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A&P1, Final
Final
130
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/27/2012

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Cards

Term
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
Definition
S phase
Term
S phase occurs in which phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
interphase
Term
There are 4 phases in mitosis: what are they?
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
What occurs in prophase?
Definition
Chromatin condenses, forming chromosomes
Term
What occurs in metaphase?
Definition
The two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
Term
The slowest phase of mitosis is what?
Definition
anaphase
Term
What occurs in telophase?
Definition
a new nuclear envelope is formed
Term
The dividing of a cell into two daughter cells is called what?
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is what?
Definition
the stratum corneum
Term
What is the function of a keratinocyte?
Definition
to produce keratin, which gives skin its defensive properties
Term
What is the function of a melanocyte?
Definition
to give skin its pigment and prevent damage from UV exposure
Term
Where are most melanocytes found?
Definition
in the stratum basale (deepest layer of the epidermis)
Term
What are Langerhans cells?
Definition
cells that ingest foreign substances; play a key role in our immune system
Term
What are Merkel cells?
Definition
cells that play a role in the sense of touch; located at epidermis/dermis junction
Term
What are the pedicles and what do they do?
Definition
short, bony pillars that project posteriorly from the vertebral body. they form the sides of the vertebral arch
Term
What is a vertebral arch?
Definition
a structure made up of two pedicles and two laminae that enclose the vertebral foramen
Term
What is a vertebral foramen?
Definition
essentially, a 'hole' that helps form the vertebral canal, through which the spinal cord passes
Term
What are the laminae?
Definition
the laminae are flat plates of bone that fuse in the medial plane, helping to complete the vertebral arch posteriorly
Term
What are transverse processes?
Definition
bone pieces that extend laterally from each side of the vertebral arch
Term
The axial skeleton includes what bones?
Definition
bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Term
The appendicular skeleton includes what bones?
Definition
upper and lower limbs (arms and legs, etc) and the girdles (shoulder and hip bones)
Term
What is the rule of nines?
Definition
a method that divides the body into regions and is used to determine the extent and severity of burns. remember that anterior and posterior aspects of the body are included, so while figure 5.9 for example only shows the head&neck as being 4 1/2%, it is really 9% when considering it as a whole
Term
What % does the head/neck account for in the rule of 9's?
Definition
9% (4 1/2 on each side)
Term
What % do the arms (upper limbs) account for in the rule of 9's?
Definition
9% each (4 1/2 for each side), 18% total (for both arms)
Term
What % does the anterior trunk (chest, stomach, etc) account for in the rule of 9's?
Definition
18% anteriorly, 18% posteriorly (36% total)
Term
What % does the perineum (pubic area) account for in the rule of 9's?
Definition
1%, anterior only (1% total)
Term
What % do the lower limbs (legs) account for in the rule of 9's?
Definition
9% anteriorly, 9% posteriorly (18% total per leg), 36% for both legs
Term
What does the octet rule say?
Definition
that atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their valence shell
Term
Which shell of an electron does not follow the octet rule?
Definition
shell 1, which is full when it has 2 electrons
Term
An ionic bond is formed how?
Definition
by the transferring of electrons from one atom to the other
Term
The atom that gives its electron to another atom is called the ____, and its net charge becomes ____.
Definition
electron donor, positive
Term
The atom that receives an electron is called the ____, and its net charge becomes ____.
Definition
electron acceptor, negative
Term
The strongest chemical bond, responsible for forming salts and crystals, is what?
Definition
ionic bonds
Term
How are covalent bonds?
Definition
by an atom sharing its electron with another atom, as opposed to completely giving it away
Term
How is a hydrogen bond formed?
Definition
a hydrogen molecule, sharing a covalent bond with another atom, attracts an "electron-hungry" atom, acting as a bridge between the 'hungry' atom and the atom the hydrogen atom was already paired with
Term
DNA/proteins are held together by what kind of bonds?
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
What are the weakest kinds of bonds?
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
What is the coronal suture?
Definition
where the parietal bone meets the frontal bone anteriorly
Term
What is the sagittal suture?
Definition
where the parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline
Term
What is lambdoid suture?
Definition
where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
Term
What is a squamous suture?
Definition
where a parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull
Term
The cerebral cortex houses our conscious mind, which includes what?
