Term
|
Definition
| consists of nerves that extend to and from the CNS organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the cranial and spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the PNS is divided into a ___ and ____ branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects all body parts to the bran and/or spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor branch of the PNS is further subdivided into a _____ and _____ system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from CNS to skin and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cord-like bundle of axons wrapped in CT |
|
|
Term
| endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| around each axon (and myelin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| around each fascicle (bundle) of axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves that carry impulses both to and from the CNS and contain both sensory and motor axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common nerve that provides 2 way communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory (afferent nerves) |
|
Definition
| nerves that only carry sensory impulses toward the CNS (rare only 3 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves that only carry motor impulses away from CNS (rare only 5 pair of cranial nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change some form of energy into electrical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some receptors are for _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olfactory, gustatory, H+, oxygen, carbon dioxide, Na+, K+, Ca++ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separate hot and cold ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain and noxious substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of receptor that includes tactile, vibration, pressure, stretch, and proprioceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touch (free ends, Meissner's corpuscles for light touch, Pacinian corpuscles for heavy pressure and vibrations) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| position of body-in bones, joints, tendons, ligaments |
|
|
Term
1. chemoreceptors
2. thermoreceptors
3. nocieptors
4. photoreceptors
5. mechanoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that stop creating action potentials when the stiumulus remains constant |
|
|
Term
| nocieptors and proprioceptors |
|
Definition
| types of receptors that do not adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include vision, hearing, and equilibrium, smell, and taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special sense receptors are ______ in specific regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are on hairs on taste buds and the chemical must be in solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are on hairs in small area in top of nasal cavity and the chemical must be in solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ and _____ are closely related and the sense of smell also involves the limbic system and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the limbic system and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is wired to interpret stimuli traveling on a specific sensory pathway as always being created by a certain form of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are senses whose sensory receptors are located in large, complex organs in the head |
|
|
Term
| vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olfactory epithelium in upper nasal cavity of nose (on the superior nasal concha) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the upper nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive portion of the chemoreceptor is ___ ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (chemoreceptors) substances must be dissolved in ___ to be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (chemoreceptors) undergo ____ sensory adaptation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Olfactory patheway to brain for _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Olfactory pathway to brain for interpreation) olfactory receptor cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (In Olfactory pathway to brain for interpretation--primary neuron) axons pass through ___ ___ of the _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (In Olfactory pathway to brain for interpretation--primary neuron) synapse in ___ ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (In Olfactory pathway to brain for interpretation) Secondary neuron in _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (In Olfactory pathway to brain for interpretation--secondary neuron) do/do not pass through thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive portion of a taste receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste hair protrudes from a ___ ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste pore is an opening in a ___ ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of taste hair, taste pore, and taste cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (taste) chemicals must be dissolved in ____ to be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (taste) undergo ____ sensory adaptation |
|
|
Term
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter |
|
Definition
| taste receptors detect four taste sensations based on location of tongue--They are... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweet taste receptor are located ..... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sour taste receptors are located ...... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salty taste receptors are located ..... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bitter taste receptors are located .... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cochlea of the inner ear |
|
Definition
| located of the organ of corti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors (hearing) are .... |
|
|
Term
| vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII); primary auditory cortex; cerebrum |
|
Definition
| after mechanoreceptors are stimulated, the impulse travels on the cochlear branch of the ____ ____ which leads to the ____ ____ ___ of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer ear (cartilage)--collection of sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ear canal that starts vibrations of sound waves and directs them toward the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the ear that functions to amplify and concentrate sounds waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, and auditory (eustachian) tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective mechanism for hearing mechanoreceptors, loud noises cause two muscles associated with the tympanic membrane to contract; this decreases amplification effect of ossicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air-filled space behind eardrum; separates outer from inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 tiny bones in middle ear (include the malleus, incus, and stapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "hammer" that is connected to tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "anvil" that connects the malleus to stapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "stirrup" that connects incus to the oval window |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entrance to the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| auditory (eustachian) tube |
|
Definition
| the passageway which connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a complex system of intercommunicating chambers and tubes called a labyrinth (2 labyrinths actually) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of intercommunicating chambers and tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of osseous labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, perilymph, endolymph, cochlea, semi-circular canals, and a vestibule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony canal in temporal bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane within osseous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 types of ___ fill the spaces in the labyrinths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fills the space between the osseous and membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fills the membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| cochlea, vestibule, and semi-circular canals |
