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A&P2 (Lymphatic & Immune System) part2 save
OSTM (part2) save
92
Anatomy
Not Applicable
10/30/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the white blood cells that take in & destroy waste & foreign material?
Definition
Neutrophils & macrophages
Term
What occurs during phagocytosis?
Definition
White blood cells travel to the site of infection, then they
take in waste & foreign material & finally destroy it
Term
What type of white blood cell can be found in tissues?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
Where are Natural killer cells?
Definition
Type of lymphocyte found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood
Term
What do natural killer cells do?
Definition
Recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes
(virus infected & cancer cells)

Secretes a protein (Periforin) that breaks down target cells membrane
Term
Periforin
Definition
Protein secreted by natural killer cells that breaks down the target cell's membrane
(perforate the membrane)
Term
What is a Non-specific response to tissue damaging irritant?
Definition
Inflammation
Term
Infection
Definition
Inflammation caused by pathogen
Term
Inflammatory reaction
Definition
{PRISH}
Pain,
Redness,
Immobile,
Swelling,
Heat
Term
What occurs during an inflammatory process?
Definition
1) Damaged cells release histamine & other substances
2) Dilate small blood vessels
3) Attract white blood cells to area
Term
What do the secretions from white blood cells do when they are attracted to an area?
Definition
WBCs secrete substances that dilate blood vessels, increase capillary permeability, & promote/prolong inflammation
(Some trigger pain receptors)
Term
What occurs when neutrophils & other granulocytes leave blood & enter tissues?
Definition
Fluid from plasma leaks out

(Contains clotting proteins, which "wall off" area, limiting the spread of infection)
Term
During inflammation, after the infected area has been isolated to prevent infection, what occurs to the inflamed area?
Definition
Swelling increases pain
(Produce Exudate:
Mix of WBCs, pathogens & destroyed tissue cells)
Term
Exudate
Definition
Mix of white blood cells, pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells
Term
What occurs after swelling increases pain in an inflammatory reaction?
Definition
Phagocytes destroyed; dead cells accumulate
Term
When phagocytes are destroyed, accumulating dead cells; what is accumulated?
Definition
Increase of Pus:
Mixture of exudate, living & dead WBCs & pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells
Term
Pus
Definition
Mixture of exudate, living & dead WBC & pathogens, & destroyed tissue cells
Term
What occurs after the accumulation of pus?
Definition
Lymphatic vessels begin draining the inflamed area
(Carrying fluid to lymph nodes for filtration)
Term
What makes lymph nodes enlarged & tender?
Definition
Lymphatic vessels drain infected area to filter it through the lymph nodes
(phagocytes multiply)
Term
What does a damaged tissue release?
Definition
Damaged tissue release inflammatory chemicals
(Histamine)
Term
What do inflammatory chemicals do to damaged tissue?
Definition
1) Attract white blood cells
2) Cause vasodilation
3) Increase capillary permeability
Term
What occurs after damaged tissues releases inflammatory chemicals?
Definition
Phagocytes destroy foreign material
Term
What occurs after phagocytes destroy foreign material?
Definition
Phagocytes clean debris from the damaged area
Term
What occurs before a tissue is repaired?
Definition
Phagocytes destroy foreign material & then clean debris from the damaged area
Term
What causes fevers?
Definition
Phagocytes are exposed to infecting agents, they release pyrogens
(Substances that act on hypothalamus to raise body temperature)
Term
Pyrogens
Definition
Substances that act on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
(Released by phagocytes when exposed to infecting agents)
Term
What does a fever do?
Definition
1) Stimulates phagocytes
2) Increases metabolism
3) Decreases some organism ability to multiply
{SID}
Term
Why do viruses use resources in the cells they invade to reproduce themselves?
Definition
Because viruses can't generate ATP or create proteins
Term
Interferons
Definition
Group of substances that prevent nearby cells from producing more viruses
Term
What do interferons interact with & what do they do?
Definition
1) Interact with receptors on uninfected neighboring cells,

2) "Interfere" with virus's ability to infect neighboring cells
(Also act non-specifically on innuendo system cells)
Term
What are Complements & how are they activated?
Definition
1) Specialized proteins (enzymes) in blood

2) Activated by immune responses
Term
What is activated by the presence of foreign substances or antigen-antibody complexes?
Definition
Complement
Term
What are the functions of complement?
Definition
1) Promotes inflammation
2) Attracts phagocytes
3) Coats foreign cells
4) Destroys cells
{PACD}
Term
What are the 2nd line of defenses?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Natural killer cells
Complement
Interferons

{PINCI}
Term
What is the target for phagocytosis?
Definition
Dead or damaged cells;
Foreign material
Term
What do natural killer cells target?
Definition
Cancer or virus-infected cells
Term
Inflammation
Definition
Tissue-damaging irritation
(any kind)
Term
What do interferons target?
Definition
Viruses
Term
What do complements promote?
Definition
Specialized protein that promotes...
Phagocytosis & inflammation; attacks bacterial cells
Term
What are 2 types of immunity?
Definition
Innate immunity &
Adaptive immunity
Term
Innate Immunity
Definition
1) Each person is born with their own ability to fight off pathogens

2) Most pathogens can't spread from species
(Ex: Cats can't get small pox)
Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition
Developed over a life time due to encounters of various pathogens
Term
What are the characteristics of specific immunity?
Definition
1) Stimulated by antigens
2) Acquired over a life time
3) Specific response to specific pathogens
4) Has memory

