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A&P 1
terms and definitions
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/28/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Organ
Definition
made up of 2 or more tissues
Term
Clinincal Connection- noninvasive diagnostic techniques
Definition

used to assess aspects of boyd structure and function

 

 ex-Inspection

Term

Palpation

Definition

Gently touching body surface with hands

Term
Auscultation
Definition

listening to body sounds

 

Ex-stethoscope

Term
Percussion
Definition

tapping on the body surface with fingertips and echo's

Term
Chacteristics of Living Organisms
Definition

Def- life processes that which distinguishes living things from nonliving things

7

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Conductivity

Contractililty

Growth

Differentiation

Reproduction

Term
Metabolism
Definition
Sum of all chemical process; includes anabolism and catabolism
Term
Responsiveness
Definition

sense and respond to changes within and around us

Term
Conductivity
Definition

ability to carry effect of stimulus from part of the cell to another

Term
Contractility
Definition

capacity to generate force and change form for movement

Term
Growth
Definition

increase in size

Term
Differentiation
Definition

unspecialzed cells change to specialized cells (ALS research, cancer)

Term
Reproduction
Definition

Formtion of new cells for growth, repair or replacement; or production of a new individual

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

relative constancy of the internal environment notably with respect to its: chemical composition, osmotic pressure, Hydrogen ion concentration, T.

Its regulates the body

Term
Control of Homeostasis
Definition

constantly disrupted

      1. Physical insults- intense heat or lack of oxygen

      2. changes in the environment- drop of blood sugar

      3. Physiological stress-demands of work/school/family

 

Can be mild and temporary-balance quickly restored

Can be intense and prolonged- ie. poisoning or severe infection

Term
Feedback System
Definition
  • Mechanism for maintaining homeostasis-constant monitoring of body conditons
  • induces changes in body conditions to maintain it

 

Term
Cycle of Events
Definition
  • Body is monitored and re-monitored
  • each monitored variable is termed a controlled condtion

3 basic components

1. receptor

2.control center

3. effector

Term
Receptor
Definition

def- body structure that monitors changes in controlled conditions

function-sends input to the control center

example- nerve endings of the skin in response to T change

Term
Control Center
Definition

Def-sets the range of values to be maintained

Function-evaluation input received from receptors and generates output command

Example-nerve impules, horomones, the brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin T receptors

Term
Effector
Definition

Def-receives output from the control center, produces response or effect that changes the controlled condition

Example-body T drops, brain sends impulse to skeletal muscles to contract, results in shivering to generate heat

  • Found in nearly every organ or tissue
Term
Negative Feedback Systems
Definition

Def-reverses a change that has occurred in a controlled condition

Function/reaction in body-slows then stops when normal state occurs

Example-regulation of BP forced exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of blood vessels

Example-increase BP->decrese heart rate->increase dilation of blood vessels->normal BP (all regulated by enzymes in the metabolic pathway)

Term
Positive Feedback Systems
Definition

Def-strengthens or reinforces change in one of the bodys controlled condition

Function/Reaction in Body-continues until some event outside the systems shuts it off

Example-normal child birth-continues until baby is delivered

Term
Positive Feedback:Blood Loss
Definition

under normal conditions, hearts pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)

In the case pf sever blood loss

  • BP drops cells->recieve less O->function less efficently->heart cells become weaker->less blood pumped->BP falls again->even less O is delivered->homeostatic imbalance->can result in death
Term
Moderate Imbalance
Definition

Cause: disorder or abnormality of structure and function

Example: Illness/Disease with recognizable signs and symptoms

Term
Signs
Definition

Are objective changes such as fever or swelling (measurable)

Term
Symptoms
Definition

Subjective changes such as headache (can detect but not measure)

Term

What can happen when severe imbalance in homeostasis occurs?

Definition

Death

Term
Epidemiology
Definition

Study of:

Occurance of diseases

Transmission in a community

Term
Pharmacology
Definition

Study of:

Effects and uses of drugs

Treatment of disease

Term

What do you need to distinguish one disorder/disease from another?