Definition
the senses (taste, hearing, smell, touch etc), decision making, problem solving, planning, memory, language, and emotion
Term
The cerebellum does what?
Definition
provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of muscle contraction to perform smooth and coordinated movements involved in complex activites such as dancing, driving a car, typing, etc. It occurs subconsciously; we have no control or awareness of it.
Term
There cerebellum accounts for _% of brain mass, whereas the cerebral cortex accountss for _% of brain mass.
Definition
11, 40
Term
What causes the electric current in our body?
Definition
the movement of charged particles
Term
The temporal bones form the _____ aspect of the skull, as well as ____
Definition
inferiolateral, cranial base
Term
White matter refers to what?
Definition
regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers
Term
Grey matter refers to what?
Definition
regions of the brain and spinal cord containing mostly nerve cell bodies and non-myelinated fibers
Term
What is the conus medullaris?
Definition
a cone-shaped structure in which the spinal cord terminates inferiorly
Term
What is the filum terminale?
Definition
a fibrous extension of the conus, covered by 'pia mater', which extends inferiolry from the conus to the coccyx, where it anchors the spinal cord so it is not jostled by body movements
Term
What is the cauda equina?
Definition
the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal ("horse's tail")
Term
What are denticulate ligaments?
Definition
'saw-toothed' shelves of pia mater that secure the spinal cord to the tough dura mater menix throughout its length
Term
Sutures are held together by what?
Definition
Sharpey's fibers
Term
How many cranial bones are there?
Definition
8
Term
What is the foramen magnum?
Definition
a "hole" in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the inferior part of the brain
Term
What gives us our sense of smell?
Definition
the gustatory cortex
Term
How does the gustatory cortex relate to the olfactory cortex?
Definition
they are both located in the temporal lobe
Term
What is the sclera and what is it continuous with?
Definition
"white of the eye", protects the eyeball and achors the eye muscles. posteriorly continuous with the dura mater of the brain
Term
What is the choroid and where is it located?
Definition
a dark brown membrane rich in blood vessels, located at the posterior end of the eye. helps to prevent light from scattering and reflecting in the eye, which would cause visual confusino. forms 5/6 of the vascular layer of the eye
Term
What is the ciliary body and where is it located?
Definition
the ciliary body is actually the anterior portion of the choroid. it's a membrane that encircles the eye and helps to hold the eye in its upright position
Term
What is the iris and where is it loccated?
Definition
gives us our eye color, allows light to enter the eye. located at most anterior end of the vascular layer of the eye.
Term
What is the lens and where is it located?
Definition
a biconvex, transparent flexible structure located just posterior (behind) the iris. helps to fine focus light on the retina
Term
What is the optic disc and where is it located?
Definition
also known as the "blind spot", it lacks photoreceptors so light focused on it cannot be seen. located where the optic nerve exits the eye, it is not reinforced by the sclera.
Term
Are humans generally affected by the 'blind spots' caused by the optic disc?
Definition
No, because the brain uses a process known as 'filling in' to deal with the absence of visual input
Term
What do rods in the eye do?
Definition
receptors of dim-light and peripheral vision
Term
What do cones in the eye do?
Definition
receptors of bright light; provide high resolution color vision
Term
Which is responsible for color vision: cones, or rods?
Definition
cones
Term
Which are more numerous in the eyes: rods or cones?
Definition
rods
Term
What is the macula lutea?
Definition
a region containing the fovea centralis. in this region, retinal structures are displaced to the side, allowing light to pass almost directly to the photoreceptors, rather than through several retinal layers
Term
The fovea and macula contain mostly ____.
Definition
cones
Term
What is accomodation of the eyes and what purpose does it serve?
Definition
increasing the refractory period of the lens. the ciliary body is pulled anteriorly toward the pupil, releasing tension in the ciliary zonule. it helps to focus on images that are up front and close (such as a child with their face directly in a book)
Term
What is convergence and what purpose does it serve?
Definition
medial rotation of the eyeballs by the medial rectus muscles so that each eye is directed towards the object being viewed. *think of going 'cross eyed' as a result of extreme convergence. it helps to view objects at a close distance
Term
What is the external ear and what is its function?
