testes.
Term
what is the optimal temp for sperm formation?
Definition
3 degrees celsius below normal body temp.
Term
what muscle causes a SLIGHT elevation of the testes & wrinkling of the scrotal pouch?
Definition
Dartos Facia
Term
what muscle causes a Significant elevation of the testes?
Definition
Cremaster muscle
Term
tunica vaginalis
Definition
is a serous membrane which permits the testes to slide around, while in the scrotum.
Term
what are the functions of the testes?
Definition
spermatogenesis & secretion of hormones
Term
spermatogenesis
Definition
is the production of spermatozoa (sperm), the male gametes, or reproductive cells.
Term
Seminiferous tubule
Definition
1-3 tiny coiled tubules located in each lobule of the testes containing scattered interstitial cells. these tubes come together to form the plexus called the retes testes.
Term
what is the major androgen produced in humans?
Definition
testosterone
Term
testosterone
Definition
is a steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells. helps regulate metabolism, & plays a part in fluid & electrolyte secretion of gonadotropins
Term
inhibin
Definition
is produced by sustentacular cells of the testis.
Term
what 2 hormones regulate sperm production?
Definition
FSH follicle stimulating hormone & LH luteinizing hormone
Term
what are the male sexual characteristis from testosterone?
Definition
facial hair growth,and masculine qualities
Term
epididymis
Definition
a convoluted tubule in each testes that carries sperm to vas deferens
Term
follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)
Definition
a hormone produced by the pituitary glasnd that initiates sperm production
Term
lutenizing hormone (LH)
Definition
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to make & release testosterone
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
glands at the base of the bladder by & connected to the prostate gland that provide nutrients for the semen.
Term
spermatozoa
Definition
the mature reproductive cells produced by the testes & stored in the spididymis as sperm.
Term
____ is a male reproductive organs that produce sperm & male hormones?
Definition
testes
Term
testosterone
Definition
a male hormone produced by the testes & adrenal glands required for sperm production & development of the male organs
Term
_____ is a duct that carries spermatozoa from the spididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
vas deferens
Term
erection is a ________ reflex initiated mainly by certain tactile, visual & mental stimuli.
Definition
parasymthetic reflex
Term
how does the penis become erect?
Definition
after mental stimuli, dilation of the arteries & arteroles of the penis, floods & distends the spaces in its erectile tissue & compresses its veins.
Term
ejaculation of semen is a ______ response?
Definition
reflex response
Term
Emmission
Definition
is the reflex movement of sex cells or spermatozoa & secretions from the genital ducts and excessory ducts in the prostatic urethra. once omission has occured, ejaculation will follow.
Term
what are characteristics of the male orgasm?
Definition
accelerated heart rate, increased blood pressure, hyperventilation, dilated skin blood vessels, intense sexual excitement
Term
erection
Definition
during sexual arousal, the erectile tissue of the penis fills with blood, causing the organ to become rigid & enlarge in both diameter & length.
Term
the penis & scrotum are...
Definition
external genitals, or genitalia of the male
Term
the penis has ____ cylindrial masses of erectile or cavernous tisse, enclosed in seperate fibrous covering & held together by a covering of skin.
Definition
3 , 2-corpora cavernosa & 1 smaller corpus spongiosum.
Term
corpora cavernosa
Definition
2 larger & uppermost cylinder of the penis.
Term
corpus spongiosm
Definition
smaller of the cylinders, lower, and contains the urethra. this one enlarges.
Term
the distal part of the corpus spongiosum overlaps the terminal end of the 2 corpora cavernosa to form a slightly bulging structure called_____?
Definition
glans penis
Term
prepuce
Definition
skin is folded doubly to for a more or less loose-fitting, retractable casing , or foreskin, that covers & protects the glans penis.
Term
the course sperm follows out of the body...
