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A&P 2 (Heart) edit
OSTM edit
149
Anatomy
Not Applicable
10/30/2013

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Cards

Term
Circulatory system
Definition
Continuous 1-way circuit of blood vessels through which blood is pumped by the heart
(72-75 BPM is average)

Beats Per Minute
Term
Where is the heart located?
Definition
Between the lungs
(in mediastinum)

Left of the midline
Term
Apex of heart?
Definition
Pointed, inferior (bottom) portion; oriented slightly to the left
Term
Base of the heart?
Definition
Broad flat portion at the superior (top) aspect; where the large vessels attach
Term
How big is the heart?
Definition
Slightly larger than your fist
Term
How many chambers are there in the heart?
Definition
4 hollow chambers
Term
Endocardium
Definition
Interior wall that lines the heart's interior; a thin & smooth layer of epithelial cells (endothelium)
Term
Pericardium
Definition
Sac that encloses (around) heart

(Consists of fibrous pericardium & serous pericardium)
Term
What does the pericardium consist of?
Definition
Sac that encloses (around) heart

Fibrous pericardium &
serous pericardium
Term
What is the innermost layer of the heart wall?
Definition
Endocardium
Term
What is the middle layer of the heart wall?
Definition
Myocardium
Term
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall?
Definition
Epicardium
Term
Which layer of the heart wall is a thin serous membrane?
Definition
Epicardium
Term
What is a thick layer of cardiac muscle?
Definition
Myocardium
Term
What layer of the heart is a thin & smooth layer of epithelial cells?
Definition
Endocardium
Term
What is the function of the endocardium?
Definition
Line the interior of the hollow chambers & covers the heart valves
Term
What is the function of the myocardium?
Definition
Contracts to pump blood into the arteries
Term
What is the function of epicardium?
Definition
Cover the heart & form the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
Tough, outer layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm & sternum
Term
Why does the serous pericardium have 2 layers?
Definition
Layers in the serous pericardium doubles back on itself
Term
What does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium do?
Definition
Lines the fibrous pericardium
Term
What does the visceral layer of the serous pericardium do?
Definition
Covers the heart's surface
Term
What is the visceral pericardium A.K.A?
Definition
Epicardium
Term
What is the space between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers?
Definition
There is a slight parietal cavity between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers
Term
What does the serous fluid do, that is produced between the parietal & visceral pericardial layers?
Definition
Lubricates the heart
Term
What is the outermost layer of the pericardium?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
Which layer of the pericardium is between the fibrous pericardium & the myocardium?
Definition
Serous pericardium
Term
Which layer of the pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium?
Definition
Parietal layer
Term
Which layer of the pericardium is on the surface of the heart?
Definition
Visceral layer
Term
What layer of the pericardium is a fibrous sac?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
Which layer of the pericardium is a double membrane sac with fluid between layers?
Definition
Serous pericardium
Term
Which layers of the pericardium are serous membranes?
Definition
Parietal & visceral layer
Term
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
Definition
1) Enclose & protect the heart
2) Anchor heart to surrounding structures
(diaphragm & sternum)
Term
What is the function of the serous pericardium?
Definition
Lubricate fluid reduces friction within the pericardium as the heart functions
Term
What layer does the parietal layer form?
Definition
Form the outer layer of the serous pericardium
Term
What layer does the visceral layer form?
Definition
Forms the inner layer of the serous pericardium
(Visceral Pericardium=Epicardium)
Term
What is the tough outer layer of the heart that anchors to other structures?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
Which serous membrane, lines the fibrous pericardium?
Definition
Parietal pericardium
Term
What is the slight, lubricated (by serous fluid) space between the layers of the serous pericardium?
Definition
Pericardial Cavity
Term
What is the heart's outermost layer that is a serous membrane on the surface of the heart?
Definition
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium)
Term
What is the thickest layer of the heart that is also a muscle?
Definition
Myocardium
Term
What is the epithelium lining the heart chambers?
Definition
Endocardium
Term
What do the muscles in the myocardium look like?
Definition
Striated & branching muscle fibers with intercalated disks & have single nucleus per cell
Term
What kind of control does the myocardium have?
Definition
Involuntary
Term
What are intercalated disks & where are they?
Definition
Specialized areas of the plasma membrane in the myocardium that allows cardiac cells to transfer electrical impulses between quickly
Term
What does the right double pump division of the heart do?
Definition
Pumps De-oxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary circuit
Term
What does the left double pump division of the heart do?
Definition
Pumps oxygenated blood to the remainder of the body via systemic circuit
Term
What are the 2 chambers in the double pump divisions in the heart?
Definition
Atrium (top) in heart