Definition
the external ear consists of the auricle (aka pinna) which is what most people refer to as the 'ear'. its primary function is to funnel sound waves into the audiatory canal (external acoustic meatus)
Term
What is the tube in the middle ear called?
Definition
eustachian (yoo-stay-shee-un), aka paryngotympanic (auditory)
Term
The middle ear is also known as the _____.
Definition
tympanic cavity
Term
What is the tympanic membrane?
Definition
the 'eardrum', located in the acoustic meatus in the external ear, helps to transfer vibrations of sound waves into the ear.
Term
What is the internal ear's properties?
Definition
also known as the 'labryinth' due to its complex structure, it is divided into two parts: the bony labryinth and the membranous labyirnth. The bony labyrinth contains perilymph, which is like cerebrospinal fluid of the ear, and the membranous labyrinth, suspending in this perilymph, contains endolymph in its interior. These fluids work together to conduct sound vibrations used in hearing
Term
What is cognition?
Definition
Consciousness; perception of sensations, voluntary initiation and control of movement, and capabilities of higher mental processing (logic, reasoning, etc)
Term
What is the form of glucose storage in humans?
Definition
glycogen
Term
What is the form of glucose storage in plants?
Definition
starch
Term
What are nociceptors?
Definition
sensory receptors that respond to damaging stimuli that would result in pain, such as searing heat, excessive pressure, etc
Term
What are exteroceptors?
Definition
sensory receptors that respond to outside stimulus; generally located near the body's surface. detect touch, pressure, pain, most senses (smelling etc), and more.
Term
What are interceptors?
Definition
also called 'visceroceptors', respond to internal stimuli, such as chemical changes, tissue stretching, and temperature.
Term
What are propioceptors?
Definition
these are similar to interceptors in that they respond to internal stimuli, but their locations are much more limited. they occur only in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and in the connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles. they advise the brain of our body movements by monitoring how much the organs containing these receptors are stretched.
Term
What are the 12 cranial nerves? (mneomic included!)
Definition
Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel A Girl's Vagina, Ahhhh, Heaven

1. Oh - Olfactory (smelling)
2. Oh - Optic (vision)
3. Oh - Oculomotor (moves the eyeballs)
4. To - Trochlear (acts as a 'pulley'. moves the eyeballs - superior oblique eye muscle)
5. Touch - Trigeminal (3 branched nerve; aids in chewing, adds sensitivity to our face)
6. And - Abducens (moves the eye laterally; it ABDUCTS the eye)
7. Feel - Facial (mainly for facial expressions)
8. A - Auditory (also called 'vestibulochlear, helps us hear and keep our balance)
9. Girl's - Glossopharyngeal ("tongue and pharynx" <- helps move these structures)
10. Vagina - Vagus (known as the 'wanderer' or 'vagabond' nerve, it 'wanders' throughout the entire body, innervating the organs of the neck, chest, and abdomen. Involved in breathing, swalloing, speech, and more. Particularly innervates the larynx and lungs
Ahhh - Accessory (an accessory of the Vagus nerve, helps to move the head and neck primarily)
12. Heaven - Hypoglossal (underneath the tongue, helps to move the tongue)
Term
What does the principle of complentarity of structure and function say?
Definition
That anatomy & physiology go hand in hand, and that what a structure can do is reflected by its specific form. Key to remember is "structure reflects function".
Term
Guanine pairs with which other nitrogenous base?
Definition
Cytosine (C)
Term
Thymine pairs with which other nitrogenous base?
Definition
Adenine (A)
Term
Which nitrogenous base is only found in RNA?
Definition
Uracil
Term
Which nitrogenous base is replaced in RNA by uracil?
Definition
Thymine
Term
What are the nitrogenous base pairings of DNA?
Definition
CG (or GC) and TA (or AT)
Term
Is DNA single stranded, or double stranded?
Definition
double stranded (double helix)
Term
RNA relates to DNA in that it does what?
Definition
carries out the instructions of DNA
Term
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Definition
nerve, connective, muscle, epithelial
Term
Which organelle is the main site for DNA synthesis in a cell?
Definition
Ribosomes (in rough ER)
Term
What is the main location of lipid synthesis in a cell?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
Smooth ER differs from rough ER in that it lacks what?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
DNA serves as code for what?
Definition
proteins
Term
What general purpose does epithelial tissue serve?
