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A&P Test 3
N/A
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/01/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Agonist and Antagonist
Definition

The prime mover muscle that provides major force of specific movement.

 

 

 

The muscles that oppose of reverse a particular movement.

Term
Muscles ___ because they contract
Definition
Muscles PULL (they do NOT push)
Term
Synergists (muscles)
Definition
Help the prime movers by adding extra force to the movement or by reducing undesirible/unnecisary movement.
Term
Muscle shapes: circular
Definition
ex: obicularis oris
Term
Muscle shapes: convergent
Definition
Ex: pectoralis major
Term
Muscle shapes: parallel
Definition
ex: sartorius
Term
Muscle naming
Definition
Associated with bones, body regions, shape of muscle, size of muscle, the direction that the fibers run, the number of muscle origins, location of origin or insertion, and even action.
Term
CNS
Definition
Consists of the brain and spinal cord & is the integrationg and command center of the nervous system
Term
PNS
Definition
Outside the CNS. Two divisions; 1) the sensory (afferent) carries impulses toward the CNS & located throughout the body 2) the motor (efferent) division of the PNC that carries impulses from CNS to the effector organs (which are muscles and glands). 
Term
The divisions of the motor (efferent) PNS
Definition

Divided into; the somatic nervous system (SNS) which consists of somatic nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles to allow voluntary control of motor activities.

 

And the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) which allows the involuntary movement of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

Term
Nerurons vs Neuroglia
Definition
Neurons are the main nerve cells (axon, nucleus, dendrites). Neuroglia (glia cells) are support cells for neurons and there are many kinds.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Neuroglia of the CNS that regulate the chemical environment around the neurons and exchange between neurons and capilaries (most abundant)
Term
Microglia
Definition
Neuroglia of the CNS that monitor health and perform defense functions for neurons
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
Neuroglia cells of the CNS that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (typically line cavities with CSF)
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Neuroglia cells of the CNS that wrap around neuron fibers and form mylein sheaths.
Term
Satelite cells
Definition
Neuroglia cells of the PNS that are found surrounding neuron cell bodies and their function is largely unknown.
Term
Schwan Cells
Definition
Nueroglia cell of the PNS that surround nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths (with nodes).
Term
Neuron Parts
Definition
Specialized cells that conduct messages in the form of electrical impulses. Have a; neuron body (soma or perikaryon) which contains organelles, dendrites which are the receptive regions of the cell, an axon which generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals, and a myelin sheath which is a fatty covering that insulates and increases condution of axons.
Term
Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons
Definition
Multipolar have 3 or more processes, bipolar have single axon & dendrite, unipolar have single process extending from the cell body that is associated with receptors at the distal end
Term
3 types of structural neurons
Definition
Sensory; conduct impulses toward the CNS (afferent). Motor; conduct impulses away from the CNS (efferent). Interneurons; conduct impulses between sensory and motor neurons or in CNS pathways
Term
Voltage (membrane potential)
Definition
The measure of the amount of difference in electrical charge between 2 points (which is called the potential difference).
Term
Current (membrane potential)
Definition
Is the flow of electrical charge from point to point (and is dependent on voltage and resistance). In the body, electrical currents are due to the movement of ions across the cellular membranes.
Term
Chemically, voltage, and mechanically gated channels
Definition
Chemically gated channels open when apporopriate chemical binds (ex neurotransmitters). Voltage gated open in response to change in membrane potential. Mechanically gated open when a membrane receptor is physically deformed.
Term
Resting membrane potential
Definition
The flow of ions across the membrane creates electrical currents. The degree of difference between the highly (-) inside of the cell than the more (+) charge outside of the cell is what creates the resting membrane potential. This potential is generated by differences in ionic makeup of intracellular and extracellular makeup and certain membrane permiability of solutes.
Term
CNS & PNS Divisions
Definition
CNS is just the CNS PNS has a sensory (or afferent) division and a motor (efferent) divison
Term
Thick axons VS. thin axons
Definition
Thick axons have faster action potentials because the surface area is larger, myelin makes it faster.
Term
The synapse
Definition
A junction that mediates information transfer between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell.
Term
Presynaptic cells
Definition
Neurons conducting impulses toward the synapse.
Term
Postsynapse
Definition
Neurons carrying impulses away from the synapse
Term
Electrical synapses
Definition
Have neurons that are electrically coupled via protein channels and allow direct exchange of ions from cell to cell.
Term
Chemical synapses
Definition
are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmistters
Term
Axosomatic synapses
Definition
between axon endings and axon cell body (soma)
Term
Axodendritic synapses
Definition
synapses between the axon endings of one cell and the dendrites of another
Term
Axoaxonic synapses
Definition
Least common, synapse between dendrites of an axon to another axon
Term
Neuronal pools
Definition
There are a few different kinds; but they take incoming information and relay the information to other areas.
Term
Diverging circuts (neuronal pools)
Definition
Common in sensory and motor pathways, they are amplifying. They have an incoming fiber that triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers of fibers along circuts.
Term
Converging circuts (neuronal pools)
Definition
Common in sensory and motor pathways. Have a reception of input from many sources and funneling into a given circut.
Term
Reverberating circuts (neuronal pools)
Definition
Have axon collarerals to pervious points in te pathway resulting in ongoing stimulation of the pathway
Term
Parallel circuts (neuronal pools)
Definition
May be involved in comples activities, characterized by stimulation of several neurons arranged in parallel arrays b stimulation neuron.
Term
Serial processing
Definition
Reflex arc. Exemplified by spinal reflexes and involves sequential stimulations of neurons in a circut.
Term
Parallel processing
Definition
Results in inputs stimulation many pathways simultaneously, vital to higher level mental functioning.
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