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A&P2 (Lymphatic & Immune System)save
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107
Anatomy
Not Applicable
10/30/2013

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Cards

Term
Where is the Lymphatic system?
Definition
System of tissues & vessels scattered throughout the body
Term
Where is the lymphatic system not found?
Definition
Bone & bone marrow
Epithelium
Teeth
Cartilage
Central Nervous System
{BETCc}
Term
Lymph
Definition
Fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system
Term
What is lymph similar in composition to, which has fewer proteins & why?
Definition
Interstitial fluid & plasma

(Lymph has fewer proteins than plasma because lymph requires permeability)
Term
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Fluid balance
Immune (protect against Infection)
Fat absorption

{FIF}
Term
While blood circulates through the capillaries, what exits through the thin walls & what does it become part of?
Definition
[Fluid Balance 1]
1) H2O & dissolved substances exit through thin walls &
2) Becomes part of the interstitial fluid
Term
How is most fluid drawn back into the capillaries?
Definition
Osmotic pressure
(90%)
Term
How much fluid is left behind in the tissues?
Definition
Some (10%)
(~3 liters daily)
Term
What escapes the fluid during fluid balance & where does it go?
Definition
Some proteins escape the capillaries & enter the tissues
Term
What picks up the fluids & proteins left behind in tissues & why?
Definition
1) Lymph capillaries picks up fluids & proteins left behind in the tissues...

2) To prevent EDEMA
(Accumulation of fluid in tissues)
Term
Edema
Definition
Accumulation of fluid in tissues
Term
What drains lymph capillaries?
Definition
Larger capillaries drain smaller lymphatic capillaries
Term
What do lymph capillaries eventually empty into?
Definition
After lymph is drained into larger vessels it is then emptied into the

Systemic venous system
(Maintaining blood volume)
Term
What is to large to enter the blood capillaries from the small intestine?
Definition
Many digested fats
Term
What in the lymphatic system absorb fats?
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries called Lacteals absorb fats & fat soluble vitamins
Term
Lacteals
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats & fat soluble vitamins
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
A D E K
Term
Chyle
Definition
Fatty lymph absorbed through lacteals
(Milky appearance, hence name)
Term
How is the fat added to the blood steam?
Definition
Through the lymph when it joins the blood stream
(Leaving the lacteals)
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
White blood cells that live & multiple in the lymphatic system
Term
What do the lymphoid tissues scattered throughout the body filter out?
Definition
Cellular debris, foreign matter & pathogens in body fluids

{Cel For Path}
Term
Where does the lymphatic system begin & end?
Definition
[From tissues towards heart]
1) Begins in tissues
2) Ends in blood stream just before the blood enters the right atrium
Term
In how many direction does the lymphatic system flow?
Definition
1-way system flows 1 way
Term
What do the blood vessels in the lymphatic system form?
Definition
Closed loop (1-way path) to carry blood throughout the body

From tissues towards the heart
Term
What are Lymphatic capillaries made of & how permeable are they?
Definition
Endothelium capillary walls are flattened epithelial cells & are more permeable than blood capillaries
Term
What do overlapping endothelium (epithelium) cells in the lymphatic system form?
Definition
1-Way valves
Term
Where does the lymphatic system arise?
Definition
Arise blindly (closed at 1 end)
[in capillaries (tissues)]
Term
What are Lymph vessels also know as?
Definition
A.K.A: Lymphatics
Term
What blood vessels are lymphatic vessels similar to & what is their difference?
Definition
1) Similar in structure to veins

2) Except lymphatic vessels have thinner (permeable) walls & more valves
Term
Where are superficial lymphatic vessels located?
Definition
Immediately beneath skin
(Often near superficial veins)
Term
Where are large lymphatic vessels?
Definition
Deep, lie alongside deep veins
Term
How are lymphatic vessels named?
Definition
Names according to the body region where they are located
Term
Which part of the lymphatic vessels is larger, beginning or end?
Definition
[End is larger]

From lymphatic capillaries, lymph follows through successfully larger channels
(Collecting vessels, to trunks, then ducts)
Term
What do lymphatic vessels route lymph through & why?
Definition
Through lymph nodes to filter the lymph
Term
What are Lymph nodes, what do they do & where are they?
Definition
Small masses of lymphoid tissues that filter lymph

