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Anatomy
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07/17/2012

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Term
Anatomical Regions & Planes
Definition
Axial Region-head, neck and trunk Appendicular region-limbs or extremities Saggital Frontal Transverse
Term
Body Cavities
Definition
Cranial -within the skull brain spinal verterbral Ventral-contains soft internal organs Thoracic abdominopelvic scrotal-present in males
Term
Chapter 1
Definition
Directional Right-pt's right Left-pt's left superior (above) toward the head inferior (below) away from the head anterior (in front) nearer to the front posterior (in back) nearer to the back Directional Right-pt's right Left-pt's left superior (above) toward the head inferior (below) away from the head anterior (in front) nearer to the front posterior (in back) nearer to the back
Term
Chapter 2
Definition
Major function of the skin protection thermorequlation somatosensory perception Vit D synthesis
Term
Chapter 3 Body process of Regulatory
Definition
Homeostasis-normal, regulates "staying the same" core body temp. blood concentrations of Na+, K+, H+, Ca & other mineral ions blood sugar extracellular fluid volume arterial blood pressure
Term
Chapter 4 Chemical Basis of Life
Definition
Features of atomic Structure protons (+) charge neutron (uncharged) nucleus (center) electrons (-) charge
Term
Characteristics of Chemical Bond
Definition
molecules are structures that result from attachment of atoms to one another
Term
Characteristics of endocytosis & exocytasis
Definition
Endocytosis-cellular uptake Exocytosis-intracellular vesicles fuse w/ the plasma membrane & release contents to the exterior
Term
Characterstics of Carrier Mediated Transport
Definition
substances permeating plasma membranes channels are barrel shaped pores carriers proteins that acutally bend individual solute molecules
Term
Directional
Definition
Medial-nearer midline lateral-farther midline ipsilateral-same side contralateral-the opposite side from proximal-nearer to the attachment distal-more distant superficial-toward
Term
Directional contd.
Definition
Deep-away from the surface intermediate-between two structures
Term
Elements of Diffusion
Definition
movement of a substance due to the random movement
Term
Epidermal derivatives
Definition
hair nails dermal glands Dermis-a largely made up of connective tissue, extracellular fibers of collagen & elastin Hypodermis-under the dermis & not technically part of the skin
Term
Epidermal derivaties-contd
Definition
Radiiation (transfer) Convection (air movement) Conduction (direct heat flow)
Term
General features of cells
Definition
plasma membrane-outer layer nucleus-genetic material (DNA) endoplasmic reticulum-internal membrane system ribosomes-molecular machines Golgi apparatus-staked sacs of ER mitochondria-rod-like structures cytoskeleton-scaffold of filaments
Term
ID 3 Categories of burns
Definition
1st-mainly damage to the epidermis 2nd-partial thickness some damage to the dermis 3rd-full thickness both the dermis and subcutaneous tissue damage
Term
Major Organ Systems
Definition
Nervous Mucsculoskeletal Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Excretory Lymphatic Reproductive
Term
Major Organ Systems 2
Definition
Endocrine Immune Integumentary
Term
Organs
Definition
a structure that is composed of two or more tissues & carries out multiple functions
Term
Process of Osmosis
Definition
a diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient
Term
Skin Cancer
Definition
skin is chronically expose to UV radiation damage the DNA of the dermal cells
Term
Tissue Types
Definition
Nervous-specialized for processing info. Epithelial-consists of sheets of cell Muscle-contration & generation of force Connective-holds body parts together Adipose-specialized for storage of fat
Term
Toncicity
Definition
swelling or shrinkage are harmful or fatal to the cells & must be minimized
Term
Types of Chemical Bonds
Definition
Covalent-strongest form Ionic-when an element that readily gives up electrons reacts. Hydrogen-nitrogen & hydrogen-oxygen are polar covalent bonds Van Der Walls-attrative forces that develop between molecules or between different parts
Term
Types of chemical reactions
Definition
synthetic decomposition oxidation-reduction-redox
Term
Various Layers of the epidermis
Definition
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum correum
Term
Various skin cell types & functions
Definition
Kerantinocytes-production of the protein keratin Melanocytes-productio of melanin Immunocytes- 1st line of defense against invasion by microbes, fungi, and parasites
Term
6 Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis
Definition
1. Growth hormone

