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A&P2 Respiratory System
OSTM
150
Anatomy
Not Applicable
11/06/2013

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Term
Respiration
Definition
Process of...
Obtaining oxygen from the environment & delivering it to the cells
Term
What are the steps of respiration?
Definition
Pulmonary Ventilation
External Exchange
Transportation in Blood
Internal Exchange
{PETI VIBE}
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
[Inhalation & exhalation]
Exchange between the gasses within the atmosphere & alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)
Term
Where does the external exchange of gases occur?
Definition
Occurs in the lungs
Term
What occurs during external exchange of gases?
Definition
1) O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood

2) CO2 diffuses out of blood (eliminated)

(Transport of gases in the blood)
Term
Where does internal exchange of gases occur?
Definition
Occurs in the tissues
Term
What occurs during internal exchange of gases?
Definition
O2 diffuses from blood to cells
While,
CO2 diffuses from cells to blood
Term
How are the respiratory & circulatory system linked?
Definition
Through the transportation of
O2 & CO2 within the body
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Use of O2 to provide fuel for cellular activity
(CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration)
Term
What are the spaces & passageways to conduct air to the alveoli
(air sacs in the lungs)?
Definition
Nasal cavities (nostrils)
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (wind pipe)
Bronchi (lung trunk)
Bronchioles (lung branch)
Alveoli (air sacs)
Term
Where are the nasal cavities located?
Definition
2 spaces between the roof of the mouth & cranium
Term
What are the nasal cavities also known as?
Definition
Nostril (nares)
Term
What are the nasal cavities lined with?
Definition
Mucous membrane
Term
What is the nasal conchae also known as & what does it do?
Definition
Turbinates

Increase surface area of the mucous membrane
Term
What are the functions of the mucous membranes in the nasal cavities?
Definition
Filter, Warm & Moisten the air
Term
What structure divides the nasal cavities & what bones make up that structure?
Definition
Nasal septum
(Ethmoid & vomer (plow))
Term
What is the nasal septum made out of?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
Sinuses
Definition
Small cavities in skull bones
Term
What lines the sinuses?
Definition
Mucous membranes
Term
What do the sinuses do?
Definition
1) Decrease skulls weight

2) Resonate chambers for the voice

3) Communicate with nasal cavities
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Muscular tube;
Passage way for both air & food
Term
What are the divisions of the pharynx?
Definition
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Term
Where is the Nasopharynx?
Definition
Superior portion of pharynx,
Behind nasal cavities
Term
Where is the oropharynx?
Definition
Middle portion of pharynx,
Posterior to the mouth
Term
Where is the laryngopharynx & what does it open up into?
Definition
Inferior portion of pharynx
(Opens into the larynx anteriorly & the esophagus posteriorly)
Term
What is the larynx between?
Definition
Between the pharynx & trachea
Term
What is the larynx?
Definition
Cartilage framework
(AKA Voice box)
Term
Where is the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)?
Definition
In larynx
Term
What are the vocal folds or cords & what do they do?
Definition
1) Folds of mucous membrane
2) Used to produce speech;
(Vibrate as air flows over them)
Term
Where are the vocal cords or folds located?
Definition
On both sides of superior larynx
Term
How does the larynx regulate pitch in the voice?
Definition
Controlling the length & tension, & the distance between the vocal cords or folds
Term
How does the larynx produce volume?
Definition
By the air forced over the vocal cords or folds
Term
What is the space between the vocal cords?
Definition
Glottis
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
Flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing
Term
What is the epiglottis for?
Definition
Keep food & drink out of respiratory tract
Term
What does the trachea do?
Definition
Conducts air between larynx & lungs
Term
Where is the trachea?
Definition
From the inferior edge of larynx to the carina
Term
What is the carina & where is it located?
Definition
Division into the bronchi;
At level of the angle of Louis
Term
What is the trachea supported by?
Definition
C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
(Opening of c oriented posteriorly (esophagus))
Term
Where does the bronchi enter into the lungs?
Definition
Hilium
Term
What connects at the hilium?
Definition
Blood vessels & nerves
Term
Which bronchus (bronchi) is larger in diameter & orientated more vertically?
Definition
Right bronchus is
Larger in diameter &
Oriented more vertically
Term
What is the trachea, bronchi & other conducting passageways lined with that acts on particles that can be swallowed, coughed, sneezed or blown out?
Definition
Ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelial tissue (sometimes columnar)
Term
What does the ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelial tissue do?
Definition
Move impurities towards throat
Term
Where are the lungs?
Definition
Thoracic cavity
(On either side of mediastinum)
Term
Cardiac Notch
Definition
Indentation in left lung to make room for the heart
Term
How many lobes does each lung divide into?
Definition
Right is divided into 3 lobes
Left is divided into 2 lobes
Term
What are the lobes subdivided in the lungs?
Definition
Into segments then lobules
Term
What does the bronchus subdivide into after it enters the lungs?
Definition
Secondary bronchi
Term
How many secondary bronchi are there in the lungs?
Definition
3 secondary bronchi in right lung
2 secondary bronchi in left lung
Term
Can the bronchi subdivided even further, becoming smaller & smaller?
Definition
Yes, they branch through the lung tissue ("bronchial tree")
Term
What quality allows the lungs to expand?
Definition
Lungs are elastic
Term
Why is there cartilage in the bronchial walls?
Definition
To keep air passageways open
Term
Which bronchial walls have less cartilage?
Definition
Smaller bronchi
Term
Which bronchial walls have no cartilage & has smooth muscle instead?
Definition
Smallest bronchi (bronchioles)
Smooth muscle
Term
Terminal bronchioles
Definition
Smallest bronchioles;
Lead into clusters of tiny alveoli (air sacs in the lungs)
Term
What are the walls of alveolus made of?
Definition
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Term
What do the alveoli allow?
Definition
Allows gases to diffuse easily
Term
What are the alveoli covered by?
Definition
Millions of capillaries
Term
What is Surfactant & what does it do?
Definition
Substances that prevents collapse of alveoli & eases lungs expansion
Term
What produces surfactant?
Definition
Produced by cells in the alveolar wall
Term
How many alveoli are in the lungs?
Definition
300 million alveoli in the lungs
Term
How many square meters of surface area is covered for gas exchange?
Definition
60 square meters
Term
Which circuit brings blood to the lungs?
Definition
Pulmonary circuit
Term
What fills most of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
Lungs
Term
What are the lungs surrounded by?
Definition
Pleura
(Continuous, double-layered membrane)
Term
What are the layers of plaura?
Definition
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural space
Term
Where is the pleural space?
Definition
Between the
Parietal & visceral pleura layers
Term
What is the pleural space?
Definition
Slight fluid-lubricated space
Term
What are the steps in the process of respiration?
Definition
1) Ventilation of lungs
2) External exchange of gases
3) Transportation in blood
4) Internal exchange of gases
Term
Where does the air travel towards, from the conducting zone during inhalation?
Definition
Respiratory zone
Term
What occurs in the respiratory zone after inhalation?
Definition
External exchange of gas
Term
What does the air travel through before leaving the body during exhalation?
Definition
Air travels through conducting zone
Before air leaves the body during exhalation
Term
What are the conducting zone structures?
Definition
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Term
What structures are part of the respiratory zone?
Definition
Alveoli
Term
Inhalation (inspiration)
Definition
Active phase of ventilation
Term
What occurs to the muscles & the size of the thorax during inhalation (inspiration)?
Definition
1) Diaphragm (& the external intercostals) contract

2) Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Term
Exhalation (expiration)
Definition
Passive phase of pulmonary ventilation
(In normal breathing: no muscle activity is necessary)
Term
During which process of ventilation are respiratory muscles relaxed & what are those muscles?
Definition
Exhalation (expiration)

Diaphragm returns to its usual dome-shape

Ribs to return to their usual position
Term
What causes the lung tissues to recoil to original size (elastic tissue)?
Definition
Air pushed out of lungs
During exhalation (expiration)
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
Amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing

500 mL
Term
Residual volume
Definition
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation

1,200 mL
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
Additional amount that can be breathed in by force after normal inhalation

2,600 mL
Term
Expiratory reserve volume
Definition
Additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation

900 mL
Term
Vital capacity
Definition
Volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

4,000 mL
Term
Functional residual capacity
Definition
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

2,100 mL
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
Total volume of air that Can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

5,200 mL
Term
What makes up the
total amount of exchangeable air (vital capacity)?
Definition
Tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expertly Reserve Volume
{TIE}
Term
What makes up the
functional residual capacity (amount in lungs after normal exhale)?
Definition
Residual volume
Exploratory reserve volume
Term
What makes up the total lung capacity?
Definition
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume
Exploratory reserve volume

{RITE}
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Term
External exchange
Definition
Movement of gases between the alveoli & the capillary blood
In the lungs
Term
How thick is the boundary between the alveoli & blood stream?
Definition
2 flat cells thick

1 cell is the wall of the alveolus,

The other is the wall of the capillary
Term
What must happen to the oxygen or carbon dioxide before they can diffuse through a membrane?
Definition
Dissolved in solution before they can diffuse through the membrane
Term
Internal exchange
Definition
Gases move between blood & tissues
(O2 diffuses out of blood while CO2 diffuses into blood)
Term
During which step of ventilation do the cells obtain O2 from the blood while diffusing CO2 as waste product back into the blood?
Definition
During internal exchange of gases
Term
How much oxygen in the blood is dissolved in the plasma?
Definition
1.5%
Term
What does most of the oxygen in the blood bind to & what % of O2 binds to this substance?
Definition
98.5% binds to hemoglobin
(Oxyhemoglobin)
Term
How many heme portions are there on the hemoglobin molecule?
Definition
4 heme portions
Term
How many oxygens can each heme portion bind to it?
Definition
1
Term
How strong is the bond between the heme part & oxygen within a hemoglobin molecule?
Definition
Bond relatively weak
Term
How much % of the oxygen is the total that a hemoglobin molecule can carry in oxygenated blood & deoxygenated blood?
Definition
97% in oxygenated