{SASH}
Term
What is a Antigen & how does it effect the body?
Definition
1) Foreign substances (protein) that enters the body

2) Induce immune response of certain lymphocytes (B &T cells)
Term
What is the difference between the B & T cells?
Definition
T cells are immuno-competent
Term
Where are antigens found?
Definition
Surface of pathogenic organisms & tissue; cells; pollens; toxins; foods
Term
Where do T cells originate?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
What lymphocyte migrates to the thymus after it is released from the bone marrow, during fetal development?
Definition
T cell become immuno-competent in the Thymus during fetal development
(Sensitized to specific antigens)
Term
70-80% of which lymphocyte is circulating throughout the blood?
Definition
T cells
Term
Where do T cells migrate?
Definition
Lymph nodes, spleen or loose connective tissue
Term
What kind of immunity do T cells provide?
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity

(Directly attack substances exhibiting a foreign antigen)
Term
What are the different types of T cells?
Definition
....T cells....
Cytotoxic
Helper
Regulatory
Memory

{CH(A)RM}
Term
What do Cytotoxic T cells target?
Definition
Destroy cells with unfamiliar antigens directly...
1) Virus infected cells,
2) Cancer cells,
3) Cells with
Intracellular bacteria parasites
4) Cells from
Transfusions or transplants
Term
Helper T cells
Definition
Release interleukins

(Stimulate...)
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
Macrophages
Term
Regulatory T cells
Definition
1) Suppress immune response;
2) May inhibit or destroy other lymphocytes to prevent over-activity
Term
Memory T cells
Definition
"Remember" antigen & start rapid response if it's encountered again
Term
What are T cells stimulated by?
Definition
1) Phagocytic,
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
2) Macrophages
3) Dendritic cells
Term
What occurs when macrophages ingest & break down foreign antigens?
Definition
Displays fragments of the foreign antigen in its plasma membrane (Combines foreign antigen with 1 of its own "self" antigens)
Term
What occurs when macrophages present a combination of self/non-self antigen to a T cell?
Definition
Receptor on the T cell will bind with both, activating the T cell
Term
Where do B cell originate & mature?
Definition
Originate & mature in the red bone marrow
Term
What does the B cells produce & what type of immunity do they provide?
Definition
1) Produce Antibodies,
2) Provide antibody-mediated immunity or hormonal immunity
Term
What occurs when a B cell is exposed to an antigen?
Definition
Multiply rapidly
(Resulting group of cells is a "clone")
Term
What do most of the "clones" become when a B cell multiplies?
Definition
1) Most become plasma cells
2) Others become memory cells
Term
What are plasma cells AKA?
Definition
Immunoglobulins
Term
What do plasma cells produce & how often?
Definition
2,000 Antibodies a second
Term
What is the relation of the plasma cells to the foreign antigens?
Definition
"Lock & Key" shape to foreign antigen...
1) Make antigen unable to damage cells
2) Make antigen vulnerable to phagocytes, complement & natural killer cells
Term
Where are antibodies contained?
Definition
In the blood plasma
Term
What does hormonal immunity generally protect against?
Definition
AKA Antibody-mediated immunity
Circulating antigens & bacteria (extra-cellular pathogens)
Term
What are the types of antibodies?
Definition
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

{GAMED}
Term
What do the antibodies activate as a function?
Definition
Natural killer cells
Complement
Term
What are the promoting functions of the antibodies?
Definition
Promote Phagocytosis by causing antigens to cluster together
Term
What is the binding function of the antibodies?
Definition
Bind to antigen to prevent it from interacting with body's cells
Term
What is the neutralizing function of the antibodies?
Definition
Neutralize toxins by binding to them & preventing them from damaging cells
Term
When do antibody levels peak?
Definition
~10 days after the 1st response begins (then slowly decline)

Peaks after 2-3 days at higher levels
Term
What should occur if the same antigen is encountered again?
Definition
Immunity response is faster
(More efficient)
Term
Natural active immunity
Definition
"You caught it, you fought it"
(Acquired through contact with a specific disease)
Term
Natural passive immunity
Definition
Acquired through transmission of material antibodies to fetus & baby (Acquired through breast feeding)
Term
Artificial active immunity
Definition
Acquired through contact with a vaccine (flu shot)
Term
Artificial passive immunity
Definition
Acquired through delivery of manufactured antibodies to individual
(Ex: Poisonous venom antidote)
Term
Where is IgG antibody found?
Definition
Blood, lymph & intestines
Term
Where is IgA anybody found?
Definition
Glandular secretions
Term
Where is IgM antibody found?
Definition
Blood & lymph
Term
Where is IgD antibody found?
Definition
On surface of B cells
Term
Where is IgE antibody found?
Definition
Produced in mucous membranes & tonsils
Term
What do the IgG antibody do?
Definition
Activates complement,
Neutralizes toxins,
Enhance phagocytosis
Term
What do the IgA antibody do?
Definition
1) Provides mucous membrane against bacteria & viruses

2) Provide immunity to basics through breast milk
Term
What do the IgM antibody do?
Definition
Stimulate agglutination &
Activates complement
Term
What do the IgE antibody do?
Definition
Binds to basophils/mast cells
Term
What antibody crosses the placenta, providing immunity to fetus?
Definition
IgG
Term
What antibody is 1st to be produced after infection?
Definition
IgM
Term
What antibody is present in allergic reactions & parasitic infections?
Definition
IgE
Term
What antibody is the receptor sites for antigens & activating B cells when antigen binds with it?
Definition
IgD
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