2. Prolaction

3. adrenocorticotropic

4. TSH

5. FSH

6. LH (luteninizing hormone)
Term
2 types of muscle contraction
Definition
isotonic contraction-allowed to shorten & lift a load

isometric contraction-not allowed to shorten
Term
4 Influenes on enzyme activity
Definition
Temp

Inhibitors-natural requlatory substance

Allosteric regulation "at another site" than the active site

Expression of particular Isoforms

products of separate genes
Term
Action
Definition
are brief stereolypic changes in the membrane potential of excitable cells
Term
Amino Acids & protiens
Definition
amino acids must be present in the diet

proteins-important to body function and struture
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
simple sugars

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Term
Cell Activity related to energy & metabolism
Definition
catabolism-cell extracts energy from chemical source

ATP-the main source of energy avaible to cells
Term
Characteristic of Compounds
Definition
Acids decrease Ph

Bases increased Ph

Salt-dissociate in solution to yield a free cation
Term
Characteristic of somatic sensation
Definition
Body surface is responsive to the submodalities touch, vibration, temp., sense pain
Term
Characteristic of the auditory system
Definition
hearing

equilibrum

frequency discrimination

sound localization
Term
Characteristic of the gustatory system
Definition
taste buds
Term
Characteristic of the vestibular system
Definition
head orientation & linear accerlation

rotatinal accerlation of the head
Term
Characteristics of bone tissue
Definition
mainly responsible for hardness & wt of bones
Term
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
Definition
fibers are striated

spontaneous contractile activity

contract automatically
Term
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Definition
striated

gap juncitons

voluntary

controlled by the somatic motor branch

supporting & moving joints
Term
Characteristics of the olfactory system
Definition
sense of smell
Term
Characteristis & function of nuclic acids
Definition
DNA/RNA

Genetic Code

Protein Synthesis

Control of Gene expression

DNA replication
Term
Characterstics of Carrier Mediated Transport
Definition
substances permeating plasma membranes

channels are barrel shaped pores

carriers proteins that acutally bend individual solute molecules
Term
Characterstics of smooth muscle
Definition
surrounds the walls of hollow visceral organs

cells are smaller in lenght & diameter
Term
Classify adenohypophyseal hormones according to their structures
Definition
Tropic hormones that control the function of other endocrine glands

growth, TSH, FSH, & LH ACTH
Term
Common descriptive terms found in muscle names
Definition
location

size & shape

location & # of attachments

action
Term
Compare resting potential to action potential
Definition
the plasma membrane is mainly permable to K+ and the inside to outside concentration
Term
Describe funciton of the bones
Definition
Formation-development by connective tissue during osteogensis

Remodeling-stresses placed on them

Growth of bones-controlled by hormones

*growth hormone

*parathormone

*calcutonin, Vit D, sex steriods
Term
Describe synaptic transmission
Definition
where signals travel from neurons to other neurons or form neurons to muscle cells
Term
Describe the characteristics of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies motor innervation
Term
Describe the functions of the adrenal glands
Definition
a branch of the sympathetic nervous system

secretes steriod hormones
Term
Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve
Definition
axons are bundled togehter into nerves
Term
Exercise physiology as it related to muscle
Definition
related mainly to its cross-sectional area so larger muscle are stronger
Term
Explain the molecular basis of muscle contraction
Definition
the sarcomere is the basic functional unit

of the contractile machinery of striated muscle
Term
Explain the roles of aldosterone & cortisol
Definition
controlled mainly by the kidney itself

