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A&P
Chapter 4 - Physiology of Cells
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/09/2010

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Term
Transport processes are either ______________ requiring no energy or ____________ requiring metabolic energy.
Definition
PASSIVE, ACTIVE
Term
Passive transport processes usually move molecules _________ a concentration gradient, while active transport processes usually move molecules ______ a concentration gradient.
Definition
DOWN, LOW
Term
Moving down a concentration gradient simply means that molecules move from a ______ concentration to an area of _________ concentration. Moving up a gradient is the opposite.
Definition
HIGH
Term
The simplest form of passive transport is _____________ which can even occur across a permeable _____________.
Definition
OSMOSIS, MEMBRANE
Term
Phospholipid bilayers are said to be ________-permeable because not all molecules can permeate through them.
Definition
SEMI
Term
Small and ____________ molecules can pass through a membrane with ease.
Definition
UNCHANGED
Term
Large or _____________ molecules cannot.
Definition
CHANGED
Term
____________ is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to a solute concentration gradient. Water will osmose from an area of __________ solute concentration to an area of _________ solute concentration.
Definition
OSMOSIS, LOW, HIGH
Term
Osmosis usually results in a __________ of volume on one side of the membrane and a ________ of volume on the other.
Definition
DISPLACMENT, CHANGE
Term
The resulting pressure from osmosis is called __________ pressure.
Definition
OSMOTIC
Term
Two solutions are _____________ if they contain the same solute concentration.
Definition
INEQUALIBRIUM
Term
When comparing two solutions, the one with higher solute concentration is ______________ while the one with lower solute concentration is _________________.
Definition
HYPERTONIC, HYPOTONIC
Term
Water always osmoses from a ________-tonic solution to a _________-tonic solution.
Definition
HYPO TO HYPER
Term
___________ diffusion is when molecules have “help” from ch___________ proteins or c_________ proteins.
Definition
FACILITATED, CHANNEL OR CARRIER
Term
In channel mediated transport, gates can be ___________ or ____________, and molecules can move through a hole in the channel.
Definition
OPEN OR CLOSED
Term
Because these membrane proteins can be specific, it gives the membrane the property of being _____________ permeable.
Definition
SELECTIVETY
Term
_________ proteins physically attract and bind a solute, it changes shape, and then dumps the solute to the other side of the membrane. The flow of solute depends on the gradient.
Definition
CARRIER
Term
Active processes involve the use of ___________ or transport by v____________.
Definition
PUMPS, VESCICLES
Term
Pumps transport molecules __________ their concentration gradient and require ___________ energy.
Definition
METABOLIC
Term
Transport by _________ involves the engulfment of substances by a membrane. The solute never actually crosses a membrane.
Definition
VESICLES
Term
Two examples of active transport pumps are the ____________ pump and the ___________-___________ pump.
Definition
CALCIUM, SODIUM-POTASIUM PUMPS
Term
In ________________ the cell uses its plasma membrane to trap extraceullar material and bring it into the cell.
Definition
ENDOCYTOSIS
Term
The two types of endocytosis are ______________ (cell eating) and ________________ (cell drinking).
Definition
PHAGOCYTOSIS (CELL EATING), PINOCYTOSIS (CELL DRINKING)
Term
________________ is used to export large molecules from the cell or to add material to the plasma membrane.
Definition
EXOCYTOSIS
Term
Enzymes act as _____________ to promote reactions that would normally take too long to occur.
Definition
CATALYSTS
Term
Enzymes work by ______________ the activation energy that is needed for a reaction to occur.
Definition
REDUCING
Term
Enzymes function to __________________ cell metabolism.
Definition
REGULATE
Term
Enzymes are structurally complex and can take on a _____________ or ______________ form of protein structure.
Definition
TERTIARY, QUATENARY
Term
Enzymes have an ________ __________ where its substrate binds to. A substrate will bind to an enzyme specifically like a key fits a lock.
Definition
ACTIVE SITE
Term
Enzymes usually have an -______ ending in their name.
Definition
-ASE
Term
The _________ part of an enzymes name tells more about what reaction the enzyme catalyzes.
Definition
FIRST
Term
Enzymes are able to regulate _________________ _________________.
Definition
METABOLIC PATHWAYS
Term
They behave similar to components on an “ _____________ ________ .”
Definition
ASSEMBLY LINE
Term
_____________ effectors are things that can change an enzymes shape and therefore affect its activity.
Definition
ALLOSTERIC
Term
The site on an enzyme that binds to an allosteric effector is the _______________ __________.
Definition
ALLESTERIC SITE
Term
Allosteric effectors can either a_____________ an enzyme or i______________ an enzyme.
Definition
ACTIVEATE OR INHIBIT
Term
Other things that can affect enzyme function are ionizing radiation, ________________, and ______.
Definition
TEMPERATURE, PH
Term
Most enzyme reactions are ___________________.
Definition
REVERSIBLE
Term
Some enzymes are synthesized by an inactive _________________ which must then be converted to an active form.
Definition
PROENZYMES
Term
Cell respiration includes ___ phases.
Definition
THREE (3)
Term
______________ is a process in which glucose is split into two.
Definition
GLYCOLYSIS
Term
The ___________ acid cycle is where glucose is burned into CO2 and high energy NADH and FADH2 molecules are created.
Definition
CITRIC
Term
The ____________ transport system uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to create a _____ gradient, which is then used to create most of the ATP.
Definition
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS), H+ GRADIENT
Term
The ____________ dogma describes how information flows from DNA to Protein.
Definition
CENTRAL
Term
_______________ is the process of duplicating DNA
Definition
REPLICATION
Term
_______________ is the process of creating RNA using DNA as a template.
Definition
TRANSCRIPTION
Term
_______________ is the process of making proteins using RNA as the template.
Definition
TRANSLATION
Term
____________ is the process in which one cell becomes two cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell.
Definition
CELL REPRODUCTION
Term
The first cell cycle phase is ________________ is where cell growth and DNA replication occur if the cell is to continue through the cycle.
Definition
INTERPHASE
Term
The second cell cycle phase is ________________ is where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves.
Definition
PROPHASE
Term
The third cell cycle phase is ________________ is where chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.
Definition
METAPHASE
Term
The fourth cell cycle phase is ________________ is where chromosomes are pulled apart and distributed evenly to opposite sides of the cell.
Definition
ANAPHASE
Term
The fifth cell cycle phase is ________________ is where the cell finally splits in two, chromosomes become chromatin, and the nuclear envelopes reappear, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Definition
TELOPHASE
Term
_________________ is a process in which one diploid cell (46 chromo) becomes 4 haploid (23 chromo) cells. It is used to create gametes.
Definition
MEIOSIS
Term
____________________________________ are the “engine” that functions to move a cell through its life cycle.
Definition
CYCLIN-DEPENEDENT KINASES
Term
_________________ control CDK’s causing a shift into the different phases of the cell cycle.
Definition
CYCLINS
Term
IPMAT MEANS..
Definition
INTERPHASE, PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE
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