Ventricle (bottom) out lungs/system
Term
Atria
Definition
Upper chamber on right & left sides of the heart that receive blood
Term
Ventricles
Definition
Lower chambers on right & left sides of the heart that pump blood
Term
What is the right & left sides of the atria & ventricle separated by?
Definition
Partitions called septums
(consist of myocardium)
Term
Interatrial septum
Definition
Partitions that divides the atria from each other
Term
Interventricular septum
Definition
Partitions that divides the ventricles from each other
Term
Which ventricle has the thickest wall?
Definition
Left ventricle has the thickest wall
Term
Which ventricle makes up the apex of the heart?
Definition
Left ventricle makes up the apex of the heart
Term
Where is the right atrium?
Definition
Upper right chamber
Term
Where is the right ventricle?
Definition
Lower right chamber
Term
Where is the left atrium?
Definition
Upper left chamber
Term
Where is the left ventricle?
Definition
Lower left chamber
Term
Which part of the heart receives blood from the venue cavae & the coronary sinus, then pump blood to right ventricle?
Definition
Right atrium
Term
Which part of the heart receives blood from the atrium & pumps blood into pulmonary trunk with branches carrying blood to the lungs to be oxygenated?
Definition
Right ventricle
Term
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood coming back to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary veins & pumps blood into the left ventricle?
Definition
Left atrium
Term
Which part of the heart receives blood from the left atrium & pumps blood into the aorta to be carried to tissues in the systemic circuit?
Definition
Left ventricle
Term
Where are the 4 valves located?
Definition
At the entrance & exit of each ventricle
Term
What do the valves in the heart do?
Definition
1-way valves direct blood flow through the heart
Term
What valve is between the atria & ventricle?
Definition
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Term
Where is the atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Definition
Between atria & ventricle
Term
What prevents the blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricle contracts?
Definition
1) Left atrioventricular (AV) valve (bicuspid or mitrol valve)
[2 cusps or flaps]

2) Right atrioventricular (AV) valve (tricuspid valve)
[3 cusps or flaps]
Term
Chordae tendinease
Definition
Fibers attached to papillary muscles in ventricle walls
(Stabilize so they prevent back flow of blood)
Term
What protects the atrioventricular (AV) valves during ventricular contraction?
Definition
Chordae tendinease
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition
At the exits of the ventricles, these valves keeps blood from flowing back into the heart when ventricles relax (back pressure)
Term
What is the pulmonary (pulmonic) & aortic valve part of?
Definition
Part of the semi-lunar valve
{PAS}
Term
Where is the Pulmonary (pulmonic) artery?
Definition
At the exit of the right ventricle
Term
Where is the Aortic valve?
Definition
At the exit of the left ventricle
Term
Where is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Definition
Between the right atrium & right ventricle
(Tricuspid valve)
Term
Where is the left atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Definition
Between the left atrium & left ventricle
Term
Where is the pulmonary semi-lunar valve?
Definition
At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk
Term
Where is the aortic semi-lunar valve?
Definition
At the entrance to the aorta
Term
Which valve has 3 cusps (tricuspid valve)?
Definition
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
Term
What valve has 2 cusps (dicuspid or mitral valve)?
Definition
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve
Term
What valve has 3 half-moon shaped cusps?
Definition
Pulmonary semi-lunar valve
Aortic semi-lunar valve
Term
What is the function of the right atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Definition
Prevents blood from flowing back up into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts (systole)
Term
What is the function of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve?
Definition
Prevents blood from flowing back up into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts (systole)
Term
What is the function of the pulmonary semi-lunar valve?
Definition
Prevents back flow into the right ventricle, when the right ventricle relaxes (diastole)
Term
What is the function of the aortic semi-lunar valve?
Definition
Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle, when the left ventricle relaxes (diastole)
Term
Coronary Circulation
Definition
Myocardium has its own blood vessels to provide oxygen, nutrients, & remove waste
Term
Main Coronary
Definition
Main supplies of heart muscle (myocardium)

