Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference between areas of high and low concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of water across a membrane to decrease the concentration gradient of a solute that cannot pass the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of hydrostatic pressure (created by the increase in water from osmotic flow) that will stop the osmotic flow of water |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in osmotic ally active solute concentrations between two substances |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports one substance one way |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports two substances one way |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports one substance one way and another substance the other way |
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Term
| How does the cell take up glucose and get rid of sodium? |
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Definition
| A receptor open to the outside binds glucose from the blood, the binding causes the receptor to change shape, closing it to the outside and opening it to the inside, glucose is then released into the cell and the receptor resumes its original shape. Since glucose is coming down its concentration gradient, this doesn't require any energy and is called facilitated diffusion. |
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Term
| What are functions of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Support for the cell membrane, holds cell organelles in place, allows movement of cilia and flagella, creates the mitotic spindle, moves things around within the cell |
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Term
| What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
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Definition
| Processing of new proteins |
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Term
| What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
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Definition
| Makes lipids, cholesterol, and detoxifies alcohol |
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Term
| What is the function of Golgi Complex? |
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Definition
| Adds lipids side groups to proteins, and directs processed proteins to their appropriate destination |
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Term
| What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis? |
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Definition
| Release of substances from a cell |
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Term
| What is meant by complementary bases |
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Definition
| The two bases will only bond with each other |
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Term
| What is the anti-parallel arrangement? |
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Definition
| The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclear membrane breaks down, the sister chromatids are free in the membrane, microtubules from the centrosomes (which have split and moved to opposite poles of the cell) attach to the sister chromatids and align them in the center of the cell, the sisters split and each one is pulled go and opposite pole by its microtubule. Once at the poles, a new nuclear membrane forms around them |
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Term
| How much of the chromatids are functioning genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two enzymes are involved in DNA replication? |
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Definition
| DNA helicase, DNA polymerse |
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Term
Distinguish between
Chromatin
Chromosome
Chromatid |
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Definition
Chromatin: a chromosome wrapped around histones
Chromosome: a molecule of DNA
Chromatid: the chromosome and it's identical copy joined together at the centromere-only present after DNA replication |
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Term
| Difference between transcription and translation? |
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Definition
Transcription: the making of a messenger RNA from the information gene
Translation: the assembly of a protein based on the information encoded on the messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase opens up a gene in a chromosome, then adds complementary RNA bases to the exposed bases on the gene. At the end of the gene, the RNA strand detaches, has parts of itself cut out and other parts spliced together and becomes a messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the pre-messenger RNA that will not be used to make the protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Three consecutive bases on a messenger RNA that code for a specific amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Three bases on a transfer RNA that are complementary to a codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Messenger RNA attaches to the small sub-unit of the ribosome, a transfer RNA and the first amino acid attach to the mRNA, then the large sub-unit of the ribosome attaches |
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Term
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Definition
| And RNA with binding sites for specific mRNA codons and for a specific amino acids |
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Term
| Describe three types of mutations |
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Definition
1. Point Mutations: substitution of one base for another
2. Frameshift: insertion of deletion of a base
3. Transposon: a break in the chromosome creating a loose piece |
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Term
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Definition
| The allele that is expressed in the heterozygous state |
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Term
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Definition
| Two different alleles are fully expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which the expressed trait appears to be somewhere between the dominant and recessive alleles (has various causes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Several genes controlling one trait |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene controlling several traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes, one paternal, one maternal, that contain the same genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous genes, may be identical or may express variations in their trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the functions of the four tissue layers?
1. Epithelium
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous |
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Definition
1. Barrier to environment
2. Support and protection
3. Contraction
4. Conduction of signals |
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