renin secretion

vasopression-cortisol

stimulates ACTH secretion
Term
Functions of the gonads
Definition
ovaries-gametogensis (formation of reproductive cells)

testes-testosterone

differentiation of male internal & external gentalia
Term
Functions of the thyroid
Definition
basal metabolism & heat production

normal growth & development

calcitonin-stimulates bone calcification
Term
How a reflex arc works
Definition
the simplest way of organizing the nervous system

to achieve an appropriate response
Term
ID major characteristics of the CNS
Definition
telecephalon

diencephalon

mesencephalon

metencephalon

myelencepalon
Term
ID propriocptors in the human body
Definition
muscle receptors & stretch reflexes

golgi tendon organs & tendon reflexes

joint kinesthetic organs
Term
ID structural Components of bones
Definition
Diaphysis-shaft of the bone

Metaphysis-widened area that joins the shank of the bone to its head

epiphysis-ends of the bone
Term
ID surface freatures of bones
Definition
articular

process

depressions & openings
Term
ID the actions of the nontrophic adenhypophysel hormones
Definition
Growth and Growth hormone

HGH (human growth hormone)

prolactin milk production
Term
ID the divisions & subdivisions of the nervous system
Definition
somatic sensory

somatic motor

visceral sensory

visceral motor
Term
ID the major characteristic of neurons
Definition
myelin sheaths

target cells are called synapses

3 classes of neurons

*multipolar

*bipolar

*unipolar
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
human body (70-80%) water

surface tension

Heat of vaporization

Solvent Properties

solutes can be dissolved
Term
Lipids
Definition
fatty acids

triaaylgycerols

glyolipids

phospholipids
Term
List & compare the different muscle types
Definition
skeletal-attached to the skeleton

cardiac-heart

smooth-surrounds hollow internal organs
Term
List & define the 4 major classes of hormones
Definition
1. tyrosine derivatives-T3 & T4 thyroid

2. Peptides & proteins-small protein consisting dozens to hundred of amino acids

3. steroids-derivatives of chol.

4. Eicosanoids-prostaglandins key mediators in the control of blood flow & inflammation
Term
List & Describe the 3 types of cartlige
Definition
hyaline-glassy translucent material

fibrous-interwoven thread of collagen

elastic-elastin fibers
Term
Major characteristics of the visual system
Definition
Image-forming device

errors of refraction

photorecption & information processing
Term
Mechanism of action of steroid hormones
Definition
poorly water soluble typically travel in the blood as complexes
Term
Movements of diarhrotic joints
Definition
flexion/extension

dorsiflexion

abduction/adduction

circumduction

rotation

supination/pronation

inversion/eversion

protraction/retraction

elevation/depression

opposition
Term
Negative feedback requlation in endocrine systems
Definition
hormone secretion varies to oppose changes

in feedback -regulated variable
Term
Neural control of skeletal muscle
Definition
the motor neurons hat control skeletal muscle belong to the somatic branch of the the motor system
Term
Parts of Pituitary gland & their functions
Definition
posterior lobe-neural tissue

anterior lobe-roof of the primitvie pharynx
Term
Parts of the Skull
Definition
Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Spheniod

Ethmoid
Term
Parts of the Vertebral column
Definition
c-spine

lumbar

sacrum & coccyx
Term
Principal muscles of major joints
Definition
mandibular

shoulder/arm

elbow

hip-thigh

knee

ankle
Term
Proprioception
Definition
self sensing

monitoring the interal state of the body
Term
Structural cats of joints
Definition
fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial
Term
The Senses
Definition
General principles of sensory systems