Branches off aorta just beyond the aortic valve (right & left coronary artery)
Term
What drains blood from heart wall?
Definition
Cardiac veins...
Drain blood from heart wall
Term
Systole
Definition
Contraction phase of the heart's activity, usually the contraction of ventricles
Term
Diastole
Definition
Resting phase, usually the ventricles
Term
Cardiac cycle
Definition
1 complete sequence of heart contraction & relaxation
(1 heart beat)
Term
How long is each cardiac cycle?
Definition
1 heart beat
(72-75 average resting heart rate)

Lasts an average of .8 seconds
Term
What happens when the ventricles is diastole?
Definition
Atria fill with blood, which flows directly into the relaxed ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) valve open then close
Semi-lunar valve close
Term
What happens during the atrial systole?
Definition
Contraction of Atria pumps additional blood into the ventricles

Atrioventricular (AV) valve open
Semi-lunar valve close
Term
What happens during the ventricular systole?
Definition
Contraction of ventricles pumps blood into aorta & pulmonary arteries

2 atrioventricular (AV) valves close
Semi-lunar valves open
Term
Cardiac output (CO)
Definition
Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
Term
How is the cardiac output calculated?
Definition
Cardiac Output=Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
(CO=SVxHR)

CO=mL/min

75 beats/min x 70 mL/beat= 5250 mL/min
Term
Stroke Volume (SV)
Definition
Volume of blood pumped by the heart per heart-beat
Term
Heart Rate (HR)
Definition
# of heart beats per minute
Term
What does cardiac output vary with?
Definition
The demands of the body
Term
Sterling's Law of the Heart
Definition
Greater the end-diastolic volume of the heart, the greater the stroke volume
Term
End-diastolic
Definition
How much blood fills heart during its relaxation phase
Term
End-diastolic volume is linked to the strength of what?
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Greater volume= Great contraction

The more cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract, the stronger their contraction will be
Term
What is the most important factor in determining end-diastolic volume?
Definition
Venous return
(Amount of blood returning to the heart)
Term
Factors that increase venous return also increase what?
Definition
Stroke Volume
Force of Contraction
Term
What are the factors the increase venous return?
Definition
Circulatory massage
Exercise
Slow heart rate (HR)
Term
What are the factors that decrease venous return?
Definition
Severe blood loss
Extremely rapid heart rate
Term
What is the heart's conduction system?
Definition
Tissue with qualities of both muscle & nervous tissue
Term
What does the heart's conduction system do?
Definition
Produces electrical energy, stimulating cardiac muscles
Term
What allows cardiac muscles cells to contract regular on their own, even if all nervous connections are cut?
Definition
The heart's conduction system
Term
What is the heart muscle controlled by?
Definition
1) Autonomic Nervous System
2) Intrinsic Conduction System
Term
What does the intrinsic conduction system do?
Definition
Cause cardiac muscle depolarization to travel from atria to ventricles

