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A&P Pam Puckett Test 4
Nervous System
114
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/21/2009

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Term
central nervous system
Definition
includes the brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
includes the 12 pair of cranial nerves and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Term
excitable
Definition
Neurons are the _____ tissue cells that create action potentials that we call nerve impulses
Term
structure and function
Definition
neurons differ in ____ and ____
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
receive stimuli and carry information towards the CNS
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
neurons that receive stimuli and carry information towards the CNS (afferent pathway)
Term
interneurons
Definition
neurons within the CNS--also called association neurons
Term
motor neurons
Definition
neurons carrying action potentials towards the effectors (muscle or gland) down an efferent pathway
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
carrying action potentials towards the effectors
Term
effectors
Definition
muscle or gland
Term
neuroglial cells
Definition
other cells found within nervous tissue that are not excitable and serve the functions of guiding, supporting, nourishing, and protecting the neurons
Term
amitotic
Definition
mature neurons that do not divide
Term
gliomas
Definition
tumors that arise from neuroglial cells
Term
neuroglial cells
Definition
astocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells are all ________
Term
astrocytes
Definition
neuroglial cell that forms scar tissue, located between neurons and blood vessels, metabolize glucose, and regulates K+ concentration
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
neuroglial cell that forms the myelin sheath
Term
microglia
Definition
neuroglial cell that supports and phagocytizes foreign material
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
neuroglial cells that are ciliated and line ventricles and modify the CNS
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
located only within the PNS and form the myelin sheaths around axons
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
relays information between tissues and the CNS
Term
nerves
Definition
bundle of axons in the PNS
Term
nerve
Definition
a bundle of nerve axons surrounded by connective tissue
Term
tracts
Definition
the bundles of axons within the brain and spinal cord
Term
sensory division
Definition
carrying information to the CNS
Term
somatic division
Definition
controlling skeletal muscles and spinal reflexes
Term
autonomic division
Definition
controls involuntary body functions
Term
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Definition
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Term
the 2 divisions
Definition
__________ of the ANS release different neurotransmitters at the target tissue and have opposite effects
Term
both
Definition
the body maintains homeostasis by adjustments of ____ divisions of the ANS
Term
ANS
Definition
involves 2 neurons, one with the cell body inside the CNS, the second with the cell bodies forming ganglia outside of the CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
bunches
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
"rest and digest"
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
75% of ________ innervation is through the vagus nerve
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
in this part of the ANS, the first neuron is long and the ganglia are located near the organs innervated; the neurotransmitter released at the target issue is acetylcholine and the effect can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor in the target issues.
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
_______ nerves arise from the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord
Term
sympathetic
Definition
"fight or flight"
Term
sympathetic
Definition
part of the ANS, the first neuron originates in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and is short; ganglia formed by the bodies of the second neurons tend to run alongside the spinal column
Term
sympathetic
Definition
neurotransmitter released at the target tissue is norepinephrine and may be excitatory or inhibitory depnding upon the type of receptors (ANS)
Term
sympathetic
Definition
(ANS) the adrenal medulla is the ganglia of the second neurons and releases 25% norepinephrine and 75% epinephrine (adrenaline) that boosts the sympathetic response.
Term
adrenaline
Definition
epinephrine
Term
norepinephrine and epinephrine
Definition
are slow to be removed from the synaptic cleft, so the sympathetic response is more long lasting that the parasympatic where ACh is removed immediately by acetylcholinesterase
Term
brain
Definition
most complex and largest part of the nervous system
Term
brain
Definition
contains centers associated with sensations, issues motor commands, and carries on higher mental functions
Term
12
Definition
__ pairs of cranial nerves connecting the brain to parts in the head, neck, and trunk
Term
cerebrum
Definition
2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
outer layer of the cerebrum that is a thin layer of gray matter (cell bodies) near the surface
Term
cell bodies
Definition
gray matter in cerebral cortex
Term
white matter
Definition
consists of the myelinated nerve fibers that connect neurons and communicate with other body parts
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
has sensory, motor, and association centers
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
divided into lobes by fissures
Term
gyri
Definition
elevations on surface of cerebral cortex
Term
sulci
Definition
depressions on the surface of the cerebral cortex
Term
cranial bones
Definition
the lobes of the cerebrum are named for ____
Term
frontal
Definition
personality and motor
Term
temporal
Definition
hearing
Term
parietal
Definition
sensory
Term
occipital
Definition
sight
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
contains sensory, motor, and association area, which are connected to one another
Term
cerebellum
Definition
reflex center, coordinates skeletal muscle movements and maintains equilibrium
Term
diencephalon
Definition
contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic region
Term
thalamus
Definition
relay center for information to various parts of the brain
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
maintains homeostasis, controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions such as fear and pleasure
Term
limbic region
Definition
emotions and short term memory
Term
brainstem
Definition
extends from base of cerebrum to spinal cord
Term
reticular formation
Definition
spreads throughout and keeps the brain alert and connected (brainstem)
Term
midbrain
Definition
reflex centers for eye and head movement
Term
pons
Definition
bridges and modifies respiration
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers and reflexes for coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc.
