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A&P 2
Unit 2
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/15/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Infection
Definition
Presence and Mulitplication of pathogens
Term
Innate Defense
Definition
"Inborn" protection against many types of pathogens
Term
Adaptive Defense
Definition

"Learned" protectoin against specific pathogens provided by T and B cells

 

Had to be developed

 

Pin point pathogens (lymphocyte)

Term
Cell Mediated Immunity
Definition
T cell Function
Term
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Definition

B cell Function

Don't interact secrete anitbodies

Term
Precursers
Definition
Carried by the blood
Term
Bone Marrow
Definition
B-Cells
Term
Thymus
Definition
T-cells
Term
Mucus Membrane
Definition
Line the digestive, respiratory, and genital tracts
Term
4 Characteristics of Inflammation
Definition

1. Redness

2. heat

3. Swelling

4. Pain

Term
Margination
Definition
WBC stick to enothelium during inflammation
Term
Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Resistance to a specific pathogen
Term
Antigen
Definition

1. Any molecule capable of binding to a Tcell or Bcell receptor

2. Usually part of a pathogen (bacterial or viral protein)

3. The specific part ofepitope the anitgen tha tbinds to a receptor is called its 

 

Term
Activation
Definition
Chnage i nthe behavior of a lymphocyte at the onset of an immune response
Term
Proliferation
Definition

Production of a large number of identical lymphocytes (clone)

B/T cells start to activate until proliferate

Term
Differenatiation
Definition

Production of cells with different functions from a single cell line

Members of clone start to perform different infection

Term
T-cell Characteristics
Definition

1. produced in red bone marrow

2. mature in thymus

3. 70-80% in lymphocytes

4. Reside in lymph nodes and spleen

5. Activation requires a foreign antigen be presented to them by an antigen presenting cell

Term

Antigen Presenting Cell

(APC)

Definition

1. Typically a macrophage, infected cell, or a B cell

2. Antigen is presented to a T cell in combination with a Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

3. Antigen selects the T cell that will be activated and proliferate to form a clone

4. Only one can bind to a receptor

Term
Helper T Cells
Definition

1. Activation requires APC

2. Secrete cytokines that target other WBCs

3. Activate Bcells to produce antibodies

4. Activate cytotoxic t cells

5. Timulate macrophages and attract other WBCs

Term
Cytotoxic T Cells
Definition

1. Activation requiers exposure to antigen

2. proliferation produces a clone of cells that bind to cancerous or virally infected cells and secrete perforin

3. Differentiation produces memory Tcells

Term
Memory T Cells
Definition

1. Respond to subsequent exposure to pathogen 

2. Activation and proliferation results in the production of a new clone of cytotoxic Tcells

Term
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Definition

1. Pathogen enters body and is phagocytized by an APC

2. APC presents antigen to helper t cell with a TCR that fits the antigen.  Helper t cell begins to secrete cytokines

3. Cytokines activate cytotoxic t cell 

4. Proliferation of activated cytotoxic t cells prodcues a clone of identical cells that destroy cells infected by the pathogen

5. Differentioation produces memory cells that participate in a subsequent infection by the pathogen

Term
B-Cells
Definition

1. Activation requires exposure to antigen

2. proliferation produces a clone

3. Plasma cells that secrete antibodies

4. Memory cells that respond to a subsequent infection

Term
Antibodies
Definition

1. Gamma globulin plasma proteins

2. Four polypeptides (2 heavy 2 light)

3. Polypeptide regions (constant, Variable)

4. Two antigen binding sites

5. Classes of immunoglobulins

Term
Antibody-Mediated Immunity Summary
Definition

1. Bcell binds to and engulfs antigen

2. Bcell displays antigen in combination with MHC to helper T cell with complimentary TCR

3. Activated helper t cell secretes cytokines which activate B cell

4. Proliferation of activated b cell produces a clone

5. Differentiation prodcues plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that participate in a subsequent infection by that pathogen

Term
Primary Immune Response
Definition

- Occurs the first time that a pathogen is encountered

- Detectable concentrations of antibodies in 5-10 days

Term
Seconday Immune Response
Definition

- Occurs after the first time that a pthogen is encountered

- Results from memory cells

- Detectable concentrations of antibodies in 1-2 days

Term
Nutrients
Definition
Substances in food from which we get energy and building materials
Term
Digestive Tract
Definition