organize an appropiate response

centers of the CNS

location of the stimlus
Term
Function of parathyroids
Definition
parathormone is stimulated by decrease in levels of Ca++ in the plasma
Term
Functions of the pancreas
Definition
exocrine gland it secretes an alkaline juice containing digestive enzymes into the intestine.
Term
3 major protein hormones
Definition
glucagon-produced by alpha cells
insulin-produced by beta cells
somatostatin-produced by delta cells
Term
Functions of the pineal gland
Definition
melatonin secretion follows a day-night cycle with most of the hormone secreted during the darkness
Term
List nonglandular tissue that process endocrine functions
Definition
enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract peptide hormones.
kidney-secretes an enzymen renin
heart-muscle fibers of the atria release a peptide hormone called atrial natriunetic factor (ANF)
placenta-connects the developing fetus to the lining of the uterus.
thymus-T-cell dirrentiation
adipose tissue-fat
endorphins-peptide hormones nervous system produces its own endogenous opiates.
Term
Chapter 10 Blood
Definition
Term
Three main functions of blood
Definition
transport of nutrients
regulation of the fluid environment of cells
protection against loss of extracellular fluid thru hemostasis
Term
Physical properties of blood
Definition
specific gravity-ratio between the wt of the liquid and that of an equal.
viscosity-a measure of the fluids resistance to flow
Term
Name and describe the formal elements of blood
Definition
RBCs-lack a nucleus sink to the bottom of the centrifuge.
RBC-oxygen
WBC-fighters
platelets-clot
Term
Genesis of blood cells
Definition
blood cell production occurs mainly in bone of the axial skeleton principally the sternum.
Term
Name & describe the nonformed elements of blood
Definition
nonprotein solutes-extracellular fluid
plasma proteins-albumins, globulins & fibringen
nutrients & wasteproducts dietary sources
Term
Blood typing
Definition
a classifciation of blood based on the presence or abensce of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of RBCs
Term
The process of hemostasis
Definition
a process which causes bleeding to stop
Term
Chapter 11 The Heart
Definition
Term
ID the parts of the heart including its various chambers & valves
Definition
4 chambers
RT atrium
LT atrium
RT ventricle
LT ventricle
Valves
Tricusip
semilunar
aortic
Term
Contrast the properties of cardiac muscle to those skeletal muscle
Definition
both are striated
cardiac is involuntary
Term
List & explain the stages of the heart cycle
Definition
diastole-heart relaxed
1st heart sound results from the closing of the AV valves
2nd heart sounds results from the closure of the pulmonary & aortic valves
Term
Autonomic modulation of heart function
Definition
heart maintains a regular rhythm and its force to meet demand (Frank Starling Law)
Term
Components of cardiac output
Definition
the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
HRxSV=cardiac output
cardiac output=venous return
Term
Chapter 12
The Vascular System
Definition
Term
List various types of blood vessels & their functions
Definition
arteries-carry blood away form the heart
capillaries-small vessels that are the sites of all exchange of materials between tissues.
Veins-carry blood back to the heart
Term
ID & describe the types of special circulations within the body
Definition
Hepatic portal-collects venous blood from abd. & pelvic digestive organs and delivers this blood to the hepatic portal vein.
coronary circulation-the heart must perfuse with like any other organ. cerebral, renal, pulmonary, fetal.
Term
Describe blood flow regulation within the body
Definition
VR (volume flow)=MAP (mean arterial pressure/TPR (total peripheral resistance)
Driving force for blood flow within a single blood vessel.
Term
Various functions of capilleries
Definition
glomerular-enclosed in the initial segment of the nephron.
peritublar-surronds the cortical parts of the tubule
Term
Component of the lymphatic system and functions
Definition
lymph nodes-collecting vessels pass thru
lymphatic trunks-largest collecting vessels converge
Term
Describe the components of the immune systems & their functions
Definition
Lymphoid organs-the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, Peyer's patches.
spleen-screens for blood borne antigens and removes ages RBCs
Thymus-differentiation of T lymphocytes
Tonsils-tonsilar crypts trap bacteria that have lodged on phayngeal surface.