Term
31
Definition
spinal cord is composed of __ segments each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves
Term
spinal cord
Definition
provides a two-way communication between the brain and structures outside of the nervous system
Term
meninges
Definition
bone and protective membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
Term
dura mater
Definition
tough mother--outer layer
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
middle layer--weblike
Term
pia mater
Definition
inner layer--soft mother
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
constantly being produced in the ventricles (interconnected cavities) of the brain from blood plasma and fills the space between the arachnoic and pia mater
Term
ventricles
Definition
produces cerebral spinal fluid
Term
ventricles
Definition
interconnected cavities
Term
ascending tracts
Definition
carry impulses toward the brain
Term
descending tracts
Definition
carry impulses to the muscles and glands
Term
tracts
Definition
many of the fibers in the ____ cross over in the spinal cord and brain
Term
a dorsal root
Definition
contains sensory information--each nerve in the spinal cord emerges from ____ ___
Term
ventral root
Definition
containing motor information
Term
mixed nerves
Definition
all spinal cord nerves are ___ ___
Term
plexus
Definition
most spinal nerves combine to form ____ that direct impulses to a particular body part
Term
cranial
Definition
the _____ nerves may be sensory, motor, or mixed
Term
ganglia
Definition
There are many ____ scattered throughout the white matter of the brain.
Term
reflexes
Definition
automatic, unconscious responses to stimuli
Term
reflex arc
Definition
usually contains a receptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons in the NS, a motor neuron, and an effector (muscle or gland)
Term
reflex
Definition
A ___ may involve the brain or it could be a spinal reflex
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
All cells have ____ ____ _____ with the outside of due tothe Na+/K+ pump pumps 3Na+ out and 2 K+ in the cell membrane being more positive than the inside of the cell membrane
Term
polarization
Definition
the outside of the cell membrane being more positive than the inside due to the Na+/K+ pump pumps 3Na+ out and 2 K+ in
Term
3;2
Definition
the Na+/K+ pump pumps _ Na+ out and _ K+ in
Term
Na+/K+ pump
Definition
maintains the resting membrane potential and requires ATP
Term
altered
Definition
excitable cells such as muscle fiber and neurons can have their resting membrane potential _____
Term
chemically gated ion channels
Definition
neurotransmitters binding to a receptor or a receptor being stimulated by some form of energy opens the ________ ______ ____ ______
Term
threshold
Definition
If Na+ enter the difference between the outside of the cell membrane and the inside becomes less, ___ may be reached.
Term
excitatory
Definition
when threshold is releases it is _____
Term
depolarization
Definition
the voltage gated Na+ channels open and a large influx of Na+ causes a reversal of the polarity
Term
action potential
Definition
when reversal of polarity occurs (depolarization), it is an ___ ____ that is recrated as it travels down the axon of the neuron.
Term
all or none
Definition
action potentials are _______ (all same size and traveling the same direction)
Term
repolarized
Definition
There must be a refractory period during which the neuron is ________
Term
absolute refractory period
Definition
means that it is impossible to create another action potential
Term
relative refractory period
Definition
follows the absolute refractory period during which another action potential might be created
Term
threshold; excitable state
Definition
since the electrochemical gradient is closer to _____, it is easier to create another action potential and the neuron is said to be in an ______ ________
Term
frequency
Definition
the only way to indicate the size of the stimulus is to increase the ____ of the action potential
Term
influx of Ca++
Definition
the action potential causes an ___ __ ___ that causes the neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft
Term
myelated axons (saltatory conduction)
Definition
In ________ _____, the action potentials are recrated only at the nodes, so the conduction is much more rapid (this is called ______ ______)
Term
inhibitory
Definition
some receptors open channels that let K+ out of the cell and increase the difference in polarity --this makes it more difficult to reach threshold and create action potentions and are ______
Term
both
Definition
a neuron might be receiving ___ excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials from neurotransmitters binding to different types of receptors
Term
summated
Definition
the excitatory and inhibitory graded potentials are ____ and the one with the greatest number determines whether or not an action potential is created
Term
convergence
Definition
is when many axons are innervating the dendrites of a neuron
Term
divergence
Definition
is when an axon branches to form collateralls and innervates the dendrites of many other neurons
Term
collaterals
Definition
divergence is when an axon branches to form _____ and innervates the dendrites of many other neurons
Term
ganglia
Definition
are locations where there are many convergences and divergences for the summation of graded potentials
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