1. Oral Cavity

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small Intestines

6. Large Intestines

Term
Accessory Structures
Definition

1. Teeth

2. Tongue

3. Salivary Glands

4. Pancrease

5. Liver

6. Gall Bladder

Term
Mucosa (structure)
Definition

1. Epithelium

2. Lamina propria- areolar tissue

3. Muscularis mucosae - Smooth Muscle

Term
Mucosa (functions)
Definition

1. Secretion

2. Absorption

3. Protection

Term
Submucosa
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue with glands, blood vessels, lymphatic Vessels, and nerves
Term
Muscularis Externa (structure)
Definition

- Inner circular smooth muscle layer

- Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer

Term
Muscularis Externa (functions)
Definition

1. Mixing movements

2. Propelling movemnts

Term
Serosa
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue
Term
Oral Cavity
Definition

- Functions in ingestion and both mechanical and chemical digestion

- Lining is both keratinizing and nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

Term
Palate
Definition

1. Hard

2. Soft with Uvula

3. Palatine tonsils provide immune surveilliance

Term
Mechanical
Definition
Breaks food down to small
Term
Chemical
Definition
Used for nutrients
Term
Teeth
Definition

- Deciduous

- Adult

Term
Tongue
Definition

1. Papillae with taste buds

2. Lingual frenium (tongue tied)

3. Lingual Tonsils

Term
Salivary Glands (major glands)
Definition

1. Parotid

2. Submandibular

3. Sublingual

Term
Salivary Glands (secretions)
Definition

- Serous cell secretion

1. Cleanses mouth, dissolves food

2. Salivary amylase begins carbohydrate digestion

3. Lysozyme destroys bacterica

Term
Salivary Glands (muscous cell secretion)
Definition

1. Buffers pH (7)

2. Binds food into bolus (mass of food)

3. Provides lubrication for swallowing

Term
Salivary
Definition
Cuts ever other bond to provide maltose
Term
Salivary Amylase
Definition

1. Salivary Gland

2. Mouth

3. Starch&Glucose

4. Maltose

Term
Pepsin
Definition

1. Gastric Gland

2. Stomach

3. Protien & Polypep

4. Peptide

5. S= Pepsinogen

A= HCl

Term
Sucrase
Definition

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Sucrose

4. Glucose& Fructose

 

Term
Maltase
Definition

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Maltose

4. Glucose

Term
Lactase
Definition

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Lactose

4. Glucose & Galactose

Term
Peptidase
Definition

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Peptide

4. Amino Acid

Term
Internal Lipase
Definition

1. Small Intestines

2. Small Intestines

3. Trygliceride

4. Monoglyceride & Fatty Acid

Term
Pancreatic Amylase
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Starch & Glucose

4. Maltose

Term
Pancreatic Lipase
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Triglyceride

4. Monoglyceride & Fatty Acid

Term
Nuclease
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Nuclec Acid

4. Nucleotide

 

Term
Trypsin
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Protein

4. Peptide

5. S=Trypsinogen

A= Enetpeptide

Term
Chymotrypsin
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestines

3. Protein

4. Peptide

5. S=Chymotrypsinogen

A= Trypsin

 

Term
Car;boxypeptrypsin
Definition

1. Pancrease

2. Small Intestine

3. Peptide

4. Amino Acid

5. S=Procarboxypeptidease

Term
Nasopharynx (behind nose)
Definition

1. Posterior to nasal cavity

2. Air

3. Pharyngeal tonsils, opening for auditory tubes

 

Term
Oropharynx
Definition

1. Posterior to oral cavity

2. Air and Food

 

Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition

1. Inferior to oropharynx

2. Air and Food

3. Glotis

Term
Glottis
Definition
Prevents food from going down the wind pipe
Term
Esophagus
Definition

1. Transports bolus of food form pharynx to stomach

2. Movement occurs via peristaisis

3. Lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous

4. Passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

5. Normally collapsed

6. Upper esophageal spjhincter at superior end prevents air from entering esophagus

7. Lower esophageal sphincter at inferior end prevents stomach contents from entering esophagus

Term
Stomach (functions)
Definition

1. Mixes food with gastric juice forming chyme

2. Chemical digestion of proteins begins

3. Limited absoption

4. Distention and Storage

Term
Stomach (structures)
Definition

1. Rugae

2. Inner third oblique muscle layer to muscularis externa

3. Greater and lesser curvatures

4. Gastric glands secrete gastric juice through gastric pits

Term
Chief Cells (gastric juice comp)
Definition
Secrete pepsinogen an inactive precursor of the protein digesting enzyme pepsin
Term
Parietal Cells (gastric juice comp)
Definition

