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A&P
Chapter 8 - Skeletal System
92
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/26/2010

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Term
Bones are the organs of the ________ _______.
Definition
skeletal system
Term
The Adult skeleton has ____ separate bones
Definition
206
Term
The Divisions of Skeleton are ____ and _______.
Definition
Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton
Term
The two major divisions in the skull are _________ and _______.
Definition
cranial bones and facial bones
Term
Fetal Skull has ________ or _____ _____.
Definition
Fontanels or “soft spots”
Term
Fontanels allow skull to “_____” during birth and permit _____ ______ __ _____.
Definition
Mold, permit rapid growth of brain
Term
The Hyoid Bone is a _______ bone
Definition
U-shaped bone
Term
The bone just above larynx; below mandible is the..
Definition
Hyoid Bone
Term
The only bone in body that does not articulate with another bone is the…..
Definition
Hyoid Bone
Term
Vertebral column has ___ vertebrae plus ______ and ______
Definition
24, sacrum and coccyx
Term
The segments of the vertebral column are:
Definition
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum, and the Coccyx
Term
All vertebrae, except first are
Definition
flat, rounded body anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly, and two transverse processes laterally
Term
All but sacrum and coccyx have _________ ________
Definition
vertebral foramen
Term
Second cervical vertebra has a
Definition
upward projection, the dens, allows rotation of head
Term
Seventh cervical vertebra has a
Definition
long, blunt spinous process
Term
The thoracic vertebrais has
Definition
articular facets for the ribs
Term
The shape of the Sternum is..
Definition
Dagger-shaped
Term
The Sternum which is the dagger-shaped bone in middle of anterior chest; three parts they are:
Definition
Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process
Term
The Axial Skeleton includes the _____.
Definition
Ribs
Term
The Thorax has ______ __ _____ + _____ + _____.
Definition
12 pairs of ribs + vertebral column + sternum
Term
The Ribs are the ______ to the sternum.
Definition
attached
Term
Rib attachment to the sternum: Ribs 1 through 8...
Definition
join a costal cartilage that attaches it to the sternum
Term
Rib attachment to the sternum: Costal cartilage of ribs 8 through 10
Definition
joins cartilage of rib above
Term
The false ribs are ribs ___ and ___.
Definition
Ribs 11 and 12
Term
The floating ribs do not
Definition
attach to sternum
Term
Skeletal Differences in Men the male skeleton is
Definition
larger and heavier
Term
The Male pelvis is
Definition
deep and funnel-shaped; narrow pubic arch
Term
The Female pelvis is
Definition
shallow, broad, flaring with wider pubic arch
Term
Aging changes continue over a lifetime those changes can be _________ or ________.
Definition
positive or negative
Term
The 4 Normal bone development processes are...
Definition
Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral ossification, Oossification centers, Closure of epiphyseal
Term
Early Bone is
Definition
calcified but not brittle
Term
Osteoblastic activity is
Definition
more deposition than resorbtion
Term
Prior to puberty equals
Definition
growth of bones
Term
After puberty until early thirties replaced bone….
Definition
is stronger
Term
Negative outcomes of bone growth/decay are between ___ and ___ years of age.
Definition
30 and 40
Term
Between 30 and 40 years of age there is a _________ in osteoblast numbers.
Definition
Decrease
Term
Between 30 and 40 years of age there is a _________ in osteoclast numbers.
Definition
Increase
Term
Mature osteocytes ________ and ______.
Definition
coalesce and shrink
Term
When mature osteocytes coalesce and shrink it produces….
Definition
honeycomb of tiny holes in compact bone
Term
Negative outcomes on the skeletal system is that the
Definition
skeleton loses strength, increases fracture risk
Term
Decrease in number of trabeculae results in
Definition
“spontaneous” as well as compression fractures
Term
Osteoporosis is common in ___ ___.
Definition
old age
Term
A fracture is a
Definition
partial or complete break in continuity of a bone
Term
__________ ______ and _________ ______ are most common causes of bone fractures.
Definition
Mechanical stress and traumatic injury
Term
Pathological or spontaneous fractures occur in absence of ______.
Definition
trauma
Term
Stress fractures may not be apparent in ________ __________.
Definition
clinical examination
Term
Stress fractures can be seen in ____ ____.
Definition
bone scans
Term
Stress fractures are caused by _________ ______.