(Found in groups that serve regions of the body)
Term
What are the 2 terminals that the lymphatic vessels emptying into the blood stream near the heart?
Definition
Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct
Term
What is the size of the right lymphatic duct?
Definition
Short vessels,
~1.25 cm (1/2 inch) long
Term
From where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph?
Definition
Right side of the head
Right side of the neck
Right side of the thorax
Right upper extremity
Term
What does the right lymphatic duct empty into?
Definition
Right subclavian vein
Term
What prevents the blood from entering the right lymphatic duct?
Definition
Valves prevent blood from entering the right lymphatic duct
Term
What does the larger thoracic duct drain?
Definition
Everything that the right lymphatic duct DOES NOT drain
(Rest of the body)
Term
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
Definition
Posterior abdominal cavity
(Upward from cisterna chyle)
Term
Where/what is the cisterna chyli & what does it do?
Definition
Structure in the
posterior abdominal cavity (thoracic duct)

Collects lymph from 2 larger lumbar trunks & chyle from the intestinal trunk
Term
What does the lymph from below the diaphragm pass through?
Definition
Various clusters of lymph nodes then into the cisterns chyli
Term
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
Definition
Upward from the cisterna chyle
Term
Which side of the thorax does the thoracic duct extend through?
Definition
Up the posterior wall of the thorax
Term
What does the thoracic duct connect with & drain?
Definition
Connect with Left ventricle draining the
Left side of the head & neck,
Left Upper Extremity &
Left thorax
Term
Where does the thoracic duct empty into & what prevents blood from entering?
Definition
Left subclavian vein
(Valves prevent blood from entering the thoracic duct)
Term
If the lymphatic system has no pump, then how does it move?
Definition
Smooth muscles in vessel walls

Mechanisms that move venous blood
1) Skeletal muscle contractions
2) Breathing movements
Term
How are the contractions with the smooth muscle in lymphatic vessel walls?
Definition
Contractions irregular
(Related to amount of fluid in vessels)
Term
What are the mechanisms that move venous blood?
Definition
Skeletal muscle contraction

Breathing movements
Term
Where are lymphoid tissues?
Definition
Distributed through out the body
Term
What does the lymphoid tissue make up (compose)?
Definition
Specialized organs of the lymphatic system
Term
What is the reticular connective tissue part of & what does it support?
Definition
1) Part of the lymphoid tissue

2) Supports many free blood cells (lymphocytes)
Term
What is the stroma & what is it part of?
Definition
1) Soft framework of thin fibers

2) Part of reticular connective tissue
Term
What is the site for lymphocytes to proliferate & fight pathogens?
Definition
Lymph Nodes
Term
How large are lymph nodes?
Definition
Vary in size
(Head of a pin to an inch long)
Term
Hilum
Definition
Indention inside of a lymph node where efferent lymphatic vessels leave
(& nerves & blood vessels)
Term
Does the lymphatic system have more efferent or afferent lymph vessels?
Definition
More afferent (than efferent)
Term
Why is the flow of lymph through nodes so slow?
Definition
Because the lymphatic system has
More afferent lymphatic vessels (than efferent)
Term
What extends into the center of each lymph node, forming partitions (or trabeculae)?
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each lymph node
(subdivide node into sinuses)
Term
What allows for lymphocytes to multiply?
Definition
Germinal centers in lymph tissues
Term
In the central portion of lymph nodes, what cells are found along open channels that line the efferent vessels?
Definition
Lymphocytes & macrophages
Term
What are lymph nodes connected into (put into)?
Definition
Groups
(2-3 nodes to more than 100)
[Some deep, some superficial]
Term
What are the lymph node groups?
Definition
Mesenteric
Inguinal

Cervical
Axillary
Tracheo-bronchial
{MI CAT}
Term
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
Definition
Spleen
Term
Where is the spleen?
Definition
Superior left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
Term
What lymphoid organ curves around the left side of the stomach?
Definition
Spleen
Term
What protects the spleen?
Definition
Ribs
Term
What are the main functions of the spleen?
Definition
1) Cleans Blood
2) Lymphocyte proliferation
3) Immune surveillance
4) Destroys old blood cells

