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A&P Pam Puckett Lecture Test 2
Test 2 Tissues
166
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/29/2009

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Term
A Tissue
Definition
composed of two or more cells that are similiar in origin, structure, and function
Term

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Definition
4 Basic Types of Tissue
Term
muscle and nervous, because an electrochemical gradient can be set up by moving ions
Definition
excitable tissues
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
found in coverings, linings, and some glands
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
one exposed surface and one surface attached to a basement membrane of connective tissue, avascular, and mitotic.
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
attached to  one another on the sides by tight junctions or flexible adhesion called desmosomes.  functions are: protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
Term
Epithelial cells
Definition
classified by shape
Term
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Definition
flat cells in which diffusion occurs easily
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
found in alveoli and capillaries
Term
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
several layers of flat cells found in the skin that fill up with keratin
Term
Keratinized Squamous Epithelium
Definition
old, hard cells are pushed to the surface and die
Term
lining of the Buccal cavity
Definition
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
square cells with a centrally located nucleus
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
form kidney tubules with tight junctions
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
found in the ducts of sweat glands and pancreas
Term
Columnar Epithelium
Definition
cells that are taller than they are wide with a nucleus located near the basement membrane
Term
microvilli
Definition
extensions of the cell membrane
Term
microvilli
Definition
used to increase surface area
Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
cells that produce mucous
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium and Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
have Goblet cells
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
found in uterus and digestive track
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
functions are protection, secretion, and absorption
Term
Fallopian Tube
Definition
located of ciliated (pseudostratified) columnar epithelium where the cilia helps move the egg along
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
found in male urethra and pharynx
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
found in the upper respiratory tract and the fallopian tubes
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
appears to be stratified but all cell are attached to a basement membrane
Term
Microtubules
Definition
forms Cilia
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
has all three cell shapes and can be stretched
Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
lines the organs of the urinary tract and bladder
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
body cavity that has an opening to the outside are lined with a
Term
Mucosa
Definition
mucous membrane
Term
Serous Membranes
Definition
body cavities that are not exposed to the outside have a membrane that produces a more liquid solution
Term
Serosa
Definition
name for a Serous Membrane
Term
Visceral Membrane
Definition
serous membrane covering the organ
Term
Parietal Membrane
Definition
Serous Membrane lining the body cavity
Term
Visceral Pleura
Definition
the covering of the lungs
Term
Parietal Pleura
Definition
lining of the Pleural Cavity
Term
Visceral Pericardium
Definition
covering of the heard
Term
Parietal Pericardium
Definition
lining of the Pericardial Cavity
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
lining of the abdominal cavity
Term
Synovial Membranes
Definition
line joint cavities and secrete Synovial Fluid
Term
Synovial Membranes
Definition
composed of fibrous connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and adipose tissue
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
connects, supports, protects, provides frameworks, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, provides protection against infection, and repairs damaged tissues
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
most abundant tissue type in the body and shows the greatest variation in structure
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
type of tissue where cells are not joined, but are far apart in an intercellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance.
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
cell type which produces  fibers of the proteins--collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
Term
Collagen
Definition
most abundant protein in the body
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
very fine collagen
Term
Collagen
Definition
thick and white
Term
Elastin
Definition
thin and yellow
Term
macrophages
Definition
white blood cells which carry out phagocytosis
Term
Mast Cells
Definition
produce heparin and histamine
Term
Loose Fibrous (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Definition
tissue has few cells and fibers in a liquid
Term
Loose Fibrous (Areolar) Connective Tissue
Definition
forms a basement membrane and binds organs together
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
a type of loose connective tissure that stores lipids
Term
Adipocyte
Definition
a cell that stores fat
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
found beneath the skin and around organs such as the heart, kidney, and ovaries (and pretty much everywhere else in the body)
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
type of tissue where cytoplasm and organelles are pushed to the side of the cell
Term
Mucous Membrane
Definition
digestive, genital, urinary, and respiratory tracts all have this
Term
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Definition
has strong collagen fibers that bind structures
Term
ligaments
Definition
bind bone to bone
Term
tendons
Definition
bind muscle to bone
Term
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Definition
found in ligaments, tendons, and in the skin
Term
Elastic Connective Tissue
Definition
has mainly elastin fibers and is found in hollow internal organs that stretch
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition
tissue is made of thin, branched collagen fibers and gives support
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition
found in liver, spleen, and various lymphatic organs
Term
Cartilage
Definition
has a matrix of fibers and a gel-like ground substance
Term
chondrocyte
Definition
cartilage cell
Term
lacuna
Definition
the space where a chondrocyte is located
Term
cartilage
Definition
heals slowly, because there is little blood supply
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
most abundant cartilage in the body
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
cartilage that is shiny and white
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
cartilage found in the embryonic skeleton and at the end of long bones
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
cartilage with more elastin
Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
cartilage found in outer ear and the larynx
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
has lots of collagen
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
found between the vertebrae of the spinal column
Term
Bone
Definition
has a matrix of collagen fibers covered by calcium salts
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
Lacuna
Definition
Osteocyte is located inside this
Term

lamella

(lamellae plural)

