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A & P
Test 1
38
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/08/2012

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Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
Difference between areas of high and low concentrations
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The movement of water across a membrane to decrease the concentration gradient of a solute that cannot pass the membrane
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
The amount of hydrostatic pressure (created by the increase in water from osmotic flow) that will stop the osmotic flow of water
Term
Tonicity
Definition
The difference in osmotic ally active solute concentrations between two substances
Term
Uniport
Definition
Transports one substance one way
Term
Symport
Definition
Transports two substances one way
Term
Antiport
Definition
Transports one substance one way and another substance the other way
Term
How does the cell take up glucose and get rid of sodium?
Definition
A receptor open to the outside binds glucose from the blood, the binding causes the receptor to change shape, closing it to the outside and opening it to the inside, glucose is then released into the cell and the receptor resumes its original shape. Since glucose is coming down its concentration gradient, this doesn't require any energy and is called facilitated diffusion.
Term
What are functions of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
Support for the cell membrane, holds cell organelles in place, allows movement of cilia and flagella, creates the mitotic spindle, moves things around within the cell
Term
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Definition
Processing of new proteins
Term
What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Definition
Makes lipids, cholesterol, and detoxifies alcohol
Term
What is the function of Golgi Complex?
Definition
Adds lipids side groups to proteins, and directs processed proteins to their appropriate destination
Term
What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?
Definition
Release of substances from a cell
Term
What is meant by complementary bases
Definition
The two bases will only bond with each other
Term
What is the anti-parallel arrangement?
Definition
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions
Term
What happens in mitosis?
Definition
The nuclear membrane breaks down, the sister chromatids are free in the membrane, microtubules from the centrosomes (which have split and moved to opposite poles of the cell) attach to the sister chromatids and align them in the center of the cell, the sisters split and each one is pulled go and opposite pole by its microtubule. Once at the poles, a new nuclear membrane forms around them
Term
How much of the chromatids are functioning genes?
Definition
2%
Term
What two enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
Definition
DNA helicase, DNA polymerse
Term
Distinguish between
Chromatin
Chromosome
Chromatid
Definition
Chromatin: a chromosome wrapped around histones

Chromosome: a molecule of DNA

Chromatid: the chromosome and it's identical copy joined together at the centromere-only present after DNA replication
Term
Difference between transcription and translation?
Definition
Transcription: the making of a messenger RNA from the information gene

Translation: the assembly of a protein based on the information encoded on the messenger RNA
Term
Transcription
Definition
RNA polymerase opens up a gene in a chromosome, then adds complementary RNA bases to the exposed bases on the gene. At the end of the gene, the RNA strand detaches, has parts of itself cut out and other parts spliced together and becomes a messenger RNA
Term
Intron
Definition
A part of the pre-messenger RNA that will not be used to make the protein
Term
Codon
Definition
Three consecutive bases on a messenger RNA that code for a specific amino acid
Term
Anti-Codon
Definition
Three bases on a transfer RNA that are complementary to a codon
Term
Assembly of a Ribosome
Definition
Messenger RNA attaches to the small sub-unit of the ribosome, a transfer RNA and the first amino acid attach to the mRNA, then the large sub-unit of the ribosome attaches
Term
What is transfer RNA
Definition
And RNA with binding sites for specific mRNA codons and for a specific amino acids
Term
Describe three types of mutations
Definition
1. Point Mutations: substitution of one base for another
2. Frameshift: insertion of deletion of a base
3. Transposon: a break in the chromosome creating a loose piece
Term
Dominance
Definition
The allele that is expressed in the heterozygous state
Term
Co-Dominance
Definition
Two different alleles are fully expressed
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
A condition in which the expressed trait appears to be somewhere between the dominant and recessive alleles (has various causes)
Term
Polygenic
Definition
Several genes controlling one trait
Term
Pleiotrophy
Definition
One gene controlling several traits
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition
Chromosomes, one paternal, one maternal, that contain the same genes
Term
Alleles
Definition
Homologous genes, may be identical or may express variations in their trait
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Alleles are identical
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Alleles are different
Term
What are the functions of the four tissue layers?
1. Epithelium
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Definition
1. Barrier to environment
2. Support and protection
3. Contraction
4. Conduction of signals
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