- Secrete hydrophloric acid which converts pepsinogen into pepsin

- Secrete instrinsic factor for b absorption in the small intestine

Term
G-cells (gastric juice comp)
Definition
Secrete gastric hormone gastrin
Term
Mechanisms of Gastric Secretion
Definition

- Neural

- Hormonal

Term
Cephalic Phase (Right before eating)
Definition
Parasympathetic impulses stimulate gastric secretion
Term
Gastric Phase (food in stomach)
Definition

- Stretching of stomach stimulates gastric juice and gastrin secretions

- Gastrin stimulates gastric juice secretion

Term
Intestinal Phase (chyme is entering small intest)
Definition

- Intestinal gastrin briefly stimulates gastric secretion

- CCK gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, and symphathetic impulses inhibit gastric secretion while duodenum processes chyme

Term
Small Intestine Structure
Definition

1. Functions in chemical digestion and absoption

2. 6m L

3. Referes to diameter

4. Circular folds, billi, and microvilli increase surface area for absorption

5. Villus contains capillaries and lacteal

6. Intestinal glands occur at bases of villi

7. Mucosa contains simple columnar epithelium

8. Digestive enzymes are bound to microville

Term
Small Intestines Function
Definition

1. Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

2. Absorption

3. Secretion

Term
Large Intestine Function
Definition
Compaction and defication
Term
Liver Structure
Definition

1. Four lobes

2. Lobes are divided into lovules

3. Largest internal organ

Term
Lobule
Definition

1. Most functional piece of liver

2. Hepatocytes

3. Branches form hepatic arter

4. Branches from hepatic portal vein

5. Liver sinusoids

6. Central vein

7. Bile canalicule- Bile ductules- bile ducts

Term
Primary Liver Digestive Functions
Definition

-Maintenance of blood glucose

1. Glycogenesis

2. Glycogenolysis

3. Gluconeogenesis

 

 

Term
Primary Liver Digestive Functions (2)
Definition

- Protein Metabolism

1. Deamination of amino acids and production of urea

2. Amino acid conversion

3. Plasma protein synthesis

Term
Primary Liver Digestive Function (3)
Definition

- Lipid Metabolism

1. Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol

2. Conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into triglycerides for energy storage

3. Utillization of fatty acids for energy

Term
Primary Liver Digestive Functions (4)
Definition

- Bile Secretion

1. Bile functions as an emulsifier

2. In the small intestine, bile associates with lipids forming micelles

3. Lipase works at the surgace of the micellas to digest lipids

Term
Emulsifier
Definition
Takes lipids and allows to be dispersed in the water
Term
Gall Bladder
Definition

1. Stores and concentrates bile from the liver

2. Fills with bile through backflow

3. Gallstones may form when cholesterol in bile precipitates

4. Bile release is stimulated by CCK from the duodenum

Term
Common Hepatic
Definition
merges into Hepatics
Term
Common Bile
Definition
Comes into the small intestines
Term
Digestive System Function
Definition
Secretion of pancreatic juice into the small intestine
Term
Endocrine System Function
Definition
Secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood
Term
Exocrine Secretory Cells
Definition
Acinar cells of pancreatic acini
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
Definition
Acidic chyme in the duodenum causes the duodenum to secrete.
Term
Cholecystokinin
Definition
Stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
Term
Secretin
Definition
Stimulatse the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions
Term
Ventilation (CR)
Definition
Breathing
Term
External Respiration (CR)
Definition
Gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries. It happens in the lungs
Term
Transportation (CR)
Definition
Gases between the lungs and the body cells. By blood, oxygen to blood
Term
Internal respiration (CR)
Definition
Gase exchange in the systemic capillaries. Opposite of external
Term
Cellular Respiration (CR)
Definition
Production of ATP using energy from nutrient molecules
Term
Respiratory Structure
Definition

Upper

-Nose with Nares

- Nasal cavity with septum and nasal meatuses

-Pharynx

Lower

-Larynx

-Trachea with tracheal cartilages

-Bronchial Tree

-Lungs

Term
Hilus
Definition

Region where bronchi and blood vessels enter

 

Term
Respiratory Membrane
Definition
Wall of alveolus + wall of pulmonary capillary.  Gases diffuse across this membrane
Term
Oxygen Gas
Definition

