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A&P2
Unit 2 objectives
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/17/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

20.8

Innate Defense

Definition
Do not distinguish one type of threat from another.  Their response is the same, regardless of he type of invading agent.  These defenses, which are present at birth, provide a defensive capabilit known as nonspecific resistance
Term

20.8

Physical Barriers

Definition
Keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body.  For example, a mosquito that lands on your head may be unable to reach the surface of the scalp if you have full head of hair
Term

20.8

Phagocytes

Definition
Cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris, Example of phagocytes are the macrophages of peripheral tissues and the eosinophils and neutrophils of blood
Term

20.8

Immune Surveillance

Definition
The destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
Term

20.8

Interferons

Definition
Chemicals that coordinate the defenses against viral infections
Term

20.8

Complement

Definition
System of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens
Term

20.9

Explain how Physical Barriers Play a Role in Innate Immunity

Definition
They prevent pathogens and toxins from entering through the bodies tissues.  Integumentary system provides the barriers
Term

20.9

Explain how Phagocytes Play a Role in Innate Immunity

Definition

They provide the next line of defense.  They hide in peripheral tisssues and removie debris and respond to invasion by foreign substances. 

(Neutrophils, Eosinophils)

Term

20.10

Describe Immune Surveilance

Definition
The constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells
Term

20.10

Explain the role of NK Cells

Definition
Responsible for recognizing and destroying abnormal cells when they appear in peripheral tissues.  Recognize bacteria, foreign cells, cells infected by viruses, and cancer cells.
Term

20.11

Interferons

Definition
Small proteins released by activate lymphocytes and macrophages and by cells infected with viruses.  Binds to surfaces receptors on the cell and by second messengers, triggers the production of antiviral proteins in the cytoplams
Term

20.11

Interferon Alpha

Definition
Produced by cells infected with viruses.  IFN alpha attracts and stimulates NK cells and enhances resistance to viral infection.
Term

20.11

Interferon Beta

Definition
Secretred by fibroblasts and slows inflammation in a damaged area
Term

20.11

Interferon Gamma

Definition
Secreted by T cells and NK cells and stimulates macrophage activity
Term

20.11

Pathways of Compement Activation

Definition
Classical pathway and Alternative pathway
Term

20.11

Classical Pathway

Definition
The most rapid and effective activatoin of the complement system occurs
Term

20.11

Alternative Pathway

Definition
The important in the defence against bacteria, some parasites, and virus-infected cells
Term

20.13

Properties of Adaptive Immunity

Definition
Specificity, Versatility, Immunologic Memory, and Tolerance
Term

20.13

Specificity

Definition
Activation of specific lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects.  Each T,B cell has receptors that bind to one specific antigen but ignores all others.
Term

20.13

Versatility

Definition
Large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body.  MIllions of different lymphocyte populations, each sensitive to a different antigen.
Term

20.13

Immunologic Memory

Definition
Exists because cell divisions of activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells: one group that attacks the invader immediately, and another that remains inactive unless it is exposed to the same antigen at a later date.  Inactive memory cells enable your immune system to remember antigens
Term

20.13

Tolerance

Definition
exists because the immune response ignored normal tissues but targest abnormal and foreign cells as well as toxins. develop over time in response to chronic exposure to an antigen
Term

22.4

Procress that Materials Move Through Digestive Tract

Definition

-Bolus of food arrives in digestive system

-Circular msucles contract behind bolus

-Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract

-Contraction in circular muscle layer forces bolus forward

Term

22.8

Pharynx

Definition
Common passageway for solid food, liquids and air
Term

22.8

Esophagus

Definition
A hoolow muscular tube approximately 25 cm. Convey solid food and luqids to the stomach
Term

22.8

Swallowing Process

Definition
Esophageal phase begins as the contracton of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the esophagus.  Once in therr, the bolus is pushed towards the stomach by peristalsis.
Term

22.10

Fundus

Definition
Portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction bnetween the stomach and the esophagus.
Term

22.10

Cardia

Definition
Superior, medial portion of the stomach within 3 cm of the junction between the stomach and the esophagus.  The cardia contains abundant mucous glands whose secretions coat the connection with the esophagus
Term

22.10

Pylorus

Definition
The sharp curve of the J. As mixing movemnts occurduring digestion, the pylorus frequently changes shape.
Term

22.11

Stomach

Definition

-Storage of ingested food

-Mechancial breakdown of ingested food

-Disruption of chemical bonds in food through the action of acid and enzymes

-Production of intrinsic folds

Term

22.16

Large Intestines

Definition

- Reabsorbing water and comacting the intestinal contents into feces

- Absorbing important vitamins generated by bacterial action

- Storing fecal material prior to defecation. The large intestine consists of three segments

Term

22.16

3 Segments

Definition

-Cecum

-Colon

-Rectum

Term

22.19

Salivay Glands

Definition
Lie under either side of the tongue, covered by the muscous membrane of the floor of the mouth.  Produce a mucous secretion that acts a a buffer and lubricant
Term

23.6

Carbohydrates

Definition

-Salivary amylase

-Pancreatic amylase

-Maltase

-Sucrase

-Lactase

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