 

Definition

Signs and symptoms

Medical history-collecting information about event, present illness and past medical problems

Physical examination-orderly evaluation of the body and its function

Term
Medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
Lateral
Definition
away from the midline
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition

same line of body

Ex-right lef and arm

Term
Contralateral
Definition

Opposite sides of the body

Ex. left and right leg

Term
Proximal
Definition

Closest to the point of origin

Usually for joints

Term
Distal
Definition

Furthest from the point of origin

ex. leg to big toe

Term
Sagittal
Definition
Lengthwise, divides the body into right and left parts
Term
Median(Midsagittal)
Definition

sagittal plane through the midline

Term
Parasagittal
Definition

plane dividing into unequal right and left parts

Term
Frontal or Coronal
Definition

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Term
Transverse
Definition

Crosswise, divides the body into upper and lower

Term
Oblique
Definition

passes through the body at an angle

Term
Body Cavities
Definition
spaces that enclose internal organs
Term
Ventral Cavity
Definition

Composed of:

Thoracic cavity(chest cavity)

  • Pleural cavity-lungs
  • Pericardial-heart
  • Mediastinum-between lungs contains heart, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessel

Abdominopelvic cavity

  • Abdominal cavity-abdominal portion-liver, stomach, gallblader, intestine, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and ureters
  • Pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine

 

 

Term
Dorsal Cavity
Definition

Cranial cavity-brain

Spinal cavity-spinal cored

Term
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
Definition

Serous membrane-two layers of thin epithelial tissue

  •  Parietal layer-lines wall of cavities
  •  Visceral layer-covers organs
  •  Small space (cavity) filled with lubricating fluid between layers

Pleura membrane-serous membrane of the pleural cavities

  • Visceral Pleura clings to surface of lungs
  • Parietal Pleura lines the chest wall

Pericardium-series of membranes of the pericardial cavity

  • Visceral pericardium covers the heart
  • Partial pericardium lines the chest wall

Peritoneum-serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

  • Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera
  • Partial peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
Term
Viscera
Definition
Organs of thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities
Term
Serous membrane
Definition

  two layers of thin epithelial tissue

       Small space (cavity) filled with lubricating fluid between layers

Term
Pleura
Definition

       Parietal pleura lines the chest wall

Term
Peritoneum
Definition

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera

partial peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

Term
Medical Imaging
Definition

Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body

  • allows for visualization of structures inside the body
  • diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders
  • Conventional radiography (x-rays) have been used since the 1940's 
Term
Single Beam X-Rays
Definition
  • Produce image of interior structures called a radiograph (X-Ray)
  • inexpensice and quick
  • hollow structures(lungs) appear black and grey
  • dense structures(bone, heart) appear white
  • at low dose, useful for soft tissue(breast)
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition

High E magnetic field

protons in body fluid align with field

Color Image on video monitor

               2D/3D blueprint

Relatively safe procedure

not used on patients containing metel

used for differentiation normal and abnormal tissues

tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow

Term
Computed Tomography (CAT or CT-SCAN)
Definition

Beam of X-Rays trace an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body

Computer creates 3D image

Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography

Tissues in the intestines show varying degrees of grey

Whole body CT-Scan

         Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery disease

 

Term
Ultrasound Scanning
Definition

High frequency sound waves

Examples 

Sonogram

Noninvasive, painless, no dye, no danger

Pregnancy (3 mo) 

Term
Radionuclide Scanning
Definition

Radioactive substance given intravenously

Gamma rays detected by camera

Radionuclide image displayed on video monitor

Color intensity represents uptake

     Single photo emission computerized tomography               (SPECT)

          Specialized tech used for brain, heart, lungs, liver 

Term
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Definition

Positron emitting substance injected into body

Colision between positrons and e- in body tissues

Gamma rays produced

Computer constructs a PET scan image in color

Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism)

Term
Endoscope
Definition

Lighted instrument with end

image projected onto a monitor

Term
Colonoscopy
Definition
Interior of colon
Term
Laparoscopy
Definition
endoscopy of organs in abdominopelvic
Term
Arthroscopy
Definition
Endoscopy of the interior of joint (usually knee)
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Energy
Definition
capacity to do work; potential and kinetic
Term
Element
Definition

Cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances

Term
Atom
Definition
smallest unit of an element
Term
Compound
Definition
substance composed of 2 or more different elements
Term
Molecule
Definition
Formed when 2 or more atoms share electrons (covalent bonds)
Term
Chemical Symbols
Definition
Abbreviations for names of elements
Term
How many elements are in the body
Definition
26
Term
What are the major elements in the body and how much of the body's mass do they take up?
Definition

96%    C, H, Ni, O

Term
What are the lesser elements and how much of the body's mass do they take up?
Definition

3.6%    Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Fe

Term
What are the trace elements of the body,how much of the body mass do they take up,and what are they used for?
Definition

.4%   Iodine(thyroid), copper, manganese, fluorine, zinc. Used in enzyme activity

Term
Electrolytes
Definition
ion in solution
Term
Free Radical
Definition

Atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired e- in outermost shell. Highly unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to neaby molecules 

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