"Learned" protectoin against specific pathogens provided by T and B cells

Had to be developed

Pin point pathogens (lymphocyte)

B cell Function

Don't interact secrete anitbodies

1. Redness

2. heat

3. Swelling

4. Pain

1. Any molecule capable of binding to a Tcell or Bcell receptor

2. Usually part of a pathogen (bacterial or viral protein)

3. The specific part ofepitope the anitgen tha tbinds to a receptor is called its 

Production of a large number of identical lymphocytes (clone)

B/T cells start to activate until proliferate

Production of cells with different functions from a single cell line

Members of clone start to perform different infection

1. produced in red bone marrow

2. mature in thymus

3. 70-80% in lymphocytes

4. Reside in lymph nodes and spleen

5. Activation requires a foreign antigen be presented to them by an antigen presenting cell

Antigen Presenting Cell

(APC)

1. Typically a macrophage, infected cell, or a B cell

2. Antigen is presented to a T cell in combination with a Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

3. Antigen selects the T cell that will be activated and proliferate to form a clone

4. Only one can bind to a receptor

1. Activation requires APC

2. Secrete cytokines that target other WBCs

3. Activate Bcells to produce antibodies

4. Activate cytotoxic t cells

5. Timulate macrophages and attract other WBCs

1. Activation requiers exposure to antigen

2. proliferation produces a clone of cells that bind to cancerous or virally infected cells and secrete perforin

3. Differentiation produces memory Tcells

1. Respond to subsequent exposure to pathogen 

2. Activation and proliferation results in the production of a new clone of cytotoxic Tcells

1. Pathogen enters body and is phagocytized by an APC

2. APC presents antigen to helper t cell with a TCR that fits the antigen.  Helper t cell begins to secrete cytokines

3. Cytokines activate cytotoxic t cell 

4. Proliferation of activated cytotoxic t cells prodcues a clone of identical cells that destroy cells infected by the pathogen

5. Differentioation produces memory cells that participate in a subsequent infection by the pathogen

1. Activation requires exposure to antigen

2. proliferation produces a clone

3. Plasma cells that secrete antibodies

4. Memory cells that respond to a subsequent infection

1. Gamma globulin plasma proteins

2. Four polypeptides (2 heavy 2 light)

3. Polypeptide regions (constant, Variable)

4. Two antigen binding sites

5. Classes of immunoglobulins

1. Bcell binds to and engulfs antigen

2. Bcell displays antigen in combination with MHC to helper T cell with complimentary TCR

3. Activated helper t cell secretes cytokines which activate B cell

4. Proliferation of activated b cell produces a clone

5. Differentiation prodcues plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that participate in a subsequent infection by that pathogen

- Occurs the first time that a pathogen is encountered

- Detectable concentrations of antibodies in 5-10 days

- Occurs after the first time that a pthogen is encountered

- Results from memory cells

- Detectable concentrations of antibodies in 1-2 days

1. Oral Cavity

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small Intestines

6. Large Intestines

1. Teeth

2. Tongue

3. Salivary Glands

4. Pancrease

5. Liver

6. Gall Bladder

1. Epithelium

2. Lamina propria- areolar tissue

3. Muscularis mucosae - Smooth Muscle

1. Secretion

2. Absorption

3. Protection

- Inner circular smooth muscle layer

- Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

1. Mixing movements

2. Propelling movemnts

- Functions in ingestion and both mechanical and chemical digestion

- Lining is both keratinizing and nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

