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A & P The Brain and Cranial Nerves
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
59
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
In the hypothalamus- Its nuclei include centers concerned with a wide variety of visceral functions...What are they?
Definition
  • Hormone secretion
  • Autonomic effects
  • Thermoregulation
  • Food and water intake
  • Sleep and circadian rhythms
  • Memory
  • Emotional behavior and sexual response
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
a very small mass of tissue composed mainly of the pineal gland, the habenula (a relay from the limbic system to the midbrain), and a thin roof over the third ventricle.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
the largest and most conspicuous part of the human brain.
Term
allows greater amount of cortex to fit in the cranial cavity
Definition
The folding of the cerebral surface into the gyri
Term
Gyri
Definition
This extensive folding is one of the greatest differences between the human brain and the relatively smooth-surfaced brains of most other mammals
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
lies immediately behind the frontal bone, surperior to the eyes
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition

forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone

 

Primary site for recieving and interpreting signals of the general senses

Term
Occipital lobe
Definition

at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone.

 

Principle visual center of the brain

Term
Temporal lobe
Definition

lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, seperated from the parietal lobe above it by a deep lateral sulcus.

 

Concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

Term
Insula
Definition

small mass of cortex deep to the lateral sulcus, made visible only by retracting or cutting away some of the overlying cerebrum

 

plays roles in understanding spoken language, in the sense of taste, and integrating sensory information from visceral receptors

Term
White Matter
Definition
Most of the volume of the cerebrum is...
Term
What is the cerebral white matter composed of?
Definition
Glia and myelinated nerve fibers that transmit signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and betwen the cerebrum and lower brain centers.
Term
What types of tracts do the fibers in the cerebral white matter form?
Definition

Projection Tracts

Commissural Tracts

Association Tracts

Term
Projection Tracts
Definition
carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body
Term
Commissural Tracts
Definition

Cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commisures.

 

Enable two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other.

Term
Association Tracts
Definition

connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere.

 

Link perceptual and memory centers of the brain (smell, name, and imagine a rose)

Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
a layer covering the surface of the hemispheres
Term
Stellate cells
Definition

have spheroidal somas with dendrites projecting for short distances in all directions.

 

concerned largely with receiving sensory input and processing information on a local level

Term
Pyrmidal cells
Definition
tall and conical, apex points toward the brain surface and has a thick dendrite with many branches and small, knobby dendritic spines.
Term
Pyramidal Cells (cont)
Definition
include the output neurons of the cerebrum--the only cerebral neurons whose fibers leave the cortext and connect with other parts of the CNS
Term
Neocortex
Definition
about 90% of the human cerebral cortext is a six layers tissue called the
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
Masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus
Term
Corpus Striatum
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Term
lentiform nucleus
Definition
The putamen and globus pallidus together are also called the
Term
Limbic System
Definition

is an important center of emotion and learning

ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus

Term
cingulate gyrus
Definition
arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobe
Term
hippocampus
Definition
medial temporal lobe
Term
amygdala
Definition
immediately rostral to the hippocampus, also in the temporal lobe
Term
Limbic System Roles
Definition
more significant roles in emotion and memory
Term
Brain Waves
Definition
recorded with electrodes on the scaplt, rhythmic voltage changes resulting predominantly from synchronized postsynaptic potentials in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortext.
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
Useful in studying normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness, and in diagnosing degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, trauma, and so forth.
Term
Brain Death
Definition
the complete and persistent absence of brain waves is a common clinical and legal criterion of...?
Term
alpha waves
Definition

frequency of 8-13 Hz

recorded in the parieto-occipital area

person is awake and resting, with the eyes closed and the mind wandering

(absent during deep sleep)

Term
Beta Waves
Definition

frequency of 14-30 Hz

occur in the frontal to parietal region

Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation

Term
Theta waves
Definition

frequency of 4-7 Hz

Normal in children and in drowsy or sleeping adults

predominance of theta waves in awake adults suggest emotional stress or brain disorders

Term
Delta Waves
Definition

"slow waves"

frequency of less than 3.5 Hz

Infants exhibit delta waves when awake

Adults exhibit them in deep sleep

Predominance of delta waves in awake adults indicate serious brain damage

Term
Sleep
Definition
can be defined as a temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated
Term
Circadian rhythms
Definition

marked by events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours

 

Term
Stage 1 of sleep
Definition
  • One feels drowsy
  • Thoughts come and go
  • One awakens easily if stimulated
  • Alpha Waves on EEG
Term
Stage 3 of sleep
Definition
  • One passes into deep sleep
  • About 20 min. after stage 1
  • Theta and Delta waves occur in EEG
  • Muscles relax
  • Vital signs fall
Term
Stage 2 of sleep
Definition
  • One passes into light sleep
  • EEG declines in frequency but increases in amplitude
  • 1-2 seconds of sleep spindles
Term
Stage 4 of sleep
Definition
  • Also called slow-wave sleep
  • EEG dominated by low frequency, high-amplitude delta waves
  • Muscles are now very relaxed
  • Vital signs are at their lowest
Term
Rapid Eye Movement (REM SLEEP)
Definition
About 5 times a night, a sleeper backtracks from state 3 or 4 to stage 2 and exhibits this.
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Definition

located just above the optic chiasm in the anterior hypothalamus.

 

 

Term
Cognition
Definition
the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowlege--sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, memory, imagination, and intuition.
Term
Association Areas 
Definition
Functions of cognition are widely distributed over regions of the cerebral cortext called
Term
Parietal lobe lesions can cause what?
Definition
people to become unaware of objects, or even their own limbs, on the other side of the body (contralateral neglect syndrome)
Term
Temporal lobe lesions cause what?
Definition
Agnosia, the inability to recognize, identify, and name familiar objects. In prospagnosia, a person cannot remember familiar faces, even his or her own reflection in a mirror.
Term
Front lobe lesions can cause what?
Definition
May produce profound personality disorders and socially inappropriate behavior
Term
Memory
Definition
One of the cognitive functions, but warrants special attention.
Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
injured people are either unable to stor new information
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
unable to recall things they knew before the injury
Term
amnesia refers to
Definition
defects in declarative memory (the ability to describe past events)
Term
_____________ of the limbic system is an important memory-forming center
Definition
Hippocampus
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
It does not store memories, but it organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long-term memory
Term
Memory consolidation
Definition
Process of "teaching the cerebral cortext" until a long-term memory is established is called
Term
Lesions of the hippocampus can cause...
Definition
Term
Median forebrain bundle (electrode is implanted in the area of an animals hypothalamus called the median forebrain bundle)
Definition
The animal is placed in a chamber with a foot pedal wired to that electrode. When the animal stepson the pedal, it recieves a mild electrical stimulus to the MFB. Apparently the sensation is strongly rewarding, because the animal soon starts to press the pedal over and over and may spend most of its time doing so--even to the point of neglecting food and water.
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