Definition
circles around a central canal that contain the lacunae
Term
Osteonic Canal
Definition
canal inside of the bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Term
canaliculi
Definition
(in a bone) runs from the central canal through the lamella
Term
Bone
Definition
heals easily, because it has a good blood supply
Term
Plasma
Definition
the liquid matrix in the blood--mainly water with ions
Term
Blood
Definition
composed of plasma, amino acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and dissolved gases
Term
Erythrocyte
Definition
blood cell that carries oxygen
Term
Leukocyte
Definition
blood cell that protects the body from infection
Term
Platelets
Definition
blood component that aids in blood clotting
Term
platelets
Definition
parts of thrombocytes
Term
Reticuloendothelial Tissue
Definition
refers to the phagocytic white blood cells scattered throughout the body
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
composed of the proteins actin and myosin
Term
Fiber
Definition
Muscle Cell
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
long, run parallel to one another, are striated, have many nuclei pushed near the cell membrane, and under voluntary control
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
type of muscle tissue found attached to bones or membranes
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
muscle found only in heart
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
muscle that is branched, striated, uninucleate, and has intercalated discs with gap junctions
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle that uses gap junctions for free movement of ions
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
muscle that is spindle shaped, non-striated, uninucleate, and involuntary.
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
muscle found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and blood vessels
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Term
peripheral nerves
Definition
nerves outside of the central nervous system
Term
Neuron
Definition
cell capable of transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or a muscle or gland
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
space between neurons where neurotransmitters are sent (Neurons never touch eachother)
Term
Neuroglial cell
Definition
a type of cell found in nervous tissue that is not capable of transmitting nerve impulses
Term
Neuroglial Cell
Definition
a connective tissure cell that protects and supports the neurons
Term
Neurons
Definition
loose their centriles and most are unable to divide when mature
Term
Brain Tumor (neoplasm)
Definition
growth of glial cells (glioma)
Term
skin
Definition
sometimes called the cutaneous membrane
Term
skin
Definition
is also an organ because it contains more than one type of tissue (actually all four types)
Term
skin
Definition
largest organ
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
contains skin, hair, and nails
Term
epidermis
Definition
composed of stratified squamous epithelium with keratanocytes and melanocytes
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
cells making the protein keratin
Term
melanocytes
Definition
cells making the protein pigment melanin
Term
stratum basale
Definition
the bottommost layer of cells attached to a basement membrane in the epidermis
Term
stratum basale
Definition
layer of epidermis that is mitotic
Term
Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Granulosum
Definition
layers in the epidermis that are living and filling up with keratin
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
a fifth, clear layer of the epidermis found only in the palms and soles
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
uppermost layer of the epidermis that is composed of dead cells full of keratin
Term
Epidermis
Definition
layer of skin that has no direct blood supply
Term
Dermis
Definition
fibrous connective tissue with muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerve endings
Term
Dermis
Definition
the layer of skin that becomes thinner as we age because protein synthesis slows and less collegen and elastin are produced
Term
Receptors
Definition
nerve endings in the dermis
Term
Corium
Definition
another name for dermis
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
also called the hypodermis
Term
Subcutaneous Layer
Definition
layer of skin composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Term
hair follicles
Definition
formed from the epidermis
Term
Arrector Pili Muscle
Definition
muscle attached to every hair
Term
keratin
Definition
as the hair grows it is filled up by ____
Term
Sebacious Gland
Definition
each follicle has an attached gland that secretes sebum
Term
Aging
Definition
results in protein synthesis slowing (less sebum meaning drier hair and skin) and the production of pigment slows and hair losses color
Term
red hair
Definition
hair that contains iron in the pigment that gives a distinct color
Term
Epidermal Cells
Definition
skin cells that undergo keratinization and also produce nails
Term
Sebacious Gland
Definition
a type of exocrine gland that release cells filled with an oil called sebum that lubricates
Term
exocrine gland
Definition
gland that has ducts
Term
Holocrine Gland
Definition
secretory gland in the epidermis that is a type of exocrine gland
Term
Sweat Glands
Definition
coiled tines with pores on the surface of the body
Term
Eccrine Sweat Gland
Definition
sweat gland located on the forehead and neck
Term
Eccrine Sweat Gland
Definition
sweat gland that secretes water, salts, and a little urea.  It cools you off by absorbing heat to evaporate.
Term
Merrocrine Gland
Definition
sweat gland in which no cell parts are lost
Term
Apocrine Gland
Definition
sweat gland located in the axilla, groin, and around nipples
Term
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Definition
parts of the cell are lost during secretions from this gland.  It produces a smelly sweat during fear, pain, and sexual arousal.
Term
Modified Sweat Glands
Definition
sweat gland that includes the mammary gland and the cermuninuous gland of the ear canal which produces ear wax (cerumen)
Term
non-pigmented epithelial cells
Definition
skin cancer usually arises from this
Term
Basal Cell or Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Definition
grow less quickly and less deadly than melanomas
Term
Melanoma
Definition
quick growing cancer that is in the more deadly form
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
melanoma cancer cells
Term
neoplasm
Definition
tumor
Term
carcinoma
Definition
any tumor that arises from epithelial tissue is a _____
Term
metastasize
Definition
move from the site of origin
Term
Melanomas
Definition
are connected to short exposure to extreme sunlight (really bad sunburn)
Term
nevus
Definition
a mole
Term
changes in color and shape and size
Definition
moles should be checked frequently for changes in _________
Term
shape of a tumor
Definition
elevated areas and irregular edges
Term
Melanoma
Definition
type of skin cancer that metastasizes quickly
Term
First Degree Burns
Definition
affect only the epidermis of the skin
Term
Second Degree Burns
Definition
affect both the epidermis and the dermis
Term
Third Degree Burn
Definition
destroys the epidermis, dermis, and the accessory organs of the skin
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
skin activates this vitamin when exposed to sunlight
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
necessary for the absorption of calcium by bone tissue
Term
Skin
Definition
first line of defense against pathogens, helps regulate body temperature, prevents water loss, and helps to maintain homeostasis by monitoring environmental changes
Term
redness, swelling, pain, and warmth
Definition
indication of an infection
Term
erythemia
Definition
evidence of a fever by redness
Term
cyanosis
Definition
evidence of a fever by lack of oxygen; blueness
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