Peyers patches-screen the intestinal contents for novel bacteria & to oppose infection
Term
Immune responses
Definition
nonspecific- are not conditioned by previous exposure to particular invader.
specific response-are directed only against an invader bearing particular molecular components antigens.
Term
Chapter 13 Respiratory System
Definition
Term
Main parts of the airway & respiratory zone
Definition
Nasal cavity
larynx
bronchi
Term
Physical aspects of ventilation
Definition
presses equally on all surface that freely exposed to the atomosphere
Term
ID respiratory muscles & movements
Definition
sternocleidomastiods/scalenes-internal intercostals
external intercostals-external & internal abd. obliques
parasternal intercostals-transversus abd.
Diaphragm-rectus abd.
Term
ID the various lung volumnes & capacities
Definition
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Term
ID & explain the various restrictive & obstructive lung diseas
Definition
Asthma-an inflammatory or allergic response to air contaminants.
Chronic bronchitis
Respiratory distress syndrome
Chest wall disease
Fibrotic lung diease
damage to the lung by inhaled air contaminants such as dusts & fibers
Term
Explain the relationship between respiratory dead space & aveolar venlitation
Definition
alveolar ventilation is influenced by respiratory dead space.
Term
Describe the process of gas exchange
Definition
dry air contains about 21% O2. Most of remaining gas is nitrogen with trace amounts of other gases.
Term
Describe the process of hemoglobin and oxygen transport
Definition
most of the O2 carried by blood about 98% is carried by hemoglobin.
Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is determined by its hemoglobin content
Term
Anemia
Definition
the number of red cells and or the content of hemoglobin is deficient
Term
The process of carbon dioxide transport
Definition
CO2 leaving metabolizing cells readily diffuses into the plasma
Term
ID the characteristics of the neural contol of respiration
Definition
Brain stem-respiratory area
Central chemoreceptors-located in the medulla
Peripheral chemoreceptors-carotid & aortic bodies
Stretch receptors-the lung & chest wall
Hypothalamic centers-reflect arousal & emotion
Term
Explain respiration in exercise
Definition
the lungs must accept a substantially increased cardiac output in exercise
Term
Chapter 14
The Digestive System
Definition
Term
ID the characteristics of the peritoneal cavity & the peritoneum
Definition
peritoneum-an epithelial membrane that covers the wall of the abd. cavity.
peritoneal cavity-contains the intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs
Term
Explain the funcition of mastication & the salivary glands
Definition
mastication-food is broken up by chewing and mixed with saliva
Term
Describe the parts of the esophagus & their functions
Definition
the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm & joins the stomach.
gastroesophageal sphincter closes off the esophagus to protect from acidic stomach contents.
Term
Parts of the stomach & their functions
Definition
Fundus-the cup shaped
Antrum-funnel shaped
Pylorus-canal terminating with the pyloric
Sphincter-guards the entry into the intestine
Term
Parts of the small intestinge & their functions
Definition
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
-longest part of the alimentary canal
-enzymatic digestion food & absorption of its constituent nutrients
Term
Name the enzymes secreted by the pancreas and ID their actions
Definition
Lipase & colipase-convert triacylglycerols to monoglycerdies & free fatty acids.
Tryspin, chymotrypsin-attack specific peptide bonds.
Carboxypeptidase-aminopeptidase, dipeptidase removes carboxy-terminal amino acids.
Amylase-converts strach to oligo saccharides
RNAase, DNAase-converts ribonucleotides to pentoses, purines & pyrimidines
Term
ID the major components of liver
Definition
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
Term
Explain the process of absorption in the small intestine
Definition
the intestine can absord sugars and amino acids against their concentration fat absorption
Term
Parts of the large intestine and their functions
Definition
cecum, colon and rectum-small intestine
Ascending colon-superiorly from the cecum & make a bend.
Transverse colon-passes along the anterior abd.
Descending colon-makes a S-shaped curve medially
Sigmoid colon-leading to the rectum
Anal colon-the terminal portion of the rectum
Term
Energy needs of the body
Definition
energy need differ from person to person.

