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A&P Pam Puckett Lecture Test 3
bones, joints, cartilage
133
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/01/2009

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Term
compact bone
Definition
the hard bone found at the ends of long bones and on the outside of the shaft
Term
compact bone
Definition
type of bone that is arranged in osteons with a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
lacunae
Definition
spaces that house the osteocytes
Term
lamella (plural lamellae)
Definition
individual circle around the central canal (there are many layers of them)
Term
canaliculi
Definition
run from the central canal to the osteocytes to deliver nutrients
Term
cancellous bone
Definition
a name for spongy bone
Term
spongy bone
Definition
type of bone found containing red marrow and lining the shafts of long bones
Term
trabeculae
Definition
osteocytes in spongy bone are housed in a branching area that has many spaces (instead of osteon)
Term
spongy bone
Definition
type of bone that provides strength and reduces the weight of the bone
Term
In order for bone to be deposited
Definition
______________, the diet must include amino acids, vitamins A, C, and D, and minterals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese.
Term
calcitonin
Definition
hormone from the thyroid gland that stimulates the bone building cells whenever the blood calcium level gets too high
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone building cells
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
hormone that stimulates the cells that break down bone whenever the blood calcium gets too low
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bone
Term
somatotropin (growth hormone)
Definition
hormone that affects bone growth
Term
testosterone and estrogen
Definition
male and female sex hormones
Term
the pull of muscles and the force of gravity
Definition
influences bone growth proportional to the mechanical stress
Term
shape
Definition
bones are classified according to _____
Term
long bones
Definition
type of bone that includes the femur, tibia, fibula, ulna, and radius
Term
epiphyses
Definition
characteristic of long bones--ends covered with articular cartilage
Term
diaphysis
Definition
characteristic of long bones--shaft
Term
periosteum
Definition
characteristic of long bones--covering except where articular cartilage
Term
short bone
Definition
type of bone that includes the carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, and metatarsals
Term
irregular bone
Definition
type of bone that includes the vertebrae and facial bones
Term
flat bone
Definition
type of bone that includes the sternum, ribs, cranium, hipbones, scapula (usually curved)
Term
sesamoid bone
Definition
type of bone that develops inside a tendon (ex. patella)
Term
1. hematoma formation
2. spongy bone and fibrocartilage callus develop
3. bony callus develops
4. osteoclasts move in and polish callus down (remodeling)
Definition
the process of repair after a bone is broken
Term
remodeling
Definition
when osteoclasts move in and polish callus down
Term
open fracture
Definition
when a broken bone penetrates the skin
Term
closed fracture
Definition
a broken bone that does not penetrate the skin
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
incomplete fracture (common in children)
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
fracture "like popcorn"
Term
transverse fracture
Definition
fracture--across
Term
oblique fracture
Definition
fracture--angled
Term
spiral fracture
Definition
type of fracture commonn when a football player gets tackled and in skiers
Term
non-displaced fracture
Definition
fracture where the bone ends are still aligned
Term
displaced fracture
Definition
fracture where the bone ends are not aligned
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
common bone problem involving softening of bone (Rickett's in children)
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
common bone problem involving the loss of organic and inorganic bone matrix
Term
Paget's Disease
Definition
common bone problem involving the imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
common bone problem involving bone neoplasm
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
common bone problem involving bone infection
Term
achondroplasia
Definition
common bone problem involving genetic non-lengthening of long bones
Term
articulation
Definition
another name for joint
Term
joint
Definition
is formed whenever two or more bones meet; the functional junctions between bones
Term
joints
Definition
classified functionally by the amount of movement
Term
synarthroses
Definition
joint with no movement
Term
amphiarthroses
Definition
joint with some movement
Term
diarthroses
Definition
joint that is very moveable
Term
fibrous joint
Definition
a type of joint where the bones are tightly fastened with little or no movement
Term
suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
Definition
3 types of fibrous joints are _____, ______, and _____
Term
suture
Definition
type of fibrous joint between flat bones of skull, connective tissue and interlocking bony plates
Term
synarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a suture joint
Term
syndesmosis
Definition
type of fibrous joint that is bound by long fibers of connective tissue--tibia and fibula at distal end
Term
amphiarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a syndesmosis joint
Term
gomphosis
Definition
type of fibrous joint in union of a cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket-teeth in maxilla and mandible
Term
synarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a gomphosis joint
Term
cartilaginous joints
Definition
a type of joint where a layer of cartilage holds bones together
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
a type of cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage that ossifies with growth--epiphyseal disk
Term
synarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a synchondrosis joint
Term
symphysis
Definition
type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline covered surfaces are attached to a pad of fibrocartilage--pubic symphysis and intervetebral disks
Term
amphiarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a symphysis joint
Term
synovial joint
Definition
most complex type of joint--include articular cartilage, joint capsule, and a synovial membrane
Term
diarthrotic
Definition
type of movement in a synovial joint
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
part of a synovial joint that covers the articular ends of bones
Term
joint capsule
Definition
part of a synovial joint that is strengthened by ligaments holding bones together
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
part of a synovial joint that lines the inside of the joint capsule
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
part of a synovial joint that is secreted by the membrane and mostens and lubricates the articular surface
Term
menisci
Definition
part of the synovial joint that divides the synovial joints into compartments
Term
bursae
Definition
some synovial joints have fluid filled ______ located between the skin and the underlying bone prominences
Term
bursae
Definition
cushions the movement of tendons over bony parts (in a synovial joint)
Term
movement
Definition
Synovial joints are named for the _____ the allow.