Definition
repetitive trauma
Term
In displaced, open or compound fractures
Definition
Breaks skin; bone projects; invites infection
Term
In nondisplaced, closed or simple fractures
Definition
No break in skin; less danger of infection
Term
Impacted fracture is..
Definition
One end of fracture driven into diaphysis of other fragment
Term
Complete fracture is..
Definition
Break extends across entire section of bone
Term
Incomplete fracture is..
Definition
some fracture components still partially joined
Term
Dentate fracture is..
Definition
fracture components jagged and fit together like teeth on a gear
Term
Comminuted fracture is..
Definition
crushed, small, crumbled bone fragments near fracture
Term
Avulsion
Definition
The pulling away of the bony attachment site of tendons, ligament, joint capsule, or fascia.
Term
Linear
Definition
Pertaining to or resembling a line
Term
Transverse
Definition
A fracture in which the fracture line is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
Term
Oblique
Definition
Slanting, diagonal.
Term
Spiral
Definition
A fracture that follows a helical line along and around the course of a long bone.
Term
Hairline
Definition
A minor fracture in which all the portions of the bone are in perfect alignment.
Term
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Definition
Inflammation of the insertion of the patellar tendon below the knee cap. This condition is a common cause of anterior knee pain in active adolescents.
Term
Pott’s
Definition
Fracture of the lower end of the fibula and medial malleolus of the tibia, with dislocation of the foot outward and backward.
Term
Colles’
Definition
A transverse fracture of the distal radial metaphysis with displacement of the hand posteriorly and outward, causing the characteristic “dinner fork” deformity during radiographical evaluation.
Term
LeFort
Definition
A fracture usually involving more than one of the facial bones: maxillary, nasal, orbital, and/or zygomatic.
Term
Hangman’s
Definition
A bipedicular fracture of the second cervical vertebra, often with a concomitant dislocation of the vertebra.
Term
Blowout
Definition
a sudden bursting or rupture
Term
Clinical signs of fractures include
Definition
pain, loss of function, false motion, soft tissue edema, deformity, and crepitus
Term
Initial treatment of fractures involve the ___________ and ______________ of bone fragments
Definition
realignment and immobilization
Term
A closed reduction fracture can be fixed ________ ________.
Definition
without surgery
Term
A open reduction fracture _______ ________.
Definition
surgery required
Term
With fractures after reduction then immobilization you have to use
Definition
casts, splints, and bandages
Term
Following healing of fracture
Definition
Restoration of function
Term
Mastoiditis
Definition
Inflammation of air spaces within mastoid portion of temporal bone
Term
Mastoiditis is caused by
Definition
Pus from middle ear infection or otitis media
Term
Mastoid air cells do not drain into the _____.
Definition
nose
Term
In Mastoiditis infectious material erodes bony partition separating air cells from cranial cavity, causing ___________ _________.
Definition
intracranial infection
Term
Treatment for Mastoiditis may include
Definition
Antibiotic thereapy or a mastoidectomy.
Term
In antibiotic therapy for Mastoiditis
Definition
A surgical incision of the eardrum is used to drain
Term
Mastoidectomy (rare) is the
Definition
Surgical removal of part of mastoid process
Term
Normal curvature of the spine is used for
Definition
strength for support of body and balance
Term
Abnormal curvatures of the spine include _________, ________, and _______.
Definition
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Scholiosis.
Term
Lordosis
Definition
abnormally accentuated lumbar curve (“swayback”)
Term
_______ is frequently seen during pregnancy.
Definition
Lordosis
Term
________ may be secondary to traumatic injury
Definition
Lordosis
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
abnormally accentuated thoracic curvature (“hunchback”)
Term
________ is a frequent consequence of vertebral compression fractures in osteoporosis.
Definition
Kyphosis
Term
Scheuermann’s disease is..
Definition
development of kyphosis at puberty
Term
Scoliosis is
Definition
abnormal side-to-side spinal curvature
Term
________ often appears before adolescence
Definition
Scoliosis
Term
Treatments for Scholiosis include ________ ______, _____________ ____________, and ______ ________ and vary with severity of curvature.
Definition
Milwaukee brace, Transcutaneous stimulation, Surgical grafting.
Term
Surgical grafting involves
Definition
Reform deformed vertebrae or using bone from elsewhere or metal rods
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