BMR(basal metabolic rate)-the rate of energy consumption
Term
Explain how the body converts glucose to energy
Definition
glycolysis
*the liver is an important source of glucose for other tissue.
*absorded glucose may be used to supply the immediate glucose
Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
the pathway is a cycle because it ends by attaching an acetate from the reaction step
Term
Body converts protein & fat to energy
Definition
protein catabolism is proteolysis breaking of the peptide bonds
Term
The absorptive & postabsorptive states
Definition
During the absorptive state glucose, amino acids and triacylglycerols are entering the body.
During the postabsorptive state, nutrients are not entering form the intesting & the enery needs of the body must be met by drawing on reserves.
Term
Chapter 15 Urine
Definition
Term
ID the characteristic of urine
Definition
a product that contains excess water, plasma, solutes, urea, ammonia, sulfuric acid
Term
Describe the parts of the kidney & their function
Definition
Renal cortex-outer layer
Renal medula-inner
Renal sinus-hollow space in medial part of the kidney
Hilus-medial side of the kidney the site of entry of the renal artery
Renal artery-a branch of the abdominal aorta
Renal vein- a branch of the inferior vena cava
Ureter
Term
Major functions of the renal concentrating mechanism
Definition
serve the changing homeostatic needs of the body
Term
ID the major characteristics of the distal tube & the renal diluting mechanism
Definition
rate of blood perfusion to the kidney (a measure of BP)
the sodium concentration of plasma
Term
Main components of renal function
Definition
Potassium homeostatsis
Filtered Load
Renal clearance
Renal handling of sodium
Renal handling of K+
Renal handling of Ca++ & phosphate
Renal handling of fixed acids & bases
Term
ID 3 classes of diuretics
Definition
1. Osmotic (nonmetabolizable sugar alcohol mannitol.
2. Transport inhibitors (loop diuretics)
3. aldosterone antagonists (ace inhibitors)
Term
ID characteristics of urinary bladder
Definition
prevents reflux of urine into the ureters
Internal & external urethral sphincters-normal blocks the flow of urine into the urethea
Term
Explain the importance of maintaining fluid & electrolyte balance
Definition
Preventation of dehydration
Specific homeostatic challenges
Water is average 65% of the body mass of men 55% for women
Term
ID the components of acid-base homestatsis
Definition
Intracellular buffers-cytoplasm is protein
Extracellular buffers-important buffer is bicarbonate
Term
Valves of UA
Definition
Volume flow- 1-2 liters/day
Color-yellow to amber
Ph- 4.6-8.0
Specific gravity- 1.001-1.035
Turbidity- clear
Term
Chapter 16 Reproductive System
Definition
Term
Explain the process of meiosis in the formation of reproductive cells
Definition
The process of cell division, formation of reproductive cells
Term
Describe the male & female reproductive system
Definition
Male system-paired testes (primary male reproductive organs)
Vas deferens
scrotum
penis
Female System
ovaries (primary female reproductive organs)
Uterus
Vagina-passageway
Term
Describe the period of pregnancy
Definition
begins with the implantation of an embryo & ends with labor & delivery
1st stage dilation true labor begins
2nd stage expulsion stage cervix completed dilated (about 10 cm)
3rd stage placental stage of labor & delivery of placental
Term
ID the characteristic of lactation
Definition
lactation-milk production a day or 2 after delivery
cloudy fluid called colstrum
contain quantities of maternal antibodies
Term
List sexual differences & changes over the life span
Definition
Genetic sex is established at the time of fertilization
Interal accessory structures
-ovaries (female)
-testies (male)
external genitalia
-glans clitoris
-glans penis
Puberty
Menopause
starts 50-60 years of age when cessation of ovarian cycling
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