(Set contraction rate of about 75 beats per minute)
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Definition
1) In upper wall of right atrium;
2) Generates an action potential at regular intervals
Term
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node is A.K.A?
Definition
The "pace-maker"
Term
Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) Node?
Definition
In the inter-atrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium
Term
Where is the Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)?
Definition
At the top of the inter-ventricle septum
Term
Where is the bundle branches?
Definition
Extend from the atrioventricular bundle through the inter ventricular septum
Term
Where are the Purkinje fibers?
Definition
Spread out from he bundle branches, forming a network through the ventricular walls
Term
What do intercalated disks do?
Definition
Allow for rapid transmission of impulses grouch the heart muscle
Term
If sinoatrial node sets the heart's pace, then what can influence the heart & allow it to adapt rapidly to a body's rapidly changing needs?
Definition
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Term
How does the sympathetic nervous system influence the heart?
Definition
Speeds up heart rate (HR)

(Stimulates sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node, & myocardium)
Term
How does the parasympathetic nervous system influence the heart?
Definition
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) slows heart down
(Acts on sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node)
Term
How does the endocrine system influence the heart?
Definition
Epinephrine speeds heart rate up
Thyroxine speeds heart rate up
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
Slow heart rate
(Typically less than 60 beats/minute)
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
A heart rate greater than 100 beats/minute
(Normal during exercise; may be abnormal)
Term
Sinus arrhythmia
Definition
Changes in heart rate due to changes in rate & depth of breathing
Term
Premature beat (extra systole)
Definition
Beat that comes before the expected normal beat
Term
Who can have a premature beat (extrasysole)?
Definition
1) May occur in healthy people
2) Common in people with heart disease
Term
What does a heart beat sound like?
Definition
"Lub-dub"
Term
What is the Lub in a heart beat?
Definition
1st heart sound
Lower in pitch & long lasting

(Due to the closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole)
Term
What is the dup in a heart beat?
Definition
2nd heart sound
Shorter & sharper

(Due to closure of semilunar valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole)
Term
Murmur
Definition
Other heart sound
Term
What causes an Organic murmur?
Definition
Any structural change in the heat or vessels around it
Term
Functional murmur
Definition
Normal sound other than
"Lub-dub"
Term
What are the risk favors for heart disease that cannot be modified?
Definition
Sex (gender)
Heredity
Age
Body Type
Term
What are the risk factors for heart disease that can be modified?
Definition
Smoking
Physical activity
Weight
Diet
Blood pressure
Diabetes
Gout
Term
In the right atrium, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Receives deoxygenated (venous) blood returning from body tissues through the superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
(below diaphragm)

Pumps to right ventricle
Term
In the right ventricle, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
1) Receives blood from right atrium

2) Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk (artery)

3) Pulmonary trunk bifurcated into let & right pulmonary arteries
(2 ways)
Term
In the pulmonary arteries, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Left & right pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs
Term
In the lungs, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Gas exchange
(CO2 [drops off] exits blood steam; [picks up] O2 enters)

Blood travels to pulmonary veins
Term
In the left atrium, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Receives oxygen rich blood coming from the lungs via pulmonary veins

Blood travels to left ventricle
Term
In the left ventricle, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Receives blood from left atrium

Pumps blood out through the aorta
Term
In the aorta, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Divides into smaller arteries that carry blood to the body tissue
Term
In the body tissues, what is the pathway of blood through the heart?
Definition
Gas exchange
(O2 exits the blood stream;
CO2 enters)

Blood enters the venous portion of system circulation, returning to the heart's right atrium through the SVC & IVC
Term
What is the largest artery?
Definition
Aorta
Term
What occurs when the blood enters the coronary arteries from aorta?
Definition
Coronary arteries bifurcate into smaller vessels, leading into capillaries beds
Term
What occurs after the coronary arteries bifurcate into smaller vessels, leading into capillaries beds?
Definition
Gas exchange with myocardium occurs within heart walls
Term
What happens after the gas exchange with myocardium occurs within the heart wall?
Definition
Deoxygenated blood drains into coronary veins
Term
What occurs after deoxygenated blood drains into coronary veins?
Definition
Coronary veins drain into right atrium (RA) through coronary sinus
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