Definition
to 'cover' structures, such as the skin, open cavities of the digestive and respiratory systems, and walls and organs of the ventral body cavity
Term
What are the main functions of connective tissue?
Definition
binding and supporting structures, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances within the body (blood)
Term
What are the main functions of skeletal tissues?
Definition
Skeletal tissues include our smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. It helps to move our bones.
Term
What is the main function(s) of nervous tissue?
Definition
it regulates our body functions with neurons and supporting cells. makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Term
Redox reactions serve as the basis for all reactions in which foods are broken down for what to be produced?
Definition
ATP
Term
In redox reactions, electrons are exchanged between atoms. The atom losing its electron is said to be ____ whereas the atom gaining the electron is said to be ____.
Definition
oxidized; reduced
Term
When glucose loses its hydrogen atoms, it is said to be oxidized to what?
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
Oxygen is reduced to water by ____ (gaining or losing?) hydrogen atoms.
Definition
gaining
Term
According to the levels of specialization, an atom is the most basic unit of life. It becomes a ____, which becomes an _____, which becomes a ____, which becomes a ____, which becomes an _____, which becomes an ____ ____, and finally becomes an _____.
Definition
molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Term
What is an osteocyte and what is its purpose?
Definition
a mature bone cell; to maintain and monitor the bone matrix
Term
What is an osteoclast and what is its purpose?
Definition
multinucleate cells that break down (reabsorb) bone
Term
What is an osteoblast and what is its purpose?
Definition
a matrix-producing cell that is responsible for bone growth
Term
What is a Haversian canal?
Definition
also called the 'central' canal, it runs parallel to the bone shaft
Term
What is the Volkmann's canal?
Definition
also called the 'perforating' canal, it runs at a right angle to the bone shaft
Term
Body movement occurs when the _____ of a bone moves towards its ____.
Definition
insertion, origin
Term
The _____ of a bone is where the muscle attaches to it.
Definition
insertion
Term
The _____ of a bone is its fixed (unmovable) point of attachment.
Definition
origin
Term
Muscles can transform ____ into directed mechanical energy.
Definition
ATP
Term
What is saltatory conduction?
Definition
Transmission of an action potential along a myelinated fiber in which the nerve impulse appears to leap from gap to gap.
Term
What is a node of Ranvier?
Definition
A gap in a myelin sheath where adject Schwann cells do not touch each other.
Term
What is a Schwann cell?
Definition
Cells that surround all nerve fibers in the Periphereal Nervous System. They form myelin sheaths and are vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
Term
How do nodes of Ranvier affect conduction?
Definition
They speed it up. The nodes (or gaps) allow nerve impulses to travel along the myelin sheath quicker by 'jumping' from node to node rather than travelling directly from fiber to fiber. An example: If you touch your hand to a hot stove, you will instantly jump back without thinking about it. This is because nerve impulses can quickly travel throughout your peripheral nervous system, which tells your brain to jerk your hand back.
Term
What is the medial malleolus?
Definition
Forms the medial bulge of the ankle (big toe side; this is the bigger bulge compared to the lateral malleolus)
Term
What is the lateral malleolus?
Definition
Forms the lateral bulge of the ankle (pinky toe side; this is the smaller bulge)
Term
What is the tibial tuberosity?
Definition
the rough part of the tibia, just below the patella, to which the patellar ligaments attach.
Term
Hyaline cartilage is also known as what?
Definition
gristle
Term
Which cartilage type is most abundant in the body?
Definition
hyaline
Term
What is articular cartilage?
Definition
type of hyaline cartilage that covers ends of most bones at movable joints; absorbs shock
Term
All bones except the ____, bones of the ____ and bones of the ____ are long bones.
Definition
patella, wrist, ankle
Term
What is the conjunctiva?
Definition
A transparent mucous membrane lining the entire eye. Its purpose is to lubricate the eyes so they do not dry out.
Term
What is the nasolacrimal duct?
Definition
The duct which tears 'drain' into when produced in excess. The duct empties into the nasal cavity, which is why we have 'sniffles' (runny nose) when we have allergies or are crying.
Term
What are the Meibomian glands (aka tarsal glands)?
Definition
Modified sebaceous glands that produces an oily secretion which lubricates the eyelid and the eye to prevent the eyelids from sticking together.
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