{C LID}
Term
What is the site for lymphocyte proliferation & immune surveillance?
Definition
Spleen
Term
What does the spleen clean from the blood & how?
Definition
1) Removes debris & impurities 2) Through filtration & phagocytosis
Term
What breaks down hemoglobin?
Definition
Spleen breaks down RBCs into...
Heme (contains irons) &
Globin (protein)
Term
What does the body do with heme after it is striped from the hemoglobin?
Definition
1) Body reuses iron
2) Rest of heme is converted to waste
(Bilirubin sent to the liver & eliminated in urine & feces)
Term
What does the body do with globin after it is stripped from the hemoglobin?
Definition
Reuses the globin
Term
What are the "other" functions of the spleen?
Definition
1) Produce red blood cells before birth
2) Serve as a reservoir for blood
Term
What lymphoid organ serves as a reservoir for blood & why?
Definition
Spleen serves as a reservoir by...

Reserved blood can be returned to circulation in the case of blood loss
Term
Where is the thymus?
Definition
Mediastinum
Term
Where does the thymus play a key role?
Definition
Key role in early immune system development
Term
What does the thymus produce?
Definition
Thymosin
Term
What does thymosin do?
Definition
1) Develops T-lymphocyte cells
2) Promotes lymphocyte growth
3) Promotes lymphoid tissue activity
Term
What organ shrinks after puberty?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What are the Tonsils & where are they located?
Definition
Un-encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue in & around the pharynx
Term
What do tonsils do?
Definition
Remove contaminants & trap pathogens
Term
Crypts
Definition
Deep grooves lined with lymphatic nodules
(in the tonsils)
Term
What occurs in the crypts of tonsils?
Definition
Lymphocytes attack pathogens in the grooves
Term
What is an option for people who have recurrent infection or enlargement of tonsils making swallowing or breathing difficult?
Definition
Surgery
Term
What are the sets of tonsils?
Definition
Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual
Term
Where is the palatine tonsil?
Definition
On each side of the soft palatine (in the back of the throat)
Term
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil?
Definition
Posterior wall of the upper pharynx (back of nasal cavity)
Term
Where is the lingual tonsil?
Definition
Posterior Tongue
Term
What set of tonsils is the largest & most often infected?
Definition
Palatine tonsil
Term
MALT
Definition
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues
Term
GALT
Definition
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT tissue specifically along the digestive tract)
Term
What does MALT refer to?
Definition
Areas of lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive & urogenital tracts

{Respiratory digs urogenital}
Term
What are the tonsils lined with?
Definition
GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Term
What are Peyer Patches & where are they found?
Definition
Clusters of lymph nodules in mucous membranes lining distal small intestine
Term
What is the appendix lined with & attaches to?
Definition
1) GALT
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

2) Attaches to 1st part of large intestine
Term
What is a non-specific defense that is effective against any harmful agent?
Definition
1st & 2nd Line Defenses
Term
What is a 1st line, non-specific defense?
Definition
Mechanical & chemical barriers
Term
What is a 2nd line, non-specific defense?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Natural killer cells
Complement
Interferon

{PINCI}
Term
What are specific defenses?
Definition
Lymphocytes & macrophages
(cell-mediated immunity)
(antibody-mediated immunity)
Term
What are specific defenses effective against?
Definition
Certain (specific) agents only
Term
What do mechanical & chemical barriers prevent?
Definition
Prevent pathogens from entering the body
Term
What are the mechanical & chemical barriers of the body?
Definition
Intact Skin

Intact Mucus membranes
(Mucus & cilia)

Certain reflexes
(Sneeze, cough, vomit, diarrhea)

Various secretions
(Tears, sweat, saliva, digestive juices, urine)
Term
What do the various secretions of the body do?
Definition
Wash away microorganisms
(Some contain acids, enzymes or other chemicals)
Term
What white blood cells are active during phagocytosis?
Definition
Neutrophils & macrophages
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