|
Definition
| the 3 regions that the inner ear labyrinth can further be divided in to ____, ____, and ______ ____ each with a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the function of the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three rings that function in dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area between cochlea and semi circular canals functions in static equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the osseous labyrinth of the cochlea can be divided into ____ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the 3 bony compartments in the osseous labyrinth of the cochlea, is the _____ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are _____ that separate the cochlear duct from the bony compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani |
|
|
Term
| vestibular membrane and basilar membrane |
|
Definition
| the two membranes that separate the cochlear duct from the bony compartments are .... and .... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mechanoreceptors responsible for the sense of hearing are contained in ________ |
|
|
Term
| mechanoreceptors contained in Organ of Corti |
|
Definition
| 16,000 hearing receptors cells located on the basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16,000 hearing receptor cells are located on the ____ ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hair cells are covered by the ____ _____ which lies over them like a roof |
|
|
Term
1. auricle
2. external auditory meatus
3. tympanic membrane
4. malleus
5. incus
6. stapes
7. oval window
8. perilymph of scala vestibuli
9. endolymph of cochlear duct
10. hair cells in Organ of Corti
**once mechanoreceptors are stimulated, a sensory impulse is triggered and then travels on the
11. cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
12. thalamus
13. primary auditory cortex (temporal lobes) of cerebrum for interpretation |
|
Definition
| pathway of sound waves from outside to the Organ of Corti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions to sense the position of the head and help us maintain posture while motionless |
|
|
Term
| vestibule of the inner ear |
|
Definition
| contains two membranous chambers responsible for static equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions to prevent loss of balance during rapid head or body movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain the organ responsible for dynamic equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors in the retina |
|
|
Term
| optic nerve; visual (occipital) cortex |
|
Definition
| When photoreceptors are stimulated, impulses travel within the ___ ___ to the ____ ____ for interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. eyelids (and conjunctiva)
2. lacrimal apparatus (lacrimal gland and nasolacrimal duct)
3. extrinsic muscles |
|
Definition
| accessory organs of the eye include |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective shield for the eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner lining of eyelid, red portion around eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tear secretion and distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tear secretion; located on upper lateral surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tears contain an enzyme called _____ (which functions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct which carries tears into nasal cavity (drainage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hold eyeball in orbital cavity and allow for eye movment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eye is composed of _ tunics or layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tunic that functions in protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transparent anterior portion that functions to help focus (75%) incoming light rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cornea and sclera form the ____ tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white posterior portion, which is continuous with eyeball except where the optic nerve and blood vessels pierce through it in the back of eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the outer tunic that provides protection and attachment of eye muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _____ tunic provides nourishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ tunic is composed of the choroid coat, ciliary body, and iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane joined loosely to sclera containing many blood vessels to nourish the tissues of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior extension fron choroid coat which is composed of 2 parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control the shapes of the lens (i.e. accomodation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are located on the periphery of the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extrend from the ciliary processes on the lens to the ciliary muscles (i.e. they connect above structures) and functions to hold the lens in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which the lens changes shape to focus on close objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible (with cornea) for focusing incoming light rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If light rays are entering the eye from a dstant object, the lens is ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we focus on a close object, the ciliary muscles contract, relaxing the suspensory ligaments. Accordingly, the ___ ____ allowing us to focus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colored ring around pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin diaphragm muscle that lies between the cornea and lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the anterior cavity of the eye into an anterior chamber and posterior chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fills the entire anterior cavity is filled with ____ _____, which helps nourish the anterior portions of the eye, and maintains the shape of the anterior eye. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tunic that contains the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner lining of the eyeball; site of photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 types of visual receptors (photoreceptors) in the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the location on the retina where nerve fibers leave the eye and join with the optic nerve; the central artery & vein also pass through this disk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no photoreceptors are present in the area of the optic disk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the eye is occupied by the lens, ciliary body, and the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior cavity is filled with ____ ____, which is a jelly-like fluid, which maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball. |
|
|
Term
| Intro (the pathway of incoming light) |
|
Definition
| incoming light rays are refracted (bent) onto the retina due to the convex surface of both the cornea and the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the pathway of incoming light, light rays are refracted on to the retina then sent to the brain (visual pathway) for ______ |
|
|
Term
1. cornea
2. aqueous humor
3. lens
4. vitreous humor
5. photoreceptors in the retina
**once the rods and/or cones are stimulated, a sensory impulse is carried on the ..
6. optic nerve (CN II) which crosses at the
7. optic chiasma forming optic tracts that carry the impulse to the
8. thalamus for direction to the
9. primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) for interpretation |
|
Definition
| visual pathway to brain for interpretation |
|
|