Term
gliding joing
Definition
type of synovial joint in wrist and ankle for back and forth movement
Term
hinge joint
Definition
type of synovial joint that allows angular movement in one plane only--elbow and phalanges (trochlea of the ulna fits into the trochlear notch of the humerus of the elbow)
Term
pivot joint
Definition
type of synovial joint that permits rotational movement--between radius and ulna and between atlas and axis
Term
saddle joint
Definition
type of synovial joint where convex and concave bones fit together--carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Term
condyloid joint
Definition
type of synovial joint where ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another--no rotation--between metacarpals and phalanges
Term
ball and socket joint
Definition
type of synovial joint where a globular head on one bone fits into cup shape on another--wide variety of movement, including rotation-hip and shoulder (most moveable of all joints).--in the shoulder, the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Term
flexion
Definition
joint movement that decreases angle between bones
Term
extension
Definition
joint movement that increases the angle between bones
Term
hyperextension
Definition
joint movement that exceeds the normal angle
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
joint movement where toes are up
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
joint movement with toes pointed
Term
abduction
Definition
joint movment away from the midline of the body
Term
adduction
Definition
joint movement toward the midline of the body
Term
rotation
Definition
joint movement in a circular motion
Term
circumduction
Definition
joint movement in more than one plane
Term
supination
Definition
joint movement with palm up
Term
pronation
Definition
joint movement with palm down
Term
eversion
Definition
joint movement with sole to outside
Term
inversion
Definition
joint movement with sole to inside
Term
elevation
Definition
joint movement with a lift--like shoulder
Term
depression
Definition
joint movement that brings down
Term
protraction
Definition
joint movement that sticks jaw out
Term
retraction
Definition
joint movement that pulls jaw back
Term
knee
Definition
most complex joint; a gliding joint
Term
gliding joint
Definition
type of joint where the patella meets the femur and a condyloid where the femur joins the menesci and the tibia
Term
206
Definition
____ bones in the body
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
contains the cranial bones, facial bones, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
contains the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, arms, and legs
Term
cervical
Definition
part of the vertebral column that has 7 vertebrae
Term
thoracic
Definition
part of the vertebral column that has 12 vertebrae
Term
lumbar
Definition
part of the vertebral column that has 5 vertebrae
Term
sacrum
Definition
part of the vertebral column that has 5 fused vertebrae
Term
coccyx
Definition
the most inferior part of the vertebral column with 3-4 fused vertebrae
Term
sternum
Definition
"breastbone"
Term
12
Definition
total number of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebrae
Term
true ribs
Definition
ribs number 1-7 that are attached to the sternum
Term
false ribs
Definition
ribs number 8-12 attached to the true ribs
Term
floating ribs
Definition
part of the false ribs that do not attach anteriorly
Term
pectoral girdle
Definition
composed of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
Term
clavicles
Definition
collarbones attached to sternum
Term
scapulae (scapula singular)
Definition
shoulderblades attached to clavicles
Term
arm
Definition
composed of humerus, radius, ulna, capals, metacarpals, phalanges
Term
ulna
Definition
bone that forms the elbow
Term
8
Definition
number of carpals forming the wrist
Term
5
Definition
number of metacarpals forming the palm
Term
14
Definition
number of phalanges (thumb and finger)since the thumb is opposable
Term
pelvic girdle
Definition
composed of 2 coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Term
coxal bones
Definition
"hipbones"
Term
coccyx
Definition
"tailbone"
Term
leg
Definition
composed of a femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Term
femur
Definition
strongest and longest bone in the body
Term
femur
Definition
"thigh bone"
Term
tibia
Definition
"shin bone" --weight bearing
Term
7
Definition
number of tarsals forming the ankle and heel
Term
5
Definition
number of metatarsals forming the instep
Term
14
Definition
number of phalanges forming the toes
Term
common joint problems
Definition
bursitis, tendonitis, and arthritis
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
type of joint problem that occurs with age
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
joint problem that is an auto-immune disease
Term
gout
Definition
joint problem caused by the deposition of crystals in a joint
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