~70% in deoxygenated
Term
What are the ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood?
Definition
1) Dissolved in plasma & fluid in red blood cells (10%)

2) Combined with hemoglobin & plasma proteins (15%)

3) Converted to bicarbonate ions (75%)
Term
When does hemoglobin displace a hydrogen ion?
Definition
When carbon dioxide attaches to the hemoglobin
Term
What does carbon dioxide form when it diffuses into red blood cells?
Definition
CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (CO2+H2O>H2CO3)
Term
What is carbonic acid split into?
Definition
Hydrogen & bicarbonate ions
(H2CO3>H+ + HCO3-)
Term
What occurs before the bicarbonate ions move to the plasma & are carried to the lungs?
Definition
Carbonic acid splits into
Hydrogen & bicarbonate ions
(H2CO3>H+ + HCO3-)
Term
What occurs after the bicarbonate ions move to plasma & are carried to lungs?
Definition
Process reverse;
CO2 is released, diffuses into the alveoli & is exhaled
Term
What is being released when bicarbonate ions are formed?
Definition
Hydrogen ions released
Term
What does carbon dioxide do to the pH of the blood?
Definition
Makes blood more acidic
Term
What makes blood more alkaline?
Definition
Exhalation of CO2
Term
What helps keep the pH of the blood between 7.35 & 7.45?
Definition
Bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer to help keep the pH of blood between 7.35 & 7.45
Term
What controls the fundamental respiration patterns?
Definition
Centers in the central nervous system
Term
How are changes detected in the chemical composition of the blood?
Definition
Special receptors detect changes in the blood's chemical composition
(Send info to the pons)
Term
What is the the medulla Oblongata in regards to pH levels within blood?
Definition
Main control center
Term
What does the pons do to affect pH levels within blood?
Definition
Modifies pattern as needed to Inform medulla oblongata what to do
Term
Where do the motor fibers from the medulla oblongata extend into?
Definition
Spinal cord
Term
From which spinal region do the motor nerve fibers exit?
Definition
Cervical region
(Phrenic Nerve)
Term
What do the chemoreceptors near the brain stem do?
Definition
Respond to increases acidity due to high levels of CO2
Term
What triggers ventilation?
Definition
Increased acidity due to high levels of CO2
Term
Hypercapnia
Definition
Elevated CO2 levels
Term
What do the chemoreceptors in the common carotid arteries & aortic arch monitor or respond to?
Definition
Respond to decreased O2 levels
Term
What gas molecule is important in chemical regulation of respiration?
Definition
CO2 levels are more important unless O2 levels fall sharply
Term
What occurs when the O2 levels fall sharply?
Definition
Reserve of O2 in blood become present
Term
What factors affect breathing?
Definition
Voluntary control
Emotional factors
Physical factors
Stretch receptors

{VEPS}
Term
What are the physical factors that affect breathing?
Definition
Talking, coughing or exercising
Term
What are the emotional factors that affect breathing?
Definition
Fear, excitement, surprise, stress, etc

{FESS}
Term
How much voluntary control do we consciously have over the factors affecting breathing?
Definition
Limited
Term
How can stretch receptors be a factor that affect breathing?
Definition
Prevents lungs from over inflating
Term
How many breathes per minute can an adult, child & infant produce?
Definition
Adult: 12-20
Children: 20-40
(depending on age & size)
Infants: More than 40
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
From deep & rapid respiration
Term
What happens to the pH in the blood when a person hyperventilates?
Definition
Increases pH
(High O2 levels &
Low CO2 levels)
Hypocapnea
Term
Hypoventilation
Definition
Insufficient air entering the alveoli
Term
What causes someone to hypo-ventilate?
Definition
Chest deformity
Obstruction in air way
Injury to respiratory center
Lung disease

{COIL}
Term
What happens to the blood pH when sometime hypo ventilates?
Definition
Decrease blood pH (acidosis)
Term
How might some1 feel after hyper-ventilating?
Definition
Confusion,
Fatigue,
Shortness of breath
Term
Which term may be a medical emergency, hypo ventilate or hyperventilate?
Definition
Hypo ventilating
Term
Hypocapnia
Definition
High levels of O2 &
Low levels of CO2
Term
Acidosis
Definition
Decreases blood pH
Term
Eupnea
Definition
Normal breathing
Term
Hyperpnea
Definition
Abnormal increase in rate & depth of breathing
Term
Hypopnea
Definition
Decrease in rate & depth of breathing
Term
Tachypnea
Definition
Exercise rate of breathing
(May be abnormal, as in exercise)
Term
Apnea
Definition
Temporary cessation (stopping) of breathing
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Difficult, labored breathing
Term
Orthopnea
Definition
Difficulty breathing that can be relieved by sitting upright
Term
Cyanosis
Definition
Bluish color in skin & mucous membranes, due to insufficient oxygen in blood
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Lower than normal oxygen level in the tissues
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
Lower than normal oxygen concentration in arterial blood
Term
Suffocation
Definition
Cessation (stopping) of respiration often due to mechanical blockage
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