1. Hard

2. Soft with Uvula

3. Palatine tonsils provide immune surveilliance

- Deciduous

- Adult

1. Papillae with taste buds

2. Lingual frenium (tongue tied)

3. Lingual Tonsils

1. Parotid

2. Submandibular

3. Sublingual

- Serous cell secretion

1. Cleanses mouth, dissolves food

2. Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion

3. Lysozyme destroys bacterica

1. Buffers pH (7)

2. Binds food into bolus (mass of food)

3. Provides lubrication for swallowing

1. Salivary Gland

2. Mouth

3. Starch&Glucose

4. Maltose

1. Gastric Gland

2. Stomach

3. Protien & Polypep

4. Peptide

5. S= Pepsinogen

A= HCl

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Sucrose

4. Glucose& Fructose

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Maltose

4. Glucose

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Lactose

4. Glucose & Galactose

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Peptide

4. Amino Acid

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Trygliceride

4. Monoglyceride & Fatty Acid

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Starch & Glucose

4. Maltose

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Triglyceride

4. Monoglyceride & Fatty Acid

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Nuclec Acid

4. Nucleotide

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Protein

4. Peptide

5. S=Trypsinogen

A= Enetpeptide

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Protein

4. Peptide

5. S=Chymotrypsinogen

A= Trypsin

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestine

3. Peptide

4. Amino Acid

5. S=Procarboxypeptidease

1. Posterior to nasal cavity

2. Air

3. Pharyngeal tonsils, opening for auditory tubes

1. Posterior to oral cavity

2. Air and Food

1. Inferior to oropharynx

2. Air and Food

3. Glotis

1. Transports bolus of food form pharynx to stomach

2. Movement occurs via peristaisis

3. Lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous

4. Passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

5. Normally collapsed

6. Upper esophageal spjhincter at superior end prevents air from entering esophagus

7. Lower esophageal sphincter at inferior end prevents stomach contents from entering esophagus

1. Mixes food with gastric juice forming chyme

2. Chemical digestion of proteins begins

3. Limited absoption

4. Distention and Storage

1. Rugae

2. Inner third oblique muscle layer to muscularis externa

3. Greater and lesser curvatures

4. Gastric glands secrete gastric juice through gastric pits

- Secrete hydrophloric acid which converts pepsinogen into pepsin

- Secrete instrinsic factor for b absorption in the small intestine

- Neural

- Hormonal

- Stretching of stomach stimulates gastric juice and gastrin secretions

- Gastrin stimulates gastric juice secretion

- Intestinal gastrin briefly stimulates gastric secretion

- CCK gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, and symphathetic impulses inhibit gastric secretion while duodenum processes chyme

1. Functions in chemical digestion and absoption

2. 6m L

3. Referes to diameter

4. Circular folds, billi, and microvilli increase surface area for absorption

5. Villus contains capillaries and lacteal

6. Intestinal glands occur at bases of villi

7. Mucosa contains simple columnar epithelium

8. Digestive enzymes are bound to microville

1. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

2. Absorption

3. Secretion

1. Four lobes

2. Lobes are divided into lovules

3. Largest internal organ

1. Most functional piece of liver

2. Hepatocytes

3. Branches form hepatic arter

4. Branches from hepatic portal vein

5. Liver sinusoids

6. Central vein

7. Bile canalicule- Bile ductules- bile ducts

-Maintenance of blood glucose

1. Glycogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

3. Gluconeogenesis

- Protein Metabolism

1. Deamination of amino acids and production of urea

2. Amino acid conversion

3. Plasma protein synthesis

- Lipid Metabolism

1. Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol

2. Conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into triglycerides for energy storage

3. Utillization of fatty acids for energy

- Bile Secretion

1. Bile functions as an emulsifier

2. In the small intestine, bile associates with lipids forming micelles

3. Lipase works at the surgace of the micellas to digest lipids

1. Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

2. Fills with bile through backflow

3. Gallstones may form when cholesterol in bile precipitates

4. Bile release is stimulated by CCK from the duodenum

Upper

-Nose with Nares

- Nasal cavity with septum and nasal meatuses

-Pharynx

Lower

-Larynx

-Trachea with tracheal cartilages

-Bronchial Tree

-Lungs

Region where bronchi and blood vessels enter

- Hemoglobin carries 98%

1. Oxyhemoglobin

2. Deoxyhemoglobin

- Increased Blood CO2 concentration, acidity, and higher temp all promote oxyhemoglobin dissociatoin in systemic capillaries

- Product of burning fuel

- Hb has a greater affinity for CO than O2

- Dissolved in plasma (7%)

- Bound to amino groups in Hb forming carbaminohemoglobin (23%)

- As bicarbonate ions in the plasma (70%)

- Located in brain stem

- Sends impulses to the muscles involved in breathing

- High CO2 or H+

- Low O2

1. Providing an area for gas exchange between air and blood

2. Moving air to and from exchange surfaces

3. Protecting from dehydration, temp change, and defending R.S from pathogens

4. Producing sounds

1. Thyroid and cricoid cartliages

2. Epiglottis and glottis

3. Vocal cords

- Located in thoracic cavity, seperated by mediastinum

- Visceral pleura, patietal pleura, pleural cavity with serous fluid

- 3 right

- 2 left

- type 1 pneumocytes form alveolar wall (simple squamous epithelium)

- Type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant

- Macrophages phagocytize particles

- When the breathing muscles relax, elastic recoil causes the lungs to return to their original size, forcing air out of the lungs

- Normal expiration is a passive process

M- Exposure to live pathogens

R- Stiumlation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease

M- Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components

R- Stimulation of n immune response without the symptoms of a disease

M- Injection of gamma globulin containg antibodies or antitoxin

R- Short-term immunity without stimulation an immune response

M- Antibodies passed to retus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through breast milk from a woman with active immunity

R- Short-term immunity for newborn without sitmulation an immune response