Definition
seminiferous tubules,rete testes, efferent ductules ,epididymis
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Term
a series of sperm ducts that drain the retes testes & pierce the tunica albuginea to enter the head of the epididymis.
Definition
efferent ductules
Term
____ connects the seminiferous tubules with the efferent ductules.
Definition
rete testes
Term
epididymis
Definition
tube that lies along the top & behind the testes. stores sperm, which spend 1-3 weeks before being reabsorbed if unused mature sperm. secretes small part of the seminal fluid (semen)
Term
vas deferens/ ductus deferens
Definition
thick muscular wall consisting of 3 layers, a thick imtermediate circular layer of muscle fibers & inner & outer longitudinal layers which help in propelling sperm thru the duct system. connects the spididymis with the ejaculatory duct.
Term
vasectomy
Definition
severed or clamped vas deferens to sterilize the male
Term
______ are short tubes that pass thru the prostate gland & terminate in the urethra formed by the union of the vas deferens distal to the ampulla with the ducts from the seminal vesicles.
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
supply an alkaline, viscous, creamy-yellow liquid that constitutes about 60% of semen volume that helps neutralize the acid pH environment of the terminal urethra & in the vagina.
Term
_____ found in this component of the semen serves as an energy source for sperm motility after ejaculation.
Definition
frutose (found in the ejaculatory duct)
Term
______ secretes a watery milky-looking & slightly acidic fluid that constitutes about 30% of the seminal fluid volume, citrate & enzymes found in prostaic fluid serves as a nutrient for sperm.
Definition
prostate gland
Term
bulbourethral glands/cowper glands-
Definition
like the seminal vesicles, the bulbourethal glands secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucus. this fluid is important for counteracting the acid present in the male urethra & femal vagina. mucus in these glands serves to lubricate the urethra & helps protect sperm from friction damage during ejaculation.
Term
urethra
Definition
serves a dual function, which involves both the reproductive system & the urinary system. conducts urine & sperm outside the male body.
Term
what is the overall composition of seminal fluid?
Definition
testes & epididymis, secretions constitute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume. seminal vesicles, combines secretions are reported to contribute about 60% seminal fluid volume. prostate gland, secretions constitute 30% of seminal fluid voulume, bulbourethral glands secretion less than 5% of seminal fluid volume
Term
what are the common disorders of the male reproductive system
Definition
infertility, sterility, oligospermia, cryptorchidism, testicular cancer
Term
what is the abnormally low ability to reproduce (produces sperm but fewer than needed)
Definition
infertility
Term
complete inability to reproduce
Definition
sterility
Term
oligospermia
Definition
decreased sperm production, results from factors such as infection, fever, radiation, malnutrition, & high temperature in the testes, in some cases oligospermia is temporary
Term
undescended testes
Definition
cryptorchidism, may be caused from hormonal imbalance in the developing fetus or by a physical deficiency or obstruction. the teste is hidden in the abdominal cavity. if not addressed could cause permanent sterility. treated with surgery or by injection of testosterone, which stimulates the testes to descend.
Term
testicular cancers
Definition
arise from the sperm producing cells of the seminiferous tubules. malignancies of the testes are most common among 20-35 years of age. also associated with genetic predisposition, trauma or infection of the testes, & cryptorchidism.
Term
organs of the reproductive system can be calssified as _____ or ______?
Definition
essential or accessory
Term
in both sexes, the essential organs of reproduction that produce gametes are called?
Definition
gonads
Term
a dense white fibrous capsule called the ____ ____ encases each teste
Definition
tunica albuginea
Term
________ cells provide mechanical support & protection for the developing germ cells
Definition
sertoli cells
Term
_____ is alkaline, viscous liquid substance secreted by the seminal vesicles
Definition
semen
Term
the prostate secretes a thin alkaline substance that constitutes about _____% of the seminal fluid volume
Definition
31%
Term
what influences male fertility?
Definition
the size, shape, motility, & number of sperm in ejaculate.
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