- Hemoglobin carries 98%

1. Oxyhemoglobin

2. Deoxyhemoglobin

- Increased Blood CO2 concentration, acidity, and higher temp all promote oxyhemoglobin dissociatoin in systemic capillaries

Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition

- Product of burning fuel

- Hb has a greater affinity for CO than O2

Term
Carbon Dioxide
Definition

- Dissolved in plasma (7%)

- Bound to amino groups in Hb forming carbaminohemoglobin (23%)

- As bicarbonate ions in the plasma (70%)

Term
Respiratory Centers
Definition

- Located in brain stem

- Sends impulses to the muscles involved in breathing

Term
Factors Affecting Respiratory Centers
Definition

- High CO2 or H+

- Low O2

Term
Protein
Definition
Allows digestive contents to become solid
Term
Litmus Milk
Definition
More pink it is the more acidic it is
Term
Bile
Definition
Emulsifier
Term
Respiratory
Definition
Mucus membrane
Term
Functions of Respiratory System
Definition

1. Providing an area for gas exchange between air and blood

2. Moving air to and from exchange surfaces

3. Protecting from dehydration, temp change, and defending R.S from pathogens

4. Producing sounds

 

Term
Trachea
Definition
Windpipe
Term
Larynx
Definition

1. Thyroid and cricoid cartliages

2. Epiglottis and glottis

3. Vocal cords

Term
Lungs
Definition

- Located in thoracic cavity, seperated by mediastinum

- Visceral pleura, patietal pleura, pleural cavity with serous fluid

Term
Lobes
Definition

- 3 right

- 2 left

Term
Alveolar Cells
Definition

- type 1 pneumocytes form alveolar wall (simple squamous epithelium)

- Type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant

- Macrophages phagocytize particles

Term
Surfactant
Definition
Decrease surface tension so alveoli can stay open
Term
Maximal inspiration
Definition
Involves contraction of the sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis mino muscles
Term
Visceral Pleurae (ventilation)
Definition
Stick to the parietal pleurae due to surface tension, sop as the thoraic cavity expands, the lungs expand with it.
Term
Forced Expiration
Definition
Accomplished by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the muscles of the abdominal wall
Term
Exhalation
Definition

- When the breathing muscles relax, elastic recoil causes the lungs to return to their original size, forcing air out of the lungs

- Normal expiration is a passive process

Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
500 ml (normal)
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
IC=IRV + TV
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Term
Total Lung Capacity
Definition
TLC = VC + RV
Term
Anatomic Dead Space
Definition
The volume of air filling the parts of the respiratory tract where gas exchange does not occur
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Releases inflammatory chemicals
Term
WBC
Definition
Protect form hurtful substances
Term
MHC
Definition
Tells your t-cells that they can trust it
Term
Antigen Recognition
Definition
Antigen binds to receptors of B cells programmed for this antigen
Term
B-cell Activation
Definition
B-cell engulfs antigen and displays part of antigen with self protein on plasma membrane.  Helper t-cells, programmed for this antige, binds to the antigen and self protein and secretes cytokines, which activate the b-cell
Term
Clone Formation
Definition
Activated b cell divides repeatedly producing a clone of identical b cells programmed for this antigen
Term
Differentiation
Definition
Most clone cells become plasma cells.  Some become memory b cells
Term
Action
Definition
Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that can bind to this antigen, tagging it for destruction by other means.  Dormant memory B cells launch an attack against the antigen if it should later reappear
Term
IgG
Definition
Activates complememnt and promotes phagocytosis; can cross the placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactoins, such as hemolytic disease of a newborn
Term
Agglutination
Definition
Antigens clump together
Term
Precipitation
Definition
Antigens become insoluble
Term
Neutralization
Definition
Antigens lose toxic properties
Term
Opsonization
Definition
Alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Attracts macrophages and neutrophils into the region
Term
Inflammation
Definition
Helps prevent the spread of antigens
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
Immunity is provided by the individual's own immune system
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
Immunity is transferred from another person or an animal
Term
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Definition

M- Exposure to live pathogens

R- Stiumlation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease

Term
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Definition

M- Exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components

R- Stimulation of n immune response without the symptoms of a disease

Term
Artifically Acquired Passive Immunity
Definition

M- Injection of gamma globulin containg antibodies or antitoxin

R- Short-term immunity without stimulation an immune response

Term
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Definition

M- Antibodies passed to retus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through breast milk from a woman with active immunity

R- Short-term immunity for newborn without sitmulation an immune response

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