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A&P Test (Ch. 19-21)
Blood, Vessels, and Heart
21
Anatomy
11th Grade
02/10/2010

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Cards

Term

The Tunics that make up the walls of arteries and veins and their functions

Definition

1. Tunica Interna/Intima - Single layer of endothelial cells. Responsible for diffusion and reducing friction

2. Tunica Media - Made of smooth muslce

3. Tunica Externa Adventitia - Outer layer protecting the surface of the blood vessel.

Term
Tunic present in capillaries
Definition
Tunica Interna/Intima
Term

Types of blood vessels

Definition

1. Arteries (and arterioles) - Thick walls, smooth muslce with elastic tissue to withstand high pressure -Carry blood away from heart -Largest artery- Aorta

2. Capillaries -smallest and most numerous blood vessel. -single-cell thickness for easy diffusion -exchange of material between blood and body cells occurs here.

3. Veins (and venules) -One way valves in thin-walled vessels surrounded by a thin layer of smoothe muscle giving low resistance to blood flow. -blood flow assisted by skeletal muscle contractions -returns blood to heart -biggest veins- Vena Cavae

Term
How blood pressure is measured
Definition

-expressed as a ratio of systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.

-Measured in millilitres of of Hg

Term

Diastolic and Systolic blood pressure

Definition

Diastolic - blood pressure when ventricles are relaxed and filling

Systolic - Blood pressure when ventricles are contracting

Term

Three things that effect blood pressure

Definition

1. Rate and force of the heartbeat

2. Volume of blood pumped in each heartbeat (stroke volume)

3. Resistance of blood vessels to the flow of blood (peripheral resistance)

Term

Four components of blood

Definition

1. Plasma

2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

3. Leukocytes (white blood cells)

4. Platelets

Term
Plasma characteristics
Definition

1. 90% water 10% nutrients, gases, salts, hormones and...

Proteins (3)

1. Albumins - responsible for osmotic pressure and transportation of F.A., thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

2. Globulins - attack foreign proteins and pathogensm also called immunoglobins or antibodies

3. Fibrinogen - functions in blood clotting, form strands of fibrin

Term
Erythrocyte characteristics
Definition

-Contain red pigment hemoglobin

-Binds to and transports oxygen and C02

-Most abundant blood component

-No nucleus, life span: 120 days

Disorders: Anemia (low), Polycythemia (excess)

Term
Leukocytes (Granulocytes)
Definition

1. Neutrophils- very active in phagocyting bacteria, present in large amounts of pus of wounds, most common (60% WBC)

2. Basophils- discharge granules containing histamine and heparin into damaged tissue to promote inflammation and blood flow to damaged areas. Less than 1% WBC.

3. Eosinophils- attack parasites, control allergic reaction, produces heparin (prevents blood clots) and histamines, causes inflammatory reaction, 2% WBC

Term
Leukocytes (Agranulocytes)
Definition

Lymphocytes- role in immunity (2 types)

-T-Lymphocytes- cellular immunity

-B-Lymphocytes- produce antibodies

2. Monocytes- phagocytes that are very large. Disorders: Leukopenia- low number of WBC's. Leukocytosis- high number of WBC's

Leukemia- high WBC count after an infection

Term
Platelet characteristics
Definition

Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting.

Disorder: hemophilia - inherited disorder resulting in inadequate platelet production.

Term

Blood clotting cascade

Definition

1. Platelets (thrombocytes) cling to the site, forming a small mass of platelets called a chitethrombus, or platelet plug.

2. Platelets release seratonin, which causes tmuslces in the vessels to spasm, causing them to narrow (vasocontriction), decreasing blood flow

3. Thromboplastin is released by injured tissue and platelets. Causes prothrombin (in plasma) to convert it into thrombin

4. Thrombin joins fibrinogen forming long hairlike molecules, fibrin, which form a network of strands that trab RBC's forming the clot.

Term
Functions of blood (5)
Definition

1. Transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes.

2. Regulate the pH and electrolyte composition of fluids

3. Restrict fluid loss through damaged vessels.

4. Defend the body against toxins and pathogens.

5. Regulate body temperature

Term
Basic blood groups
Definition

A: has A antigens and anti-B antibodies

B: has B antigens and anti-A antibodies

AB: has A and B antigens and no antibodies

O: Has no antigens and anti-A and B antibodes

AB- universal reciever

O- universal donor

Term
Layers of the heart wall
Definition

1. Epicardium- outermost layer, thin, serous membrane of the pericardium

2. Myocardium- middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle

3. Endocardium- innermost layer, appears milky white, lines chambers of heart and prevents friction.

Term
Membrane surrounding heart
Definition

Parietal Pericardium- lines inner surface of the pericardial sac.

Visceral Pericardium-(epicardium)- covers surface of the heart.

Term
Nervous Cardiac Cycle
Definition

1. Heartbeat is initiated by Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), located in the right atrium

2. Contraction of the right and left atria occurs.

3. Impulse is sent to the Atrioventricular (AV) node in the inferior portion of the right atrium

4. Impulse travels into the AV bundle (Bundle of His), which branches into the right and left ventricle nerves called Bundle Branches.

The impulse travels through the Purkinje fibres, causing the ventricles to contract.

Term

Location of SA and AV nodes, AV Bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibres

Definition

1.  SA node - Right Atrium (superior)

2. AV node - Right Atrium (inferior)

3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His) - Superior Septum wall

4. Bundle branches - Septum and ventricle walls

5. Purkinje fibres - Ventricular walls

Term

Three Circulation Circuits

Definition

1. Pulmonary Circuit - right side of heart recieves blood which is pumped to the lungs.  High in CO2.

2. Systemic Circuit - pumps blood from lungs to the other body stsems.  Blood high in O2.

3. Coronary Circuit - Blood pumped from left side of heart to heart tissue.  Returns to right side.

Term

Diseases of the Circulatory System

Definition

1. Atherosclerosis - fatty deposits on walls of arteries causing blockage and clots. (Blockage of coronary arteries is called Myocardial infarction [heart attack])

2. Blood clots in a cerebral artery of a ruptured artery causes a stoke.

3. Hypertension - very high blood pressure causes heart to work harder.  This can cause heart fatigue and heart stops beating (Heart failure)

 

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