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A&P 2 Lab pgs21-24
Brain
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/03/2013

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Term
meninges (singular: meninx)
Definition
three wrappings which protect the brain and spinal cord
Term
dura mater
Definition
outermost meninx; toughest membrane, bluish-white in color
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
middle meninix; for practical purposes, it is not distinguishable from innermost meninx
Term
pia mater
Definition
innermost meninx; closely applied to the surface of the brain and not nearly as strong at the dura mater
Term
leptomeninx
Definition
the pia and arachnoid meninges together
Term
gyri (singular: gyrus)
Definition
convolutions or ridges seen on the exterior of the cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
sulci (singular: sulcus)
Definition
outer, shallow grooves separating adjacent gyri; seen in the region of the cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
longitundinal fissure
Definition
very deep groove separating the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
cerebral hemispheres
Definition
largest portions of the brain; cover much of the remainder of the brain; perform complex mental functions of the body , among other functions
Term
transverse fissure
Definition
very deep groove separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Term
olfactory bulbs
Definition
two; attached to the underside of the cerebral hemispheres; concerned with smell; the first cranial nerves, the olfactory nerves, terminate in these bulbs
Term
lateral olfactory tract (lateral olfactory stria)
Definition
attached to the underside of the brain; leading away from olfactory bulbs in a postero-lateral direction; wide, whitish bands
Term
piriform area
Definition
laterally placed where a lateral olfactory tract ends; also known as the parahippocampal gyrus; in human, it is the temporal lobe
Term
gray matter
Definition
outer, darker portions of the cerebral hemispheres as revealed in either cross-sections or frontal sections of the brain; there are also smaller, inner portions called basal ganglia or basal nuclei
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
outer gray matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
white matter
Definition
inner, lighter portions of the brain, as seen in cross sections and frontal sections
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
large fiber tract connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Term
genu
Definition
expanded cranial end of the corpus callosum
Term
splenium
Definition
expanded caudal end of the corpus callosum
Term
trunk
Definition
slender part between genu and splenium
Term
septum pellucidum
Definition
thin, vertical septum of tissue ventral to the corpus callosum; often torn during dissection; separates the 2 lateral ventricles
Term
fornix
Definition
adjacent to and underneath corpus callosum and septum pellucidum as seen in sagittal view; connects the cerebral hippocampal regions in the front of the brain the hypothalamic mammillary bodies further back in the brain
Term
anterior commissure
Definition
seen in sagittal section as a small round mass of white matter below the visible portion of the fornix; olfactory connection which runs between 2 cerebral hemispheres
Term
lateral ventricles
Definition
two large cavities in the cerebral hemispheres; can be seen by breaking the septum pellucidum and also by observing cross sections of the brain; also known as the first and second ventricles of the brain
Term
optic nerves
Definition
represented by short stumps; the second cranial nerve; comes from the eye
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
part of the brain where 2 optic nerves join and partially cross each other; represents the anterior part of the hypothalamus
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
represents the floor of the diencephalon
Term
optic tracts
Definition
portions of the hypothalamus leading away from the optic chiasma to enlargements of the thalamus
Term
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Definition
a major endocrine gland of the body; seen on the ventral aspect of the brain; easily detached from the rest of the hypothalamus
Term
infundibulum
Definition
narrow stalk which suspends the pituitary gland; frequently broken
Term
mammillary body
Definition
small rounded portion of the hypothalamus appearing above the pitutiary gland; possibly an integrative center for the olfactory sense in lower mammals; paired in the human brain, but singular in the sheep brain
Term
third ventricle
Definition
cavity of the diencephalon; lined with ependymal epithelium
Term
tuber cinereum
Definition
portion of the hypothalamus which forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle; located between the optic chiasma and mammillary body; nuclei of this play roles in drinking behavior, eating behavior, sleep patterns, sex behavior, and temperature regulation; link between psyche and soma
Term
thalamus
Definition
represents side and middle of diencephalon; spreads out to merge with the lower tuber cinereum and upper epithalamus; important relay center between the cerebral hemispheres and the rest of the brain; composed of several smaller parts
Term
massa intermedia (middle commissure)
Definition
central portion of thalamus appearing round in sagittal view; surrounded by the third ventricle
Term
lateral geniculate bodies
Definition
can be found by following the optic tracts under the pyriform lobes of the brain; lateral bulges of the thalamus and are relay centers for vision
Term
medial geniculate bodies
Definition
behind and adjacent to the lateral geniculate bodies; relay centers for sound transmission; portions of the thalamus
Term
epithalamus
Definition
roof of the diencephalon above the thalamus
Term
tela choroidea
Definition
extremely thin part of the epithalamus just below the visible portion of the fornix as seen in the sagittal view; has a vascular fold, the choroid plexus, which hands down into the third ventricle
Term
pineal body (epiphysis)
Definition
small, single-upper projection of the epithalamus; an endocrine gland which in lower mammals has roles dealing with sexual maturity and sex cycles
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
small canal between 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
2 prominent bulges behind the single pineal body; serve as visual reflex centers; part of midbrain
Term
infereior colliculi
Definition
2 bulges behind the superior colliculi; serve as auditory reflex centers
Term
corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
Definition
the superior and inferior colliculi together; part of the mesencephalon (midbrain)
Term
cerebral peduncles
Definition
fiber tracts primarily, in the floor of the mesencephalon; part of the midbrain
Term
cerebellum
Definition
second largest part of the brain; functions in equilibrium among other things
Term
cerebellar hemispheres
Definition
2 lateral bulges of the cerebellum
Term
vermis of cerebellum
Definition
median bulge of the cerebellum
Term
cerebellar cortex
Definition
outer gray matter of cerebellum, as seen in sagittal view
Term
arbor vitae (cerebellar medulla)
Definition
inner white matter of cerebellum as seen in sagittal view
Term
pons
Definition
large bulge in the floor of the metencephalon; usually the stumps of the trigeminal nerves can be seen attached to this
Term
fourth ventricle
Definition
cavity which is a continuation from the cerebral aqueduct back to the level of the spinal cord; runs through posterior part of metencephalon and entire myelencephalon
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
large, located under cerebellum; continuous anteriorly with the pons and posteriorly with the spinal cord; very thin roof, but sides and floor are large
Term
basilar artery
Definition
seen on ventral aspect of the medulla and pons; occupies a slight median depression known as the basilar sulcus; forward extensions of this artery meet branches of the internal carotid arteries to form the circle of Willis beneath the brain
Term
pyramids
Definition
longitudinal bands of medulla tissue on either side of the basilar sulcus
Term
spinal cord
Definition
continuous from the medulla oblongata
Term
central canal (spinal canal)
Definition
small hole which is a continuation from